Risk Factors for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Background

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal tract diseases worldwide. GERD has an effect on the patients’ quality of life as well as the health care system that can be prevented by identifying its risk factors among the population. Hence, we applied this study to assess the GERD’s risk factors in Saudi Arabia.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was designed to assess the GERD’s risk factors among the community of Saudi Arabia. The sample was collected randomly during the period from November to December 2016. Through a self-administered validated GERD questionnaire (GerdQ), GERD was diagnosed. Then, the GERD’s risk factors were assessed among all participants. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21.0; the Student’s t-test was used to assess the association of GERD and risk factors.

Results

A total of 2,043 subjects participated in the study. The characteristics and behaviors of participants statistically significant with GERD were positive family history (39.3%), obese (body mass index > 30 kg/m²) (39.4%), not performing weekly regular physical activities ≥ 30 min (31.1%) and smoking (39.3%). GERD was commonly noticed in participants on analgesics (38.4%), not taking fibers (37.4%), drinking tea (33.4%), eating greasy (31.2%) and fast food (32.7%), and these were statistically significant with GERD (P ≤ 0.05).

Conclusion

The characteristics and behaviors associated with GERD in Saudi population are family history of GERD, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and smoking. Other common risk factors correlated with GERD are analgesics intake, no fibers intake, drinking tea, greasy and fast food intake.

Introduction

Healthy individuals have a physiological backflow of the gastric contents to the esophagus. When these backflows are associated with an uncomfortable acid regurgitation and/or heartburn, in addition to an injury of the esophageal mucosa at least once per week, that is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) [1]. GERD has an effect on the patient productivity and quality of life as well as on the health care system [2].

The estimated range of GERD prevalence in Saudi Arabia, based on two studies using the GERD questionnaire (GerdQ) score of ≥ 8 as the diagnostic criterion of GERD, was between 23.47% and 45.4% [3, 4]. There was one retrospective study reporting a GERD prevalence of 15% in Saudi Arabia [5].

The GERD is associated with a number of risk factors such as analgesics intake (e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)), types of food, types of drinks, smoking, family history, high body mass index (BMI), physical activities, salt or pickles consumption with meals and fast food. These risk factors are mostly related to the lifestyle of the patient [6-9].

There is no previous specific study to assess the GERD’s risk factors in all regions of Saudi Arabia. In this study, we aimed to assess the risk factors of GERD among the population of Saudi Arabia.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was designed to assess the GERD’s risk factors among the community of Saudi Arabia. The sample of 2,043 individuals was collected randomly through a self-administered questionnaire, during the period from November to December 2016. Ethical approval was obtained from the research ethics committee in Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia (application number: 38-36-0042). The questionnaire included two parts. The first part included questions about the characteristics, behaviors, risk factors and lifestyle of the participant related to GERD. These included BMI, physical activities frequency, type of analgesics used, number of meals per day, most types of food, most types of drinks, improvement with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) drugs, smoking, family history of GERD, salt or pickles consumption with meals, fast food, using of analgesics and fibers consumption). The second part was the GerdQ, that is a diagnostic tool for the GERD [10]. GerdQ is composed of six questions, four questions about the positive GERD predictors (heartburn, regurgitation, sleep disturbance due to the heartburn and regurgitation and using over the counter (OTC) medications) and two questions about the negative GERD predictors (nausea and epigastric pain).

Data collection

There is no available validated Arabic GerdQ. So that, the questionnaires were translated properly from English to Arabic and then conducted by trained medical students through interviews with the general population in the malls, hospitals, primary health care centers, universities, and schools. Also, the online questionnaire (website: http://cutt.us/GERDq) was shared through the social media applications such as WhatsApp, Telegram, Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. Prior to data collection, all participants were informed about the nature of the study and their participation is voluntary, then the electronic consents were obtained from those who agreed to participate in the study. All Saudi participants in the study were over 18 years old.

GerdQ score

The scoring of GerdQ depends on the frequency of these symptoms during the last week (less than once, once, 2 - 3 times and 4 - 7 times, respectively), where the scores range from 0 to 3 for the positive GERD predictors and reversed order for the negative GERD predictors (3 for none). After summation of the scores, the patient who gets 8 score or more is considered as having GERD [10].

Statistical analysis

The data were entered using Microsoft Excel 2010, and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program (SPSS) version 0.21. Data analysis included descriptive statistics as well as the Student’s t-test for comparison between groups. A statistical significance is considered when P value ≤ 0.05.

Results

Characteristics and behaviors

Two thousand forty-three subjects participated in the study. One thousand three hundred seventy-four (67.3%) of the participants did not have a family history of GERD. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of BMI was 26 ± 6.7 kg/m² and among the participants, 8.9% were underweight, 40.8% were normal, 28.9% were overweight and 21.4% were obese. Among the participants, 39.1% did not perform weekly regular physical activities ≥ 30 min and 27.6%, 19.4% and 13.9% had regular physical activity ≥ 30 min once a week, 1 - 3 times a week and more than three times a week, respectively. In terms of the response to PPIs use, 15.3% of participants improved, 5.1% did not improve, 67% did not use PPIs and 12.6% did not know the PPIs. The statistically significant differences between GerdQ results and GERD risk factors are documented in Table 1.

Table 1. Characteristics and Behaviors and GERD in Saudi Participants (n = 2,043).

Characteristics and behaviors	GERD				P value
	Negative		Positive
	n	%	n	%
Family history	406	60.7%	263	39.3%	0.000††
Yes	1,050	76.4%	324	23.6%
No
Body mass index					0.000††
Obese	265	60.6%	172	39.4%
Overweight	409	69.2%	182	30.8%
Normal	633	75.9%	201	24.1%
Underweight	149	82.3%	32	17.7%
Physical activities > 30 min/week					0.024††
Never	550	68.9%	248	31.1%
1 - 3	275	69.3%	122	30.7%
1	410	72.7%	154	27.3%
> 3	221	77.8%	63	22.2%
Improvement with PPIs					0.000††
Yes	145	46.5%	167	53.5%
No	64	61%	41	39%
Don’t know	192	74.7%	65	25.3%
Not used	1,055	77.1%	314	22.9%
Smoking					0.000††
Yes	215	60.7%	139	39.3%
No	1241	73.5%	448	26.5%

GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; PPIs: proton pump inhibitors. ^††Statistically significant.

Risk factors and lifestyle

Of the participants, 354 (17.3%) were smokers. The most common type of drinks was tea (701, 34.3%), followed by coffee (33.9%), soft drinks (18.6%), citrus juice (8.5%) and peppermint (4.7%). Half of the participants have eaten three meals daily, 33% less than three meals and 16.9% more than three meals. The most common types of food that the participants preferred were greasy (54%), spicy (25.6%), chocolate (13.8%) and tomatoes (6.7%). Intakes of fibers, fast food and salt or pickles were 79.6%, 42% and 67%, respectively. Of the participants, 18.4% were using analgesics regularly (13.5% NSAIDs, 51.9% paracetamol and 3.1% other types of analgesics).

There were no statistically significant differences between GerdQ results and a number of meals per day and salts or pickles consumption (P > 0.05). The statistically significant differences between GerdQ results and GERD risk factors are documented in Table 2.

Table 2. Lifestyle and GERD in Saudi Participants (n = 2,043).

Risk factors and life style	GERD				P value
	Negative		Positive
	n	%	n	%
Type of drinks					0.000††
Tea	467	66.6%	234	33.4%
Soft drinks	257	67.8%	122	32.2%
Peppermint	67	69.8%	29	30.2%
Coffee	525	75.8%	168	24.2%
Citrus juice	140	80.5%	34	19.5%
No. of meals/day					0.497
> 3 meals	238	68.8%	108	31.2%
< 3 meals	481	71.3%	194	28.7%
3 meals	737	72.1%	285	27.9%
Type of food					0.023††
Greasy	759	68.8%	344	31.2%
Spicy	377	72.1%	146	27.9%
Chocolate	215	76.5%	66	23.5%
Tomatoes	105	77.2%	31	22.8%
Fibers					0.000††
No	261	62.6%	156	37.4%
Yes	1,195	73.5%	431	26.5%
Fast food					0.001††
Yes	578	67.3%	281	32.7%
No	878	74.2%	306	25.8%
Salt or pickles consumption					0.353
Yes	966	70.6%	402	29.4%
No	490	72.6%	185	27.4%
Analgesics use					0.000††
Yes	231	61.6%	144	38.4%
No	1,225	73.4%	443	26.6%
Type of analgesics					0.001††
Others	36	57.1%	27	42.9%
NSAIDs	190	69.1%	85	30.9%
Paracetamol	738	69.6%	323	30.4%
None	492	76.4%	152	23.6%

GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. ^††Statistically significant.

Discussion

GERD was reported to be associated with reflux symptoms among the patients spouse or a direct family member [11]. Several studies showed an association of GERD symptoms with a relevant family history [9, 12-14]. Our data were identical to these results (Table 1). Two previous studies conducted in Sweden and United Kingdom (UK) have observed evidence of a genetic component of the disease [15, 16]. Other study also showed an association between gene-encoding collagen type III alpha I (COL3A1) and reflux symptoms [17].

In our study, there was an association between GERD symptoms and BMI (Table 1). Although most studies have reported the association between BMI and GERD symptoms, some studies did not support such association [9, 18]. High BMI is one of the significant risk factors of GERD among Westerners [19]. Also, several other studies conducted worldwide had found an association between obesity or BMI and severity of GERD symptoms [20-22].

There has been a significant relationship between physical activity and GERD, with P value ≤ 0.05 (Table 1). The increase in the frequency of physical exercise is correlated with a lower risk of reflux symptoms [23]. Subjects who have GERD symptoms were less active than those with no symptoms [22, 24]. The effect of physical exercise on GERD symptoms in long term had not been addressed previously, and the mechanism of short term effect could be by strengthening of the striated muscle [23]. Thus, further studies are needed to establish the exact role of physical activity as a protective way against GERD symptoms.

There is a significant association between smoking and GERD in our study (Table 1), similar to several previous studies in which the smoking has been identified as a risk factor of GERD [20, 23, 25, 26]. The risk of reflux was significantly increased by 70% among individuals who had smoked daily for more than 20 years [23]. There is an increase in the reflux during the act of smoking and the following minutes after smoking [26]. Also there was a chronic reduction in lower esophageal sphincter which was estimated as a complication of long-lasting smoking [27]. The mechanism by which smoking affects the GERD is through impairing the lower esophageal sphincter action which is an important barrier to acid reflux by decreasing its pressure. Therefore, advising the smoker patient to quit smoking is justified [26, 27].

The causal role of particular foods or drinks in the etiology of heartburn or regurgitation is still unclear [20]. In our study, the GERD is more prevalent among tea consumers. It has been shown that drinking tea including green tea is one of the factors associated with GERD [24, 28]. There was a negative association between coffee and GERD symptoms [23, 24], while in another study, there was a role of coffee in increasing the GERD symptoms [29]. However, the coffee consumption is a risk factor for GERD relapsing after treatment with PPIs [30]. Giving the fact that many soft drinks are highly acidic, a change in the intra-esophageal PH may precipitate a GERD-like symptom, which may also increase the acid load in the stomach leading to increased probability of gastroesophageal reflux [31].

There was not a significant relationship between numbers of meals per day and GERD symptoms in our study with P value of 0.497 (Table 2). However, in GERD patients, most gastroesophageal reflux symptoms do occur in the postprandial period, suggesting a relationship between the characteristics and volume of the gastric contents and the possibility of the reflux [32]. An association has been found between the type of food and the GERD symptoms: it has been reported that there are significantly higher daily intakes of fat and saturated fatty acids in GERD patients compared with the healthy individual [33]. Regular intake of chocolate induces the gastric acid reflux with increasing lower esophageal exposure to acid. Spicy foods might as well induce heartburn, but the mechanism has not known yet [34]. The consumption of fast food is considered as a risk factor for acid reflux [35, 36]. In this study, we found a significant relationship between the type of food and GERD symptoms (P value ≤ 0.05) and increased risk of reflux in those who consume fast food in a regular pattern (Table 2).

Salt or pickles consumption was not related to GERD symptoms, according to our study (Table 2). However, some studies have shown that pickles and salt have significant relationships with the reflux symptoms [36]. A high intake of high-fibers food such as beans, vegetables and fruits is associated with a reduction in GERD and a decrease in its prevalence [37, 38]. Fibers are associated with low levels of acid production, which may act as a protection from GERD [37]. According to the results of this study (Table 2), the prevalence of GERD was higher in those who did not consume dietary fibers in a regular pattern.

In our study, 38.4% of the patients with GERD are analgesics users, and we found that most of them regularly use NSAIDs (Table 2). So, there is a strong association between GERD and using NSAIDs, which is supported by many studies [39-41]. The symptoms improvement with PPIs in GERD patients in this study is 53.5% (Table 2), implying that these patients are indeed affected by GERD as there are a number of studies demonstrating that the PPIs improve the GERD symptoms rather than other conditions [42-44]. The explanation for the other patients whose symptoms were not improved with PPIs may be so-called “PPIs failure” or “refractory GERD”. “PPIs failure” or “refractory GERD” are used to describe conditions after excluding the unresponsiveness of patient to once daily dose of PPIs due to improper use, incompliance and inadequate dose timing of PPIs [45, 46]. These may be also due to our limited over-simplistic understanding of GERD, not a true failure of PPIs [47]. Unfortunately, in our study, we did not have the detailed PPIs information to determine if it is a true PPIs failure.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we revealed many GERD-associated risk factors in this study. The characteristics and behaviors that are associated with GERD in Saudi population are family history of GERD, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and smoking. Other common risk factors of GERD are analgesics use, low fibers intake, tea drinking, greasy and fast food consumption. There is no association of GERD with the number of meals per day and salt or pickles consumption in Saudi population.

Source(s) of Support

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.