Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) -targeted immunotherapy has become a promising treatment paradigm for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Clinical responses to checkpoint inhibition therapy in NSCLC have been associated with programmed death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. However, the association between the expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 and the clinicopathological features and patient outcomes in NSCLC remain unclear. We retrospectively analyzed 364 patients (158 squamous cell carcinoma and 206 adenocarcinoma) who underwent complete resection between 2009 and 2012. Expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 was determined by immunohistochemistry. Correlations between PD-L1/PD-L2 expression and the clinicopathological features and survival parameters were analyzed and prognostic factors were identified. PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with moderate/heavy smoking history and serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) levels. Multivariate analysis showed patients with high PD-L1 expression had significantly shorter disease free survival (DFS, HR 1.411, P = 0.025) and overall survival (OS, HR 1.659, P = 0.004) than those with low PD-L1 expression at a 50% cutoff value. No significant association was found between PD-L2 expression and patient postoperative survival. Further stratification analysis revealed that in patients with moderate/heavy smoking history, elevated serum SCCA level, and squamous cell carcinoma, PD-L1 expression was associated with significantly shorter DFS and OS. Therefore, PD-L1 expression was correlated with moderate/heavy smoking history and elevated serum SCCA level in NSCLC patients, and was an independently poor predictor of survival.
Keywords: PD-L1, PD-L2, prognostic biomarker, non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma antigen
Introduction
Despite striking improvement in diagnosis and treatment, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer is predominantly comprised of adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, accounting for approximately 85% of all lung cancer cases. Recent advancements in immunotherapy with anti‑programmed death‑1 (PD‑1) monoclonal antibodies have led to a major paradigm shift in the treatment of NSCLC.
PD-1 is a member of the cluster of differentiation (CD) 28 family expressed on T cells, natural killer cells, monocytes and B cells. As an immune checkpoint receptor, it plays a crucial role in immune escape during tumor progression 1-4. PD-1 ligands programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1, CD274) and programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2, CD273) are known to be negative immune regulators which interact with PD-1 to block cytotoxic T cell activity and facilitate tumor immune evasion 1, 5. Immunotherapy with anti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-1 antibodies has successfully shown significant antitumor activities in various cancers including NSCLC 6-8. As such, the durable clinical responses to nivolumab, pembrolizumab and atezolizumab have led to their rapid approval as second-line therapy for NSCLC 9. However, overall response rates to these agents are still low, thus evaluation of the expression patterns of PD-L1/PD-L2 might provide valuable information to predict benefit to immunotherapies.
To date, the clinicopathological features related to PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression for patients with NSCLC remain controversial. Several studies have investigated the relation between PD-L1 expression and smoking history. Several groups detected higher PD-L1 expression in resected NSCLC patients who had a smoking history compared non/low-smokers 10-12, while another investigation found no relationship 13. Furthermore, some studies have observed that squamous cell carcinoma patients exhibited significantly higher expression of PD-L1 10, 11, 14 while others found it correlated with adenocarcinoma 12. While serum tumor markers including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), cytokeratin-19 fragments (Cyfra21-1) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA), are considered to be associated with lung cancer histology and to be predictive or prognostic in NSCLC, they have not been well investigated in relation to PD-L1/PD-L2 expression. In addition, there is not a consensus regarding the prognostic significance of PD-L1/PD-L2 expression in NSCLC.
In the present study, we investigated PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression in resected lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma and evaluated their association with clinicopathologic and molecular parameters, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status, smoking history, age, sex, regional lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, tumor size as well as serum tumor markers. In addition, the prognostic value of PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression was examined.
Materials and methods
Patients and specimens
The retrospective cohort consisted of 364 patients (158 squamous cell carcinoma and 206 adenocarcinoma) who underwent surgical resection between 2009 and 2012 at the Tianjin Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin P.R. China. Pathologic diagnosis and clinicopathologic staging of the specimens were performed according to World Health Organization (WHO) histological classification and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification system (AJCC, 1977). Patients who accepted any anti-tumor therapy (radiotherapy, chemotherapy or targeted therapy) before surgery, who died within two months after surgery or died of any other reason, were excluded for analysis. Tissue microarrays (TMA; 2mm in diameter) were constructed using the most representative areas of the formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) NSCLC tissues. In total, 158 patients with squamous cell carcinoma and 206 patients with adenocarcinoma were included and basic clinical parameters were recorded. Prior consent from all patients and approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Tianjin University were obtained for the use of clinical and pathological data.
Measurement of serum CEA, NSE, SCCA and Cyfra21-1 levels and EGFR mutations
All of the serum tumor marker levels were measured within two weeks before surgery using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay on a Roche Analytics E170 Immunology Analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, China). The cut-offs for serum marker levels were stipulated as follows according to manufacturer's recommendation: CEA 5.0 ng/ml, NSE 15.2 ng/ml, SCCA 1.5 ng/ml, and Cyfra21-1 3.3 ng/ml. EGFR mutations, including EGFR exon 19 deletion (del19) and exon 21 Leu858Arg substitution (L858R), were identified by real-time PCR or DNA sequencing as previously described 15, 16. Other EGFR mutations were not tested for.
Immunohistochemistry
TMA blocks were sectioned at a thickness of 4μm, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using the following antibodies: rabbit anti-PD-L1 XP® mAb (1:100, EIL3N, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), mouse anti-PD-L2 mAb (1:200, clone 176611, R&D system, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Briefly, sections were deparaffinized with xylene followed by an ethanol gradient. EDTA buffer was used for antigen unmasking, and sections were then incubated in 3% hydrogen peroxide. After washing with Tris Buffered Saline with Tween® 20 (TBST), slides were incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies. The expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 were detected using ChemMate EnVision Detection Kit with DAB substrate (Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA) following the manufacturer's instruction with modification as described previously 17, 18.
The slides were blindly examined by two investigators. The slides were reviewed together to achieve consensus if the independent assessments did not agree. Tumor cells showing membranous staining for PD-L1 were considered as positive cells. We set the cut-off values at 1%, 5%, 10% and 50% for PD-L1 expression. PD-L2 IHC was scored as: 0 (no staining), 1+ (cytoplasmic and/or weak membranous staining in < 50% of the tumor cells), 2+ (weak to moderate membranous staining in ≥ 50% of the tumor cells), and 3+ (strong membranous staining in ≥ 50% of the tumor cells). Specimens that scored as 2+ or 3+ were considered to be positive for PD-L2 expression (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Expression of PD-L1 (A, B, C, D) and PD-L2 (E, F, G, H) in lung squamous cell carcinomas (A, B, E, F) and adenocarcinomas (C, D, G, H). Representative images of positive expression (A, C, E, G). Representative images of negative expression (B, D, F, H)
Statistical analysis
SPSS 20.0 software (IBM Corporation, Armonch, NY, USA) was used for all statistical analyses. Univariate analyses of the relation between PD-L1 and PD-L2 and clinicopathologic parameters were performed using Chi-squared test or Fisher exact test, while multivariate analyses were performed by logistic regression analysis with the backward elimination method. Disease-free survival (DFS) was defined as the period from surgery to date of the recurrence, and overall survival (OS) was defined as the period from surgery to the date of the last follow-up or death. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to assess the hazard ratios for positive risk factors with the backward elimination method. Differences were considered statistically significant at a two-sided p-value of < 0.05.
Results
Patient characteristics
The clinicopathologic characteristics of the patients were summarized in Table 1. Among 364 patients, there were 228 (62.6%) males and 136 (37.4%) females with a median age of 59.5 years (range, 32-82 years), and 161 (44.2%) patients were smokers with smoking index greater than or equal to 400. At the time of diagnosis, 175 (48.1%) patients were at stage I, 72 (19.8%) were at stage II and 177 (32.1%) were at stage IIIA. Thirty-seven patients (10.2%) received pneumonectomy, 313 (86.0%) received lobectomy, and 14 (3.8%) underwent wedge resection. Of all surgically resected patients, 221 (60.7%) patients received adjuvant treatment. The EGFR mutation rate was 17.6% (64/364) among all NSCLC patients, 29.1% (60/206) within adenocarcinoma (Table S1) and 2.5% (4/158) within squamous cell carcinoma cohorts (Table S2), respectively.
Table 1.
Clinicopathological Characteristics of All Patients.
| Variables | Number of patients | % |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||
| Median (range) | 59 (32-82) | |
| ≤ 60 | 188 | 51.6 |
| > 60 | 176 | 48.4 |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 228 | 62.6 |
| Female | 136 | 37.4 |
| Smoking Index (SI) | ||
| SI < 400 | 203 | 55.8 |
| SI ≥ 400 | 161 | 44.2 |
| Clinical stage | ||
| I | 175 | 48.1 |
| II | 72 | 19.8 |
| IIIA | 177 | 32.1 |
| Tumor size | ||
| ≤ 3 cm | 167 | 45.9 |
| > 3 cm | 197 | 54.1 |
| Regional LN metastasis | ||
| No | 204 | 56.0 |
| Yes | 160 | 44.0 |
| Histology | ||
| AD | 206 | 56.6 |
| SCC | 158 | 43.4 |
| Operative approaches | ||
| Pneumonectomy | 37 | 10.2 |
| Lobectomy | 313 | 86.0 |
| Wedge resection | 14 | 3.8 |
| Adjuvant treatment | ||
| No | 221 | 60.7 |
| Yes | 143 | 39.3 |
| EGFR mutation | ||
| No | 300 | 82.4 |
| Yes | 64 | 17.6 |
| NSE | ||
| ≤ 15.2 ng/ml | 249 | 68.4 |
| > 15.2 ng/ml | 115 | 31.6 |
| CEA | ||
| ≤ 5.0 ng/ml | 238 | 65.4 |
| > 5.0 ng/ml | 126 | 34.6 |
| Cyfra21-1 | ||
| ≤ 3.3 ng/ml | 195 | 53.6 |
| > 3.3 ng/ml | 169 | 46.4 |
| SCCA | ||
| ≤ 1.5 ng/ml | 283 | 77.7 |
| > 1.5 ng/ml | 81 | 22.3 |
LN: lymph node. AD: adenocarcinoma. SCC: squamous cell carcinoma. SI: smoking index = (number of cigarettes per day) × (duration in years).
Association of PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression with clinicopathological features
PD-L1 expression was present in 202 (55.5%), 151 (41.5%), 122 (33.5%) and 81 (22.3%) cases when using cutoff values of 1%, 5%, 10% and 50%, respectively. PD-L2 was positively expressed in 179 (49.2%) patients. In univariate analysis (Table 2), PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with moderate/heavy smoking history (SI ≥400) for all cutoffs (P < 0.001 for 1%, 5% and 10% cutoffs, p = 0.005 for 50% cutoff). PD-L1 expression was more prevalent in male gender for 1% (P = 0.039) and 50% (P = 0.170) cutoffs. Positive lymph node metastasis was associated with PD-L1 expression for 50% cutoff (P = 0.017), but not for 1%, 5% or 10% cutoffs. Squamous cell carcinoma had a nonsignificant trend towards higher PD-L1 expression compared with adenocarcinoma (P = 0.072 for 10% cutoff, P = 0.138 for 50% cutoff). Interestingly, PD-L1 expression was closely correlated with serum SCCA level for almost all cutoffs (P = 0.200 for 1% cutoff, P = 0.004 for 5% cutoff, P = 0.009 for 10% cutoff and P = 0.001 for 50% cutoff). There was no correlation between PD-L1 expression and clinical stage or EGFR status. We also analyzed the relation between PD-L2 expression and the clinicopathological factors, but no statistically significant correlation was found (Table S3). Multivariate analysis revealed that moderate/heavy smoking history was associated with PD-L1 expression for all cutoffs, while SCCA level was associated with PD-L1 expression for all cutoffs except at 1% (Table S4).
Table 2.
The association between PD-L1 expression and the clinicopathological factors.
|
Variables N (%) |
1% Cutoff | 5% Cutoff | 10% Cutoff | 50% Cutoff | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD-L1, N (%) | P* | PD-L1, N (%) | P* | PD-L1, N (%) | P* | PD-L1, N (%) | P* |
||||||
| Negative | Positive | Negative | Positive | Negative | Positive | Negative | Positive | ||||||
| Age (years) | |||||||||||||
| < 60 | 188 (51.6) | 87 (46.3) | 101 (54.7) | 0.482 | 114 (60.6) | 74 (39.4) | 0.396 | 126 (67.0) | 62 (33.0) | 0.822 | 147 (78.2) | 41 (21.8) | 0.833 |
| ≥ 60 | 176 (48.4) | 75 (42.6) | 101 (57.4) | 99 (56.3) | 77 (43.8) | 116 (65.9) | 60 (34.1) | 136 (77.3) | 40 (22.7) | ||||
| Gender | |||||||||||||
| Male | 228 (62.6) | 92 (40.4) | 136 (59.6) | 0.039 | 91 (66.9) | 45 (33.1) | 0.012 | 99 (72.8) | 37 (27.2) | 0.049 | 172 (75.4) | 56 (24.6) | 0.170 |
| Female | 136 (37.4) | 70 (51.5) | 66 (48.5) | 122 (53.5) | 106 (46.5) | 143 (62.7) | 85 (37.3) | 111 (81.6) | 25 (18.4) | ||||
| Smoking Index (SI) | |||||||||||||
| SI < 400 | 203 (55.8) | 121 (59.6) | 82 (40.4) | < 0.001 | 148 (72.9) | 55 (27.1) | < 0.001 | 159 (78.3) | 44 (21.7) | < 0.001 | 169 (83.3) | 34 (16.7) | 0.005 |
| SI ≥ 400 | 161 (44.2) | 41 (25.5) | 120 (74.5) | 65 (40.4) | 96 (59.6) | 83 (51.6) | 78 (48.4) | 114 (70.8) | 47 (29.2) | ||||
| Clinical stage | |||||||||||||
| I | 175 (48.1) | 83 (47.4) | 92 (52.6) | 0.529 | 108 (61.7) | 67 (38.3) | 0.469 | 123 (70.3) | 52 (29.7) | 0.328 | 143 (81.7) | 32 (18.3) | 0.180 |
| II | 72 (19.8) | 29 (40.3) | 43 (59.7) | 41 (56.9) | 31 (43.1) | 46 (63.9) | 26 (36.1) | 55 (76.4) | 17 (23.6) | ||||
| IIIA | 117 (32.1) | 50 (42.7) | 67 (57.3) | 64 (54.7) | 53 (45.3) | 73 (62.4) | 44 (37.6) | 85 (72.6) | 32 (27.4) | ||||
| Tumor size | |||||||||||||
| ≤ 3 cm | 167 (45.9) | 75 (43.4) | 98 (56.6) | 0.674 | 109 (63.0) | 64 (37.0) | 0.098 | 121 (69.9) | 52 (30.1) | 0.183 | 135 (80.8) | 32 (19.2) | 0.192 |
| > 3 cm | 197 (54.1) | 87 (45.5) | 104 (54.5) | 104 (54.5) | 87 (45.5) | 121 (63.4) | 70 (36.6) | 148 (75.1) | 49 (24.7) | ||||
| Regional LN metastasis | |||||||||||||
| No | 204 (56.0) | 94 (46.1) | 110 (53.9) | 0.495 | 125 (61.3) | 79 (38.7) | 0.228 | 142 (69.6) | 62 (30.4) | 0.154 | 168 (82.4) | 36 (17.6) | 0.017 |
| Yes | 160 (44.0) | 68 (42.5) | 92 (57.5) | 88 (55.0) | 72 (45.0) | 100 (62.5) | 60 (37.5) | 115 (71.9) | 45 (28.1) | ||||
| Histology | |||||||||||||
| AD | 206 (56.6) | 94 (45.6) | 112 (54.4) | 0.622 | 127 (61.7) | 79 (38.3) | 0.166 | 145 (70.4) | 61 (29.6) | 0.072 | 166 (60) | 40 (19.4) | 0.138 |
| SCC | 158 (43.4) | 68 (43.0) | 90 (57.0) | 86 (54.4) | 72 (45.6) | 97 (61.4) | 61 (38.6) | 117 (74.1) | 41 (25.9) | ||||
| EGFR mutation | |||||||||||||
| No | 300 (82.4) | 132 (44.0) | 168 (56.0) | 0.674 | 174 (58.0) | 126 (42.0) | 0.665 | 200(66.7) | 100 (33.3) | 0.873 | 232 (77.3) | 68 (22.7) | 0.681 |
| Yes | 64 (17.6) | 30 (46.9) | 34 (53.1) | 39 (60.9) | 25 (39.1) | 42 (65.6) | 22 (34.4) | 51 (79.7) | 13 (20.3) | ||||
| NSE | |||||||||||||
| ≤15.2 ng/ml | 249 (68.4) | 112 (45.0) | 137 (55.0) | 0.789 | 174 (59.0) | 102 (41.0) | 0.767 | 167 (67.1) | 82 (32.9) | 0.728 | 196 (78.7) | 53 (21.3) | 0.514 |
| >15.2 ng/ml | 115 (31.6) | 50 (43.5) | 65 (56.5) | 66 (57.4) | 49 (42.6) | 75 (65.2) | 40 (34.8) | 87 (75.7) | 28 (24.3) | ||||
| CEA | |||||||||||||
| ≤ 5.0 ng/ml | 238 (65.4) | 104 (43.7) | 134 (56.3) | 0.670 | 135 (56.7) | 103 (43.3) | 0.340 | 155 (65.1) | 83 (34.9) | 0.451 | 187 (78.6) | 51 (21.4) | 0.603 |
| > 5.0 ng/ml | 126 (34.6) | 58 (46.0) | 68 (54.0) | 78 (61.9) | 48 (38.1) | 87 (69.0) | 39 (31.0) | 96 (76.2) | 30 (23.8) | ||||
| Cyfra21-1 | |||||||||||||
| ≤ 3.3 ng/ml | 195 (53.6) | 84 (43.1) | 111 (56.9) | 0.556 | 109 (55.9) | 86 (44.1) | 0.276 | 128 (65.6) | 67 (34.4) | 0.715 | 152 (77.9) | 43 (22.1) | 0.921 |
| > 3.3 ng/ml | 169 (46.4) | 78 (46.2) | 91 (53.8) | 104 (61.5) | 65 (38.5) | 114 (67.5) | 55 (32.5) | 131 (77.5) | 38 (22.5) | ||||
| SCCA | |||||||||||||
| ≤ 1.5 ng/ml | 283 (77.7) | 131 (46.3) | 152 (53.7) | 0.200 | 177 (62.5) | 106 (37.5) | 0.004 | 198 (70.0) | 85 (30.0) | 0.009 | 231 (81.6) | 52 (18.4) | 0.001 |
| > 1.5 ng/ml | 81 (22.3) | 31 (38.3) | 50 (61.7) | 36 (44.4) | 45 (55.6) | 44 (54.3) | 37 (45.7) | 52 (64.2) | 29 (35.8) | ||||
LN: lymph node. AD: adenocarcinoma. SCC: squamous cell carcinoma. SI: smoking index = (number of cigarettes per day) × (duration in years). *P values < 0.05 in bold.
Additional sub-analyses of different histological subtypes showed that PD-L1 expression correlated with moderate/heavy smoking history (SI ≥ 400), larger tumor size, solid type adenocarcinoma, serum Cyfra21-1, and serum SCCA in adenocarcinoma for different cutoffs (Table S1). Conversely, a significant association was found between PD-L1 expression and female gender, moderate/heavy smoking history (SI ≥ 400), positive regional lymph node metastasis and wild type EGFR in squamous cell carcinoma for different cutoffs (Table S2).
Prognostic significance of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in NSCLC
Median overall survival and disease-free survival of the total 364 patients were 38.0 months and 23.7 months, respectively. We assessed the association between PD-L1 expression and patient postoperative survival at four PD-L1 cutoff values. Univariate analysis showed that patients with high PD-L1 positivity shared significantly shorter DFS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.546, P = 0.004) and OS (HR 1.704, P = 0.002) than those with low PD-L1 expression at a 50% cutoff value (Table 3) (Figure 2), but not at 1%, 5% or 10% (Figure S1). Survival analysis was also used to assess the associations between PD-L2 expression and patient postoperative survival. Though no significantly association was found between PD-L2 expression and survival (either DFS or OS), patients with negative PD-L2 expression tended to have relatively longer DFS (HR 1.276, P = 0.063) (Table 3) (Figure S1). On the basis of these results, we adopted 50% cutoff value for further survival analyses. Univariate analysis showed besides 50% cutoff for PD-L1 expression, smoking history, clinical stage, regional lymph node metastasis, serum CEA, and serum SCCA were associated with significantly shorter DFS and OS. Additionally, patients who underwent adjuvant treatment and had elevated serum Cyfra21-1 levels shared a longer OS. To identify prognostic factors, we used multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model adjusted for all factors. PD-L1 positivity remained a predictor of DFS and OS at the 50% cutoff value. Moreover, smoking history, advanced clinical stage, larger tumor size, elevated serum CEA and elevated serum SCCA remained independent risk factors for DFS, while smoking history, advanced clinical stage, no adjuvant therapy, elevated serum CEA level and elevated serum Cyfra21-1 level were poor prognostic indicators for OS (Table 3).
Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of DFS and OS in all patients using the 50% cutoff value.
| Variables | DFS | OS | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | |||||||
| 5-year DFS rate (%) | HR (95%CI) | P* | HR (95%CI) | P* | 5-year OS rate (%) | HR (95%CI) | P* | HR (95%CI) | P* | |
| All patients (n = 364) | ||||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| < 60 | 38.3 | 1.108 (0.857-1.433) | 0.434 | 54.3 | 1.205 (0.899- 1.616) | 0.212 | ||||
| ≥ 60 | 34.1 | 49.4 | ||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male | 36.8 | 1.005 (0.771-1.309) | 0.971 | 53.7 | 1.164 (0.856- 1.582) | 0.333 | ||||
| Female | 34.6 | 46.5 | ||||||||
| Smoking Index (SI) | ||||||||||
| SI < 400 | 37.9 | 1.394 (1.076- 1.807) | 0.012 | 1.440 (1.105-1.876) | 0.007 | 53.7 | 1.386 (1.028- 1.868) | 0.032 | 1.442 (1.064-1.954) | 0.018 |
| SI ≥ 400 | 34.2 | 50.3 | ||||||||
| Clinical stage | ||||||||||
| I- II | 42.1 | 1.790 (1.373- 2.333) | <0.001 | 1.758 (1.331-2.322) | <0.001 | 59.5 | 1.899 (1.410- 2.558) | <0.001 | 2.132 (1.559-2.914) | < 0.001 |
| IIIA | 23.1 | 36.9 | ||||||||
| Tumor size | ||||||||||
| ≤ 3 cm | 37.3 | 0.944 (0.730- 1.221) | 0.660 | 0.712 (0.542-0.935) | 0.015 | 58.6 | 1.266 (0.941- 1.704) | 0.119 | ||
| > 3 cm | 36.0 | 46.2 | ||||||||
| Regional LN metastasis | ||||||||||
| No | 42.6 | 1.586(1.226- 2.052) | <0.001 | 61.3 | 1.729 (1.288-2.321) | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 28.1 | 46.3 | ||||||||
| Histology | ||||||||||
| AD | 32.5 | 0.890 (0.684- 1.157) | 0.383 | 53.9 | 1.174 (0.875-1.575) | 0.286 | ||||
| SCC | 41.1 | 49.4 | ||||||||
| Adjuvant treatment | ||||||||||
| No | 35.3 | 0.902 (0.693- 1.175) | 0.445 | 47.1 | 0.631 (0.462-0.863) | 0.004 | 0.483 (0.349-0.668) | < 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 37.8 | 60.1 | ||||||||
| EGFR mutation | ||||||||||
| No | 47.3 | 0.930 (0.669- 1.291) | 0.664 | 52.3 | 0.805 (0.551-1.178) | 0.265 | ||||
| Yes | 32.8 | 50.0 | ||||||||
| NSE | ||||||||||
| ≤ 15.2 ng/ml | 36.5 | 0.997 (0.756- 1.314) | 0.981 | 55.4 | 1.271 (0.939-1.720) | 0.121 | ||||
| > 15.2 ng/ml | 35.7 | 44.3 | ||||||||
| CEA | ||||||||||
| ≤ 5.0 ng/ml | 43.3 | 1.747 (1.346- 2.268) | <0.001 | 1.612 (1.234-2.107) | <0.001 | 57.6 | 1.621 (1.205-2.181) | 0.001 | 1.358 (1.003-1.840) | 0.048 |
| > 5.0 ng/ml | 23.0 | 41.3 | ||||||||
| Cyfra21-1 | ||||||||||
| ≤ 3.3 ng/ml | 40.0 | 1.229 (0.950- 1.589) | 0.117 | 57.9 | 1.473 (1.098-1.978) | 0.010 | 1.501 (1.113-2.023) | 0.008 | ||
| > 3.3 ng/ml | 32.0 | 45.6 | ||||||||
| SCCA | ||||||||||
| ≤ 1.5 ng/ml | 37.8 | 1.352 (1.00- 1.828) | 0.050 | 1.382 (1.015-1.881) | 0.040 | 54.8 | 1.480 (1.057-2.073) | 0.022 | ||
| > 1.5 ng/ml | 30.9 | 43.2 | ||||||||
| PD-L1 | ||||||||||
| Negative | 38.9 | 1.546 (1.150- 2.079) | 0.004 | 1.411 (1.044-1.908) | 0.025 | 55.1 | 1.704 (1.220-2.380) | 0.002 | 1.659 (1.179-2.333) | 0.004 |
| Positive | 27.2 | 42.0 | ||||||||
| PD-L2 | ||||||||||
| Negative | 39.5 | 1.276 (0.987- 1.651) | 0.063 | 53.5 | 1.148 (0.856-1.539) | 0.355 | ||||
| Positive | 33.0 | 50.3 | ||||||||
DFS: disease-free survival. OS: overall survival. HR: hazard ratio. CI: confidence interval. LN: lymph node. AD: adenocarcinoma. SCC: squamous cell carcinoma. SI: smoking index = (number of cigarettes per day) × (duration in years). *P values < 0.05 in bold.
Figure 2.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves of DFS (A) and OS (B) according to PD-L1 expression at a 50% cutoff value (negative vs. positive) in NSCLC patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curves of DFS (C, E, G) and OS (D, F, H) based on PD-L1 expression status (negative vs. positive) in patients with moderate/heavy-smoking (SI ≥ 400) (C, D), elevated serum SCCA level (SCCA > 1.5 ng/ml) (E, F) and squamous cell carcinoma(G, H). SI: smoking index = (number of cigarettes per day) × (duration in years).
Prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression for 50% cutoff in subgroups
To investigate PD-L1's clinical significance, patients were further divided into subgroups according to histology (adenocarcinoma vs. squamous cell carcinoma), serum SCCA level (≤ 1.5 ng/ml vs. > 1.5 ng/ml) and smoking history (SI < 400 vs. SI ≥ 400).
Univariate analysis showed that PD-L1 expression at a 50% cutoff was associated with significantly short DFS and OS only in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (DFS: HR 2.149, P = 0.001; OS: HR 2.380, P < 0.001) but not adenocarcinoma. In patients with elevated SCCA, a significant association was found between PD-L1 expression and survival (DFS: HR 2.479, P = 0.001; OS: HR 2.145, P = 0.011), while no association was found between PD-L1 expression and survival in patients with low serum SCCA. Moreover, high PD-L1 expression was also associated with poor survival in patients with moderate/heavy smoking history (SI ≥ 400, DFS: HR 1.704, P = 0.010; OS: HR 2.028, P = 0.002) (Table 4) (Figure 2).
Table 4.
Univariate analysis by PD-L1 expression (PD-L1+ versus PD-L1-, 50% Cutoff).
| DFS | OS | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| variables | N | HR(95% CI) | p* | HR(95% CI) | p* | |
| ALL | 364 | 1.546(1.150-2.079) | 0.004 | 1.704(1.220-2.380) | 0.002 | |
| SI | Stratified | 364 | 1.394(1.076- 1.807) | 0.012 | 1.386(1.028- 1.868) | 0.032 |
| SI<400 | 203 | 1.259(0.801-1.979) | 0.318 | 1.257(0.745-2.122) | 0.391 | |
| SI≥400 | 161 | 1.704(1.137-2.554) | 0.010 | 2.028(1.286-3.199) | 0.002 | |
| SCCA | Stratified | 364 | 1.352(1.00- 1.828) | 0.050 | 1.480(1.057-2.073) | 0.022 |
| ≤1.5 ng/ml | 283 | 1.225(0.846- 1.773) | 0.283 | 1.415(0.926- 2.162) | 0.108 | |
| >1.5 ng/ml | 81 | 2.479(1.430- 4.296) | 0.001 | 2.145(1.191- 3.864) | 0.011 | |
| Histology | Stratified | 364 | 0.890(.684- 1.157) | 0.383 | 1.174(0.875-1.575) | 0.286 |
| AD | 206 | 1.141(0.758-1.718) | 0.526 | 1.241(0.759-2.030) | 0.390 | |
| SCC | 158 | 2.149(1.382-3.340) | 0.001 | 2.380(1.487-3.810) | <0.001 | |
AD: adenocarcinoma. SCC: squamous cell carcinoma. SI: smoking index = (number of cigarettes per day) × (duration in years). * P values <0.05 in bold.
Discussion
The association between PD-L1/PD-L2 expression and clinicopathological characteristics, as well as the prognostic significance of PD-L1/ PD-L2 in NSCLC remain unclear. We performed this study to identify factors closely related to PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression, and to elucidate the role of PD ligands as predictive and prognostic markers of survival in NSCLC patients.
We demonstrated a close relationship between PD-L1 expression, serum SCCA, and moderate/heavy smoking history. PD-L1 expression was also related to regional lymph node metastasis. High expression of PD-L1 was an independent unfavorable predictor of survival. Moreover, PD-L1 association with adverse prognosis differed by serum SCCA, moderate/strong smoking history and histological subtype. To our knowledge, this is the first study uncovers an intriguing correlation between PD-L1 expression and serum SCCA.
Recent studies have investigated PD-L1 protein expression in association with EGFR mutation 19-26. However, some reports found that PD-L1 expression was higher in patients with EGFR mutations compared to those with wild-type EGFR 19, 25, while in other studies the reverse was true 11, 27. We found no significant correlation between PD-L1 expression and EGFR mutation status in NSCLC, which was consistent with other groups 20, 21. These discrepancies may due to the differences in histological cell types and/or disease stages analyzed, different antibodies used, and/or different criteria employed for PD-L1 expression. Therefore, more studies are required to verify the association between PD-L1 expression and mutant EGFR status in NSCLC patients.
We found a significant association between regional lymph node metastasis and PD-L1 protein expression when using a 50% cutoff. This association was observed in both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinomas when patients were stratified according to histology. Several previous studies identified a similar relationship between lymph node metastasis and PD-L1 expression (Table S5).
Additionally, our results showed that PD-L1 expression was higher in solid predominant tumors compared to other adenocarcinoma subtypes consistent with other reports 11, 27, 28. The solid predominant subtype is associated with poorer prognoses compared with other subtypes 29.
Many recent studies have evaluated the prognostic value of PD-L1 expression in NSCLC 10-14, 20, 21, 27, 28, 30-32. While we and others observed high PD-L1 expression associated with poorer prognosis 10, 12, 27, 32, some studies found either a favorable prognosis 20, 21, 30 or lack of association 13, 28. This discrepancy may be due to the different anti-PD-L1 antibodies used, different clinical stage of the whole cohorts, different distribution of histological subtype and different criteria of defining the positivity of PD-L1 expression. PD-L1 appeared to be a favorable prognostic factor only for stage I patients in one study 21, while another cohort included some advanced stage patients and used AQUA score to assess the PD-L1 expression, which was not commonly used 30. Two other groups found no correlation between PD-L1 expression or prognosis unlike our results, even when using the same E1L3N PD-L1 antibody and cutoffs 13, 28. However, our findings of high PD-L1 expression associated with poor prognosis were consistent with two studies which used E1L3N for IHC 14, 32. PD-L1 positivity thresholds of 1% or 50% positive PD-L1 expression have been shown to be significantly prognostic 10, 32. While we tested 1%, 5%, 10% and 50% PD-L1 thresholds, only the 50% cutoff was prognostically significant. Our study showed that PD-L1 expression was significantly higher in patients with moderate/heavy smoking history and elevated serum SCCA levels and served as a prognostic marker in these subsets of patients. Because PD-L1 expression improves likelihood of NSCLC patient response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment 33, it is reasonable to hypothesize that moderate/heavy smoking history and high serum SCCA level may also have predictive value to this PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. In support of this, a correlation has been observed between smoking signature and the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors 34. NSCLC patients with smoking history and smoking-associated lung squamous cell carcinoma had larger somatic mutation burdens 35, 36. Studies based on the Cancer Genome Atlas project revealed recently that NSCLC had the greatest mutational burden per cell compared with other solid tumors, and had the significant sensitivity to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody therapy as well 36, 37. Somatic mutations could increase recognition of neoantigens, one important factor for successful immunotherapy. Though two recent large phase III studies that compared the efficacy of an anti-PD-1 antibody did not observe significantly different efficacies between squamous cell carcinoma and non-squamous cell carcinoma 6, 7, these histology types can exhibit different PD-L1 levels 10, 11, 38. Clinical studies suggested that patients with higher PD-L1 expression could benefit more from anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors after a first-line therapy 6, 33. In our study, PD-L1 was significantly prognostic in patients with elevated serum SCCA. Although SCCA is believed to produce only by squamous epithelial cells, it is unclear whether alterations in serum SCCA levels actually represent an intratumor squamous-rich component in NSCLC. Taken together, this suggests that the prognostic value of PD-L1 exists not only in patients with squamous cell carcinoma, but also in adenocarcinoma patients with elevated serum SCCA.
As to PD-L2 expression, we evaluated the association between PD-L2 expression and clinicopathologic and molecular parameters, including EGFR status, smoking history, age, sex, regional lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, tumor size as well as serum tumor markers, but no relationship was observed. Meanwhile, we found PD-L2 could not predict OS or PFS for NSCLC patients in our study, which is consistent with the studies of Jun et al. 39 and Kim et al. 24.
Our study has several limitations. This was a single institutional retrospective study and not a trial-based correlative study. We did not use the companion diagnostic antibodies used for the 3 corresponding FDA approved anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies (pembrolizumab, atezolizumab and nivolumab). Dako/Agilent 28-8 assay was used for nivolumab, Dako/Agilent 22C3 assay for pembrolizumab, and the Ventana SP142 assay for atezolizumab. However, a recent study compared the concordance of 4 PD-L1 antibodies including 28-8, 22C3, SP142 and E1L3N, found that the assay using the SP142 antibody is an outlier while E1L3N, used in our study, together with 28-8 and 22C3 appeared to be interchangeable from an analytic perspective 40. Additionally, our immunohistochemistry was performed on TMAs. TMAs may underrepresent tumor heterogeneity than the whole tissue sections, and TMAs are not used as standard diagnostic samples. Therefore, further studies of the association between PD-L1 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics as well as prognoses are warranted.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we observed that PD-L1 expression was correlated with moderate/heavy smoking history and elevated serum SCCA in NSCLC, and was an independently poor predictor of survival. We have shown that the prognostic value of PD-L1 expression differed by SCCA level, moderate/heavy smoking history and histology subtype.
Supplementary Material
Supplementary figures and tables.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81372517 and No. 81000899), the Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission Key Application Research Projects (No. 11JCZDJC18900) for Richeng Jiang, and the Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission Projects (No. 11JCYBJC11300 and No. 12ZCDZSY15600) for Kai Li. We are grateful to Dr. Douglas E. Linn (Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA) for critical reading of the manuscript.
Abbreviations
- PD-1
Programmed cell death-1
- NSCLC
non-small cell lung cancer
- PD-L1
programmed death-1 ligand 1
- SCCA
serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen
- DFS
disease-free survival
- OS
overall survival
- CEA
carcinoembryonic antigen
- NSE
neuron-specific enolase
- Cyfra21-1
cytokeratin-19 fragments
- EGFR
epidermal growth factor receptor
- TNM
tumor-node-metastasis
- TMA
Tissue microarrays
- FFPE
formalin-fixed paraffin embedded
- SI
smoking index
- LN
lymph node
- SCC
squamous cell carcinoma
- AD
adenocarcinoma.
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