Abstract
Circular RNAs comprise a new class of long noncoding RNAs characterized by their 5′ and 3′ ends covalently joined. Previous studies have demonstrated that some circular RNAs act as microRNA sponges, and are associated with cellular proliferation in cancer. We were the first to analyze the global expression of circular RNAs in samples of patients without gastric cancer, gastric cancer, and matched tumor-adjacent gastric tissue. Among the samples, we identified 736 previously annotated circular RNAs by RNA-Seq. The tumor-adjacent tissue presented the higher abundance of circular RNAs and could not be considered as a normal tissue, reinforcing the notion of field effect in gastric cancer. We identified five differentially expressed circular RNAs that may be potential biomarkers of this type of cancer. We also predicted candidate microRNAs targets of the highest expressed circular RNAs in gastric tissues and found five miRNAs. Overall, our results support the hypothesis of circular RNAs representing a novel factor in the dynamic epigenetic network of gene regulation, which involves the microRNAs, its mRNAs targets, and the circular RNAs-derived genes. Further studies are needed to elucidate the roles and the functional relevance of the circular RNAs in human diseases.
Introduction
Circular RNAs comprise a new class of long noncoding RNAs characterized by their 5′ and 3′ ends covalently joined. They were misinterpreted as splicing errors for more than 20 years until their rediscovery in 2012 as diverse, highly abundant, conserved and naturally occurring RNAs in eukaryotes1–5.
About 90,000 different circular RNAs were described in human, which most are derived mainly from annotated exons (~85%) and a smaller fraction from untranslated regions (UTRs), introns and unannotated regions of the genome. They are most commonly formed from two or three exons, comprising between a hundred and four thousand nucleotides in length1,2,5–7.
These RNA molecules are likely generated by a process known as back-splicing. This noncanonical splicing can produce three types of circular RNAs, in which they are classified: exonic circular RNAs (circRNAs), circular intronic RNAs (ciRNAs) and exon-intron circular RNAs (EIciRNAs)1,8–11. CircRNAs are predominantly cytoplasmic and were reported acting as microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) sponges. CiRNAs and EIciRNAs are enriched in the nucleus and are RNA polymerase II-associated, suggesting that they promote the transcription of their parent genes2,5,8,12,13.
Circular RNAs molecules are easily accessed and measured in body fluids and have distinct characteristics such as tissue-specificity and stability in both intra and extracellular environments. This suggest their potential as clinical markers that may provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of several diseases14.
Although neither their biogenesis nor roles have been entirely understood, circular RNA expression has already been described as altered in human diseases such diabetes, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and cancer15–17. On cancer, they were associated with cellular proliferation, and some clinical features such as tumor size and presence of distal metastases14,18–21.
Among different cancers, gastric cancer remains the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Due the lack of specific symptoms, most gastric cancer patients are diagnosed in advanced-stage disease with a poor prognosis22. Some reports have shown that recurrence of gastric cancer may be due the field cancerization (or field effect) in gastric mucosa. According to this theory, the tissue surrounding tumors, despite being histologically normal, shares molecular abnormalities that are present in fully developed tumors23–25. Multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations, mostly DNA methylation and miRNA abnormal expression, have been described as field effect biomarkers in gastric cancer, reinforcing the occurrence of a field effect in this type of cancer26,27.
MiRNAs are a class of small nonconding RNAs involved in many biological processes by blocking target mRNAs translation28. The epigenetic network in which the miRNAs participate is complex and dynamic since its involves not only target mRNAs, but also other types of noncoding RNAs such as the circular RNAs14. Given that some circular RNAs act as miRNAs sponges, they may also have a potential epigenetic regulation role in gastric cancer.
The aim of this study was to identify, characterize and compare the entirety of all expressed circular RNAs in samples of patients without gastric cancer, gastric cancer samples and matched tumor-adjacent gastric tissue. Additionally, we correlated circular RNAs’ expression data with miRNA expression.
Results
We performed RNA-Seq on ribosomal-depleted total RNA isolated from gastric tissue samples. Head-to-tail back-spliced junctions were detected by using two combined prediction algorithms (Supplementary Fig. 1).
In total, we detected 736 unique annotated circular RNAs in all three groups of gastric tissues. As shown in Fig. 1a, we identified 66 annotated circular RNAs in gastric tissue without gastric cancer, 620 in matched tumor-adjacent gastric tissue and 220 in gastric cancer samples.
Figure 1.
Total of annotated circular RNAs detected in gastric tissue. (a) Number of expressed circular RNAs in each type of gastric tissue according to their origin. (b) Venn diagram of all expressed circular RNAs between the three types of gastric tissue. CDS: coding DNA sequence.
A previous study showed that most of human circular RNAs contain two or three exons29. To further evaluate this data, we analyzed the number of exons per circular RNA in gastric tissue and found similar results (Supplementary Fig. 2). As shown in Table 1, the number of exons is not necessarily related to the circular RNAs spliced lengths. A notable example is that hsa_circ_0004176, which harbors 26,767 nt in length, spans only two exons, while hsa_circ_0020397, which harbors 2,738 nt in length, spans 26 exons.
Table 1.
Transcript features of the expressed circular RNAs in gastric tissues.
| Attribute/Type of gastric tissue | Without cancer | Tumor-adjacent | Gastric cancer |
|---|---|---|---|
| Longest circular RNA | *hsa_circ_0000246 (MCU) | *hsa_circ_0000230 (ZEB1) | hsa_circ_0004176 (IFT43) |
| 7620 nt-3 exons | 88220 nt-4 exons | 26767 nt-2 exons | |
| Shortest circular RNA | hsa_circ_0055734 (ANKRD36) | hsa_circ_0000439 (ATXNK2) | hsa_circ_0000439 (ATXNK2) |
| 98 nt spliced | 97 nt | 97 nt | |
| Circular RNA with the highest number of exons | hsa_circ_0020397 (DOCK1) | hsa_circ_0001613 (SENP6) | hsa_circ_0023923 (PICALM) |
| 26 exons-2738 nt | 12 exons-1722 nt | 11 exons-1128 nt | |
| Gene with the highest number of expressed circular RNA isoforms | XPO1 | UBAP2 | UBAP2 |
| hsa_circ_0001017 (307 nt-3 exons) | hsa_circ_0001849 (119 nt -2 exons) | hsa_circ_0001849 (119 nt -2 exons) | |
| hsa_circ_0001016 (2 exons) | hsa_circ_0001851 (159 nt-2 exons) | hsa_circ_0001851 (159 nt-2 exons) | |
| UBAP2 | hsa_circ_0001847 (377 nt-4 exons) | hsa_circ_0001847 (377 nt-4 exons) | |
| hsa_circ_0001849 (119 nt -2 exons) | hsa_circ_0005993 (187 nt-3 exons) | hsa_circ_0001850 (278 nt-4 exons) | |
| hsa_circ_0001851 (159 nt 2 exons) |
*Exon-intron circular RNA.
Interestingly, UBAP2 gene presented five different circular RNA isoforms expressed in gastric tissue, suggesting that circular alternative splicing is also occurring in the stomach (Table 1).
To examine the genomic localization of gastric circular RNAs, we analyzed the number of circular RNAs per chromosome, and found that most of them is derived from chromosome 1 of the human genome (Supplementary Fig. 3).
Although most gastric circular RNAs had less than 10 back-spliced junction reads of coverage, some highly expressed circular RNAs in matched adjacent gastric tissue had a read count of more than 35. Table 2 shows the most expressed circular RNAs in gastric tissue without gastric cancer, matched tumor-adjacent gastric tissue and gastric cancer samples.
Table 2.
List of the most expressed circular RNAs in gastric tissue.
| Gastric tissue | Circular RNA | Number of back spliced junction reads | Gene symbol |
|---|---|---|---|
| Without cancer | hsa_circ_0001340 | 6 | TMCC1 |
| hsa_circ_0006354 | 5 | VAMP3 | |
| hsa_circ_0001380 | 3 | UBXN7 | |
| hsa_circ_0000419 | 3 | RAB3IP | |
| hsa_circ_0002496 | 3 | APPBP2 | |
| hsa_circ_0004368 | 3 | REPS1 | |
| hsa_circ_0001112 | 3 | DGKD | |
| Tumor-adjacent | hsa_circ_0001092* | 41 | CFLAR |
| hsa_circ_0000284* | 37 | HIPK3 | |
| hsa_circ_0000437* | 37 | CORO1C | |
| hsa_circ_0001136* | 31 | ASXL1 | |
| hsa_circ_0001445 | 28 | SMARCA5 | |
| hsa_circ_0000211* | 26 | SFMBT2 | |
| hsa_circ_0001498 | 21 | WDR41 | |
| Gastric cancer | hsa_circ_0000437* | 17 | CORO1C |
| hsa_circ_0001136* | 15 | ASXL1 | |
| hsa_circ_0000211* | 14 | SFMBT2 | |
| hsa_circ_0000284* | 13 | HIPK3 | |
| hsa_circ_0001092* | 11 | CFLAR | |
| hsa_circ_0001897 | 11 | POMT1 | |
| hsa_circ_0001727 | 8 | ZKSCAN1 |
*Circular RNAs in common between tumor-adjacent and gastric cancer tissues.
To further explore the potential function of the expressed circular RNAs in gastric tissue, we selected the gastric circular RNAs-derived genes to perform GO enrichment analysis (Fig. 2). The gastric tissue without gastric cancer and matched tumor-adjacent gastric tissue circular RNAs-derived genes were enriched in the process of bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, such as Salmonella sp., Listeria sp. and Shigella sp30 (Supplementary Fig. 4). Tumor-adjacent gastric tissue circular RNAs-derived genes also were enriched in cancer-related processes, as well as gastric cancer’s.
Figure 2.
GO enrichment of the gastric circular RNAs-derived genes, evidencing the KEGG pathways and its scores. (A) Gastric tissue without gastric cancer. (B) Matched tumor-adjacent gastric tissue. (C) Gastric cancer.
Circular RNAs can regulate miRNAs by sequestering them by binding to their seed sequences2,5. Given that, we identified candidate target miRNAs of the most expressed circular RNAs in gastric tissues. We realized that the seed sequence is the key that may link circRNAs, miRNAs, miRNAs target genes and circular RNAs-derived genes. Therefore, we searched for the candidate target miRNAs by identifying the miRNAs that regulates such circular RNA-derived gene and by confirming that the complementary seed sequence is present in the circRNA sequence.
After this analysis, to consolidate the candidate target miRNAs, we compared them with the differentially expressed miRNAs identified in the same samples of this study, which were obtained previously by RNA-Seq by our group [data not published]. We found five candidate miRNAs potentially regulated by five circRNAs. All of them were previously described in gastric cancer (Table 3). In Fig. 3, we illustrated the interaction between CORO1C, hsa_circ_0000437 and hsa-miR-1.
Table 3.
Candidate target microRNAs of some of the high expressed circular RNAs in gastric tissue.
| Circular RNAs | Target microRNAs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Gene | Name | Number of seed matches | Refs in gastric cancer |
| hsa_circ_0001340 | TMCC1 | hsa-miR-452–5p | 1 | [30,31] |
| hsa_circ_0000419 | RAB3IP | hsa-miR-145–5p | 1 | [32–34] |
| hsa_circ_0001112 | DGKD | hsa-miR-375 | 3 | [35–37] |
| hsa_circ_0000284 | HIPK3 | hsa-miR-224–5p | 1 | [31,38] |
| hsa_circ_0000437 | CORO1C | hsa-miR-1 | 1 | [39] |
Figure 3.
Simulation of the relation between CORO1C, hsa_circ_0000437 and hsa-miR-1. Pol II: RNA polymerase II.
Unlike CDR1as, some studies have demonstrated that most circRNAs would have only 1–2 miRNA binding sites13,31. Our data corroborate to these studies given that most of the circRNA identified have only one miRNA-binding site, except for hsa_circ_0001112 that have three binding sites (Table 3).
We also analyzed the distribution of the expressed circular RNAs in gastric tissue without cancer, matched tumor-adjacent gastric tissue and gastric cancer samples. The Fig. 1b shows that there are exclusive circular RNAs of each group, but also there are common circular RNAs between them. Differential expression analysis showed that of the 27 circular RNAs in common between the three groups, five are significantly different (Table 4).
Table 4.
List describing the five differentially expressed circular RNAs in gastric tissue. The differential expression was evaluated with negative binomial regression adjusting for common and tagwise variation, and p-values were adjusted for multiple testing using a FDR procedure.
| Circular RNA | Gene | Gene official name | P-value | Driver gene* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hsa_circ_0001136 | ASXL1 | Additional sex combs like 1 | 8,3E-04 | Yes |
| hsa_circ_0000284 | HIPK3 | Homeodomain interacting protein kinase 3 | 9,0E-04 | No |
| hsa_circ_0000211 | SFMBT2 | Scm-like with four mbt domains 2 | 9,8E-04 | No |
| hsa_circ_0004771 | NRIP1 | Nuclear receptor interacting protein 1 | 4,6E-05 | No |
| hsa_circ_0000524 | RBM23 | RNA binding motif protein 23 | 1,9E-04 | No |
*According to Vogelstein et al.41.
The differential expression analysis was performed by comparing the samples without cancer with both tumor-adjacent and gastric cancer samples combined. All five differentially expressed circular RNAs are exonic, and were found down regulated in samples without cancer (Fig. 4).
Figure 4.
Expression of the five differentially expressed circular RNAs in gastric tissue. This analysis was performed by comparing the samples without cancer with both tumor-adjacent and gastric cancer samples combined.
Discussion
Circular RNAs are a novel class of regulatory noncoding RNAs with yet unknown impact on the cellular machinery. Our study is the first to investigate and describe all circular RNAs expressed in adult human gastric tissue, comprising patients without gastric cancer, matched tumor-adjacent gastric tissue and gastric cancer samples.
We found that the matched tumor-adjacent gastric samples were the group with the highest number of circular RNAs identified, followed by gastric cancer and samples of patients without gastric cancer (Fig. 1a). Most of the previous studies about circular RNAs global expression in human cancers used only the matched tumor-adjacent samples as normal control. In all these studies, the expression of circular RNAs in cancer is down-regulated in comparison to the matched tumor-adjacent tissue13,18,19,32. These data suggest that the abundant expression of circular RNAs in tumor-adjacent tissue samples is a general pattern in several types of cancer, including gastric cancer.
Circular RNAs expressions were analyzed in gastric cancer in some previous studies. However, these studies used matched tumor-adjacent as control13,33–38. The use of adjacent tissue for comparison purposes can lead to biases since the evidences have demonstrated the field cancerization in gastric tissue surrounding the tumors26,27. Thus, we chose to investigate the circular RNAs expression in patients without gastric cancer, matched tumor-adjacent gastric and gastric cancer samples.
Our data suggests that circular RNAs abundance in tumor-adjacent tissue may be somehow related to gastric carcinogenesis, given its similarity to gastric cancer tissue. Most of the highest expressed circRNA genes in gastric cancer samples are also present in tumor-adjacent tissue (CFLAR, CORO1C, HIPK3, ASXL1 and SFMBT2) (Table 2).
It is possible that the circular RNAs are not essential molecules in fully developed tumors, explaining their high expression in tumor-adjacent tissues. Bachmayr-Heyda et al.18 showed that the expression of circular RNAs in colorectal cancer cell lines is even smaller than those in colorectal cancer tissue. The cancer cell lines have a higher proliferation rate and are pure cancer cells, indicating that cancerous cells do not require a high level of circular RNAs to maintain their malignant features.
Although most circular RNAs does not have its function completely understood, it is possible to estimate their cellular role by performing a functional enrichment analysis of their derived genes. GO enrichment indicated that the gastric tissue without gastric cancer circular RNAs-derived genes were enriched for the process of bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, which is a natural process in stomach (Fig. 2). This KEGG pathway was also enriched in tumor-adjacent samples, but not in gastric cancer samples, indicating the cellular loss of function typically found in cancer.
Previous studies have discussed the potential function of circRNAs as miRNA sponges. Memczak et al.5 reported that the circRNA CDR1as (or ciRS-7) harbors about 70 binding sites for miR-7 seed. However, a deeper analysis showed that most circRNAs have less than 10 miRNA binding sites, indicating that miRNA sponging by circRNAs may not require a large number of binding sites31. To further investigate this information, we identified the potential circRNAs target and found five candidate miRNAs, and most of them present only one target site (Table 3).
All five candidate miRNAs were found differentially expressed between patients without gastric cancer, matched tumor-adjacent gastric and gastric cancer samples (data not shown), and previously described in association with gastric cancer in the literature. Their expressions were correlated with several features of gastric cancer, such as drug resistance, proliferation, invasion, migration and cell growth in gastric cancer39–46.
The Fig. 3 illustrates how complex and dynamic is the interaction between circRNA, mRNA and circRNA-derived gene. CORO1C gene produces circRNA and mRNA by noncanonical and canonical splicing, respectively, and both types of RNA may interact with the same miRNA. Circ-CORO1C blocks hsa-miR-1, while CORO1C mRNA is blocked by hsa-miR-1. It suggests that the circRNA production may be a gene mechanism to ensure its own mRNA translation.
Given that, regarding the type (circRNA, ciRNA or EIciRNA), circular RNAs seem to be a positive self-mechanism of gene regulation by sponging miRNAs or by interacting with RNA polymerase II.
To identify circular RNAs with potential to become gastric cancer biomarkers, we performed differential expression analysis. Among the five differentially expressed circRNAs, hsa_circ_0001136 is derived from ASXL1, which is a driver gene involved in chromatin modelling47 (Table 4).
Hsa_circ_0000284 (HIPK3 gene) was found differentially expressed in gastric tissues (Table 4). Given that this circRNA is overexpressed in tumor-adjacent and gastric cancer samples, and also may regulate hsa-miR-224–5p (Table 3), the interaction between hsa_circ_0000284 and hsa-miR-224 is possibly involved in gastric carcinogenesis. In fact, this circRNA was found overexpressed in seven types of cancer, including gastric, and related to cell proliferation13. Hsa-miR-224 was also described in association to gastric cancer45.
Circular RNAs have some particularities that made them potential biomarkers of both physiological and pathological processes. Besides being abundant, stable and resistant, their little invasiveness remarkably increases its potential, since their expression can be accessed by body fluids14. Shao et al.34 demonstrated that the expression of circular RNA can be accessed by gastric juice, suggesting their potential as biomarker for disease screening.
Overall, our results revealed that the circular RNAs is overexpressed in tumor-adjacent and in gastric cancer samples in comparison to samples without cancer. We showed the presence of field cancerization in gastric cancer, indicating that the tumor-adjacent tissue cannot be considered as normal tissue. We also found five differentially expressed circRNAs that may become novel biomarkers of gastric cancer and need to be further validated. Nevertheless, our results support the hypothesis of circular RNAs representing a novel factor in the dynamic epigenetic network of gene regulation, which involves the miRNAs and its mRNAs targets and the circular RNAs-derived genes. Further studies are needed to elucidate the roles and the functional relevance of the circular RNAs in human diseases.
Methods
Clinical samples
We included tissue samples of patients without gastric cancer (n = 8), gastric cancer (n = 8) and matched tumor-adjacent (n = 8), from the Universitary Hospital of João de Barros Barreto of the Federal University of Pará. All samples were collected, stored in RNAlater (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and frozen in liquid nitrogen until RNA total isolation. The study including all experimental protocols was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Center of Oncology Research of the Federal University of Pará (No. 1.432.512). All study participants or their legal guardian provided informed written consent in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. The methods were performed in accordance to the approved guidelines.
RNA isolation
Total RNA was isolated from tissue samples by using TRIzol Reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific) following the manufacture’s protocol. Total RNA integrity and amount were evaluated by Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific), NanoDrop ND-1000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and 2200 Tape Station System (Agilent). The integrity criteria were values between 1.8 and 2.2 (A 260/280), >1.8 (A260/230), and RIN ≥ 5.
Circle-Seq sample treatment, library synthesis, sequencing and analysis
First, a step of circular RNA enrichment was made by treating the total RNA with 3U of RNase R (Epicentre), followed by 15 minutes at 37 °C. After this, the treated RNA was re-quantified, and 1 μg of treated RNA per sample was used as input to prepare the libraries. We synthesized 24 libraries by using TruSeq Stranded Total RNA Library Prep with Ribo-Zero Gold (Illumina), which already has a step of rRNA depletion included. The libraries quality was controlled with 2200 TapeStation (Agilent), normalized to 10 nM and sequenced on a MiSeq Sequencing System (Illumina) by using the MiSeq Reagent Kit v3 (Illumina).
FASTQ was trimmed, cropped and adapters contaminant were removed (Trimmomatic v.0.36). The resulting reads were aligned to human genome (hg19) using both BWA (v.0.7) and STAR (v.2.5), which were processed by CIRI (v.2.0)48 and CIRCexplorer2 (v.2.2)49, respectively, to detect head-to-tail back-spliced junctions. We considered only the junctions detected by both tools to improve prediction accuracy50.
The detected circRNA list was used to made a Venn diagram (Venny 2.1 - http://bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es/tools/venny/index.html) representing the distribution of the expressed circular RNAs among gastric tissue without gastric cancer, gastric cancer samples and matched tumor-adjacent samples. All other graphics and statistical analyses were performed by using R (v.3.3). The read count was normalized and compared between groups using edgeR (v.3.18) package (REF).
Circular RNAs functional analysis
Gastric circular RNAs-derived genes were selected to perform for the functional enrichment analysis. This analysis was performed by DAVID Bioinformatics Resources v6.8 (https://david.ncifcrf.gov). All enriched KEGG pathways were plotted. P-values were adjusted by using Bonferroni’s correction.
Selection of the candidate target microRNAs
The candidate target miRNAs were predicted by searching which miRNA has the circular RNA-derived gene as a target. This search was performed by using the miRTarBase, an experimentally validated microRNA-target interactions database (http://mirtarbase.mbc.nctu.edu.tw). After that, we searched for a complementary region to miRNA seed sequence in circular RNA, and confirmed that the predicted miRNA was found differentially expressed in gastric cancer [data not published].
Electronic supplementary material
Acknowledgements
We thank Fabiano Moreira and Igor Schneider for the helpful suggestions. This work was financially supported by the Rede de Pesquisa em Genômica Populacional Humana (Biocomputacional-Protocol No. 3381/2013/CAPES), PROPESP/UFPA-FADESP; and CNPq (MCTI/CNPq/Universal 14/2014 - No. 457672/2014-5). Ândrea Ribeiro-dos-Santos is supported by CNPq/Produtividade (304413/2015-1). Sidney Santos is supported by CNPq/Produtividade (CNPq 305258/2013-3).
Author Contributions
P.P.A., S.E.B.S. and Â. Ribeiro-dos-Santos designed and coordinated the study. S.D. and A.K.M.A collected and prepared the gastric samples. A.F.V., T.V., L.M. and P.P. performed the experimental analyses. A.M. Ribeiro-dos-Santos performed the bioinformatical and statistical analyses. A.F.V. drafted the manuscript, and designed the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
Amanda Ferreira Vidal and André M. Ribeiro-dos-Santos contributed equally to this work.
Electronic supplementary material
Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1038/s41598-017-15061-w.
Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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