Intrahepatic Biliary Metastasis of Colonic Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report With Immunohistochemical Analysis

Abstract

Although intrabiliary metastasis of carcinoma in the liver is unusual, intraductal and/or intraepithelial spread of cancer cells along intrahepatic bile ducts is now well recognized as hepatic metastasis. However, several clinical and laboratory findings, including images, lead us to differentially diagnose from primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. We report here on a case of colonic adenocarcinoma that metastasized to the liver with spread along with the intrahepatic bile duct of S5/6 area. The patient was a 51-year-old man and clinically diagnosed liver metastasis of sigmoid colon cancer (tub2, pMP, ly1, v0, n0), which was diagnosed and treated by sigmoidectomy 7 years ago. The right hepatic lobectomy was performed in March 2016 and histopathological examination revealed that moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma proliferated along the epithelium of intrahepatic bile ducts. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed that cancer cells in the intrahepatic bile ducts were positive for CK20, CDX2, CK17 and CK19, but negative for CK7, MUC-5AC, MUC-2 and CA19-9. The findings were almost the same as those of the sigmoid colon cancer removed in July 2009. We finally diagnosed the liver tumor as intrahepatic biliary metastasis of sigmoid colon cancer. Patients with liver metastasis of cancer are hard to be detected biliary invasion and spread on diagnostic image examination. Knowledge of distinctive morphological and IHC features can help to accurately diagnose this rare intrahepatic biliary metastasis of colonic cancer in routine pathological diagnostic procedures.

Introduction

Liver is one of the most common sites among the visceral tissues of the carcinomatous hematogenous metastasis [1]. Colorectal cancer (CRC) tends to metastasize to the regional lymph nodes within the colon and distantly to the liver. Such metastatic lesions are usually nodular masses [2]. In rare cases, intrabiliary growth of metastatic CRC in the liver was reported with a frequency of 0.00067% in the United States [3]. Since biliary invasion and/or metastasis of CRC in the liver mimics primary intrahepatic biliary neoplasm [4], the incidence of biliary metastasis of CRC in the liver is underestimated [5]. However, intrabiliary growth of metastatic liver cancer originating from CRC is a still rare manifestation of metastatic liver malignancy [6-16]. We present here a case of CRC with an unusual metastatic pattern mimicking primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. We could reach an accurate diagnosis of liver intrabiliary metastasis of CRC in a Japanese gentleman using immunohistochemical technique.

Case Report

Seven years ago, a 51-year-old Japanese man received sigmoidectomy for the treatment of sigmoid colon cancer (stage I). It was histopathologically moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (tub2, Fig. 1). He was intensively followed up after the operation. He was well controlled for his diabetes mellitus in Department of General Medicine of our hospital. On November 16, 2015, slight elevation of serum enzymes, alkaline phosphatase (ALP, 352 IU/L; normal range, 104 - 338 IU/L) and γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT, 160 IU/L; normal range, 0 - 47 IU/L) of hepatobiliary system was noted. A tumor marker, CEA (5.2 ng/mL; normal range, 0 - 4.9 ng/mL), was slightly elevated. Follow-up CT (Fig. 2a) and MRI (Fig. 2b) examinations revealed dilatation of small intrahepatic bile duct in the S5/6 area, suggesting intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma or metastatic tumorous lesion. Clinical diagnosis based on the image analysis was intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma or liver metastasis of CRC.

Figure 1.

Histopathology of colon cancer, which was observed in the sigmoid colon 7 years ago. Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (tub2) invaded into the muscular layer. Insert is a low power of view. Bars, 100 μm. Hematoxylin and eosin stain.

Figure 2.

Follow-up abdominal contrast-enhanced CT scan (a) and MRI-T2 (b), 7 years after sigmoidectomy, reveal small dilated intrahepatic bile ducts (arrows) with thickening in the S5/6 area.

He received right hepatic lobectomy on March 24, 2016. Macroscopically, small and whitish zonal lesions were noticed along with bile ducts (Fig. 3). Histopathological examination revealed that carcinoma cells showing moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma proliferated along the epithelium of intrahepatic bile ducts (Fig. 4a). Mass of cancer cells was present in the lumen of the intrahepatic bile ducts, and small foci of cancer cells were found in the normal bile duct epithelium (Fig. 4b). These findings suggested intrabiliary metastasis of adenocarcinoma, but not intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the liver. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using several antibodies, including CK7, CK17, CK19, CK20, CDX2, MUC-5AC, MUC-2, p53, CA19-9, and MIB-1 was performed to determine the origin of cancer cells. IHC findings were that cancer cells in the intrahepatic bile ducts were positive for CDX2 (Fig. 5a), p53 (Fig. 5b), CK17 (focal), and CK19 (focal), but negative for CK7 (Fig. 5c), CK20 (Fig. 5d), MUC-5AC, MUC-2 and CA19-9. MIB-1 positive rate of cancer cells in the liver was 30%. We also performed IHC in the sigmoid colon cancer removed in July 2009. Colon cancer cells were immunohistochemically positive for CDX2 (Fig. 6a), p53 (Fig. 6b), CK17, CK19, and CK20 (focal, Fig. 6d). However, they were negative for CK7 (Fig. 6c), MUC-5AC, MUC-2, and CA19-9. The positive rate of MIB-1 was 50%. Comparison of IHC findings on cancer cells found in the liver and colon in conjunction with intrahepatic bile duct cells is summarized in Table 1. A small cancer cell focus (Fig. 4b) was immunohistochemically positive for p53 (Fig. 7a) and MIB-1 (Fig. 7b), but negative for CA19-9 (Fig. 7c). In contrast, epithelial cells in surrounding bile duct were negative for p53 (Fig. 7a) and MIB-1 (Fig. 7b), but positive for CA19-9 (Fig. 7c). In addition, we observed microscopic tumor thrombi in the intrahepatic bile ducts (Fig. 8a). The tumor cells in the thrombi were positive for CDX2 (Fig. 8b). Interestingly, epithelial cells in some intrahepatic bile ducts were replaced by metastatic colon cancer cells (Fig. 8a, b).

Figure 3.

Macroscopic view of the lobectomized liver. Metastatic nodules (arrows) are found along with intrahepatic bile ducts.

Figure 4.

(a) Histopathology of the metastatic tumor in the liver (S5/6). (b) Mass of the cancer cells in the bile duct. Cancer cell mass is attached to the bile duct epithelium. A small metastatic focus is detected in the bile duct epithelium. Bars, 100 μm. Hematoxylin and eosin stain.

Figure 5.

Metastatic cancer cells in the bile duct are positive for (a) CDX2 and (b) p53, while they are negative for (c) CK7 and (d) CK20. Bars, 100 μm. Immunohistochemistry for (a) CDX2, (b) p53, (c) CK7 and (d) CK20.

Figure 6.

Cancer cells in the sigmoid colorectum are positive for (a) CDX2 and (b) p53, while they are negative for (c) CK7 and (d) CK20. Bars, 100 μm. Immunohistochemistry for (a) CDX2, (b) p53, (c) CK7 and (d) CK20. Bars, 100 μm.

Table 1. Comparison of Immunohistochemical Findings.

Antibodies	Cancer cells in		Intrahepatic bile duct epithelium
	Colon	Liver
CK7	Negative (Fig. 6c)	Negative (Fig. 5c)	Positive (Fig. 5c)
CK17	Positive	Positive (partial)	Positive (partial)
CK19	Positive	Positive (partial)	Positive
CK20	positive (partial) (Fig. 6d)	Negative (Fig. 5d)	Negative (Fig. 5d)
CDX2	Positive (Fig. 6a)	Positive (Fig. 5a)	Negative (Fig. 5a)
MUC-5AC	Negative	Negative	Negative
MUC2	Negative	Negative	Negative
P53	Positive (Fig. 6b)	Positive (Fig. 5b) (Fig. 7a)	Negative
CA19-9	Negative	Negative (Fig. 7c)	Positive (Fig. 7c)
MIB-1 positive rate	50%	30% (Fig. 7b)	0% (Fig. 7b)

Figure 7.

Cancer cells in the small metastatic focus in the bile duct epithelium are p53 and MIB-1, but negative for CA19-9. On the other hand, bile ducts epithelium is negative for (a) p53 and (b) MIB-1, but positive for (c) CA19-9. Immunohistochemistry of (a) p53, (b) MIB-1 and (c) CA-19-9. Bars, 100 μm.

Figure 8.

Cancer cells (a) in the tumor thrombus in the bile duct are positive for (b) CDX2. The epithelium of the bile duct is replaced by (c) metastatic colon cancer cells with (d) positive reaction of CDX2. Bars, 100 μm. (a, c) Hematoxylin and eosin stain. (b, d) Immunohistochemistry of CDX2.

We thus finally diagnosed that the liver tumor was intrahepatic biliary metastasis of sigmoid colon adenocarcinoma. On diagnostic image examination, it is hard to detect biliary invasion and spread in a patient with liver metastasis of cancer. Knowledge of distinctive morphological and IHC features leads us to accurately diagnose such a rare intrahepatic biliary metastasis of colonic adenocarcinoma in routine pathological diagnostic procedures.

Discussion

In a few cases of liver metastasis of CRC, cancer cells spread along with intrabiliary ducts. We sometime misdiagnose such cases as intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Previously the incidence of biliary metastasis of CRC in the liver was considered to be low. However, at present the frequency is not low and estimated to be 10-12% of the cases of liver metastasis of CRC [17, 18]. The clinicopathological characteristics of such cases include slow growing, low invasion, and relatively good prognosis [17, 18]. Clinical diagnosis of our case was initially hepatocellular carcinoma based on the findings of images’ investigation. However, IHC analysis using a variety of antibodies of the resected liver tumor revealed liver metastasis of CRC.

Although Okano et al [5] described utility of contrast CT for diagnosis of biliary metastasis of CRC by detecting enlargement of portal area, localized dilatation of intrahepatic bile duct, and wedge-shaped contrast area in the liver parenchyma, we do not frequently obtain such findings. Therefore, histopathological and IHC findings of the resected tumor are worthy for accurate diagnosis of intrabiliary metastasis of CRC [19-23].

Several mechanism(s) of hepatic intrabiliary metastasis of CRC have been proposed. They include vascular invasion via the lymph vessels, blood vessels, or biliary tract, and implantation of cancer cells to the bile duct epithelium via the bile stream [11]. It may also be possible that a peribiliary capillary plexus communicating with portal veins and hepatic arteries are the routes for metastatic cancer cells to seed along the bile duct epithelium [24]. However, in our case vascular invasion of the lymph and blood vessels was slight in the primary and metastatic tumors. Therefore, the other mechanism of metastasis via the bile stream [18, 25] is attractive. In this case, the cancer cells spreading along the basement membrane of the bile duct epithelium resulted in replacement of intrahepatic bile ducts.

Conclusion

Although liver metastatic lesions from CRC are usually regular and/or irregular round or nodular masses, the propensity for intrabiliary metastasis of CRC in the liver is now well recognized. Since bile duct invasions of CRC may be subtle or concealed by their response to chemotherapy, biliary metastasis should be carefully detected by high-resolution radiographic examination and pathological analysis with IHC.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.