Table 4.
Associations of maternal perinatal characteristics with cord blood metabolomics factor scores
| β (95% CI) in factor score according to each maternal characteristica | ||
|---|---|---|
| Factor 5 | BCAA | |
|
|
||
| Maternal pre- and perinatal condition | ||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | ||
| Normal weight (n = 62) | 0.00 (Reference) | 0.00 (Reference) |
| Overweight (n = 37) | 0.30 (−0.10, 0.71) | 0.40 (0.02, 0.79) |
| Obese (n = 27) | −0.11 (−0.58, 0.35) | 0.08 (−0.36, 0.53) |
| P-difference (Type 3 test) | 0.21 | 0.12 |
| Per 1 SD (5.7 kg/m2) | 0.02 (−0.16, 0.21) | −0.02 (−0.19, 0.16) |
| Gestational weight gain | ||
| Inadequate (n = 14) | 0.33 (−0.27, 0.93) | −0.06 (−0.64, 0.51) |
| Adequate (n = 43) | 0.00 (Reference) | 0.00 (Reference) |
| Excessive (n = 69) | 0.33 (−0.05, 0.72) | 0.30 (−0.07, 0.67) |
| P-difference (Type 3 test) | 0.22 | 0.20 |
| Per 1 SD (6.6 kg) | 0.08 (−0.11, 0.29) | 0.09 (−0.10, 0.29) |
| Gestational glucose tolerance | ||
| Normoglycemic (n = 95) | 0.00 (Reference) | 0.00 (Reference) |
| Isolated hyperglycemia (n = 14) | −0.26 (−0.84, 0.32) | 0.31 (−0.25, 0.88) |
| Gestational impaired glucose tolerance (n = 6) | 0.77 (−0.05, 1.58) | −0.07 (−0.86, 0.73) |
| Gestational diabetes (n = 11) | −0.36 (−0.97, 0.25) | 0.00 (−0.59, 0.59) |
| P-difference (Type 3 test) | 0.12 | 0.73 |
| Hypertensive disorders of pregnancyc | ||
| No (n = 111) | 0.00 (Reference) | 0.00 (Reference) |
| Yes (n = 13) | 0.31 (−0.27, 0.90) | 0.26 (−0.29, 0.82) |
| Maternal lifestyle characteristics during pregnancy | ||
| Prudent dietary pattern | ||
| Q1 (lowest adherence) | 0.00 (Reference) | 0.00 (Reference) |
| Q2 | 0.26 (−0.26, 0.78) | 0.04 (−0.47, 0.55) |
| Q3 | −0.03 (−0.54, 0.49) | 0.00 (−0.51, 0.50) |
| Q4 (highest adherence) | 0.34 (−0.17, 0.86) | 0.15 (−0.36, 0.65) |
| P-trend | 0.37 | 0.92 |
| Western dietary pattern | ||
| Q1 (lowest adherence) | 0.00 (Reference) | 0.00 (Reference) |
| Q2 | −0.51 (−1.09, 0.07) | −0.16 (−0.73, 0.41) |
| Q3 | −0.36 (−0.82, 0.10) | −0.35 (−0.81, 0.10) |
| Q4 (highest adherence) | 0.01 (−0.48, 0.49) | −0.23 (−0.70, 0.25) |
| P-trend | 0.15 | 0.50 |
| Physical activity | ||
| Q1 (lowest level) | 0.00 (Reference) | 0.00 (Reference) |
| Q2 | 0.17 (−0.43, 0.77) | 0.12 (−0.45, 0.70) |
| Q3 | 0.15 (−0.47, 0.77) | 0.09 (−0.49, 0.68) |
| Q4 (highest level) | 0.43 (−0.20, 1.06) | −0.15 (−0.75, 0.45) |
| P-trend | 0.58 | 0.74 |
| Smoking habits during pregnancy | ||
| Never (n = 81) | 0.00 (Reference) | 0.00 (Reference) |
| Former (n = 30) | −0.19 (−0.62, 0.23) | 0.24 (−0.16, 0.65) |
| Current (n = 15) | 0.13 (−0.42, 0.69) | 0.30 (−0.23, 0.83) |
| P-difference (Type 3 test) | 0.55 | 0.33 |
| Delivery characteristics | ||
| Gestational age at delivery | ||
| Per 1 SD (1.5 weeks) | −0.17 (−0.35, 0.01) | −0.30 (−0.47, −0.13) |
| Delivery mode | ||
| Vaginal (n = 106) | 0.00 (Reference) | 0.00 (Reference) |
| Cesarean (n = 20) | 0.49 (0.01, 0.97) | 0.04 (−0.42, 0.50) |
a
Estimates are adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, and child’s sex and gestational age at delivery. Estimates for continuous gestational weight gain is further adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI, and estimates for gestational age at delivery are only adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity and child’s sex.
b
The “Normal weight” category includes 4 women classified as “Underweight” according to the W.H.O. Adult Weight Status Classification categories.
c
Hypertensive disorders include chronic hypertension (n=2), gestational hypertension (n=8), and preeclampsia (n=3)