ABSTRACT
We report the whole-genome sequence of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) O/MOG/BU/2-7/2015 isolated in Mongolia in 2015. This virus is closely related to isolates identified in Southeast Asia in 2015 and is classified under the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d lineage. This is the first detection of an FMDV of this lineage in Mongolia.
GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is classified under the Aphthovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family. Its genome is composed of a single strand of positive-sense RNA of approximately 8.4 kb in length, which is divided into S and L fragments by a poly(C) sequence at the 5′ untranslated region (UTR). FMDV is categorized into seven immunologically distinct serotypes (O, A, C, Asia 1, and Southern African Territories 1 to 3), each of which can be divided into a variety of genetically distinct topotypes and lineages (1).
The FMDV serotype O topotype Middle East-South Asia lineage Ind-2001 (O/ME-SA/Ind-2001) was detected and first defined in 2001 and has been the dominant lineage in the Indian subcontinent since 2008 (2, 3). FMDV of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d sublineage has been confirmed in countries in the Middle East, West Eurasia, and North Africa since 2013 and was detected in Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Russia, China, and the Republic of Korea from 2015 to 2017 (4–6).
In the present study, epithelial samples were collected from cattle that showed clinical symptoms of FMDV in Bayan-Ulgii province in Mongolia in March 2015. The FMDV O/MOG/BU/2-7/2015 was isolated from samples according to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) manual (7) and plaque cloned using ZZR-127 cells (8). Viral RNA was extracted and the L-fragment gene, of approximately 7.7 kb, was amplified by PCR using four pairs of FMDV-specific primers. The nucleotide sequences were analyzed using the Ion PGM system (Life Technologies, Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA) as previously described (9).
The L-fragment sequence of O/MOG/BU/2-7/2015 was 7,754 nucleotides (nt) in length, and included a 5′ UTR of 685 nt, a single open reading frame (ORF) of 6,999 nt, and a 3′ UTR of 70 nt. The ORF was predicted to encode a polyprotein of 2,333 amino acids composed of four structural proteins, VP1 to VP4, and eight nonstructural proteins, L, 2A to 2C, and 3A to 3D. This virus isolate is the most closely related to O/BAN/GO/Ka-236(Pig)/2015 (GenBank accession no. KX712091) in the public database, with a 98.6% nt identity rate and no indels.
In conclusion, the FMDV O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d was isolated from epithelial samples following an outbreak in 2015 in the western part of Mongolia. Our findings confirm the first incursion of FMDV O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d into East Asia. FMDV O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d has continued to spread into the Eurasian and African continents, indicating the need for epidemiological information and monitoring of this lineage to develop appropriate control strategies against this disease.
Accession number(s).
The genome nucleotide sequence of O/MOG/BU/2-7/2015 has been deposited in GenBank under accession no. LC320038.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Yukako Hasegawa for her technical assistance.
This study was supported by a research project on improving food safety and animal health by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (Project no. 2021) and OIE twining project on foot-and-mouth disease and other transboundary animal diseases between Mongolia and Japan.
Footnotes
Citation Nishi T, Ulziibat G, Khanui B, Myagmarsuren O, Morioka K, Yamakawa M, Fukai K. 2017. Genome sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus of serotype O lineage Ind-2001d isolated from cattle in Mongolia in 2015. Genome Announc 5:e01244-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.01244-17.
REFERENCES
- 1.Knowles NJ, Samuel AR. 2003. Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus Res 91:65–80. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00260-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Hemadri D, Tosh C, Sanyal A, Venkataramanan R. 2002. Emergence of a new strain of type O foot-and-mouth disease virus: its phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship with the PanAsia pandemic strain. Virus Genes 25:23–34. doi: 10.1023/A:1020165923805. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Sharma GK, Biswal JK, Ranjan R, Rout M, Das B, Dash BB, Sanyal A, Pattnaik B. 2015. Evolutionary dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/ME-SA/Ind2001 lineage. Vet Microbiol 178:181–189. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.05.015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Knowles NJ, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, Valdazo-González B, Eldaghayes IM, Dayhum AS, Kammon AM, Sharif MA, Waight S, Shamia AM, Tenzin S, Wernery U, Grazioli S, Brocchi E, Subramaniam S, Pattnaik B, King DP. 2016. Outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in Libya and Saudi Arabia during 2013 due to an exotic O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 63:e431–e435. doi: 10.1111/tbed.12299. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Qiu Y, Abila R, Rodtian P, King DP, Knowles NJ, Ngo LT, Le VT, Khounsy S, Bounma P, Lwin S, Verin BC, Widders P. 2017. Emergence of an exotic strain of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d in South-East Asia in 2015. Transbound Emerg Dis. Epub ahead of print. doi: 10.1111/tbed.12687. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.OIE/FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD) 2017. WRLFMD quarterly report January to March 2017: reference laboratory contract report, foot-and-mouth disease. OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory Network for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Pirbright, UK: https://www.foot-and-mouth.org/publications/oie-fao-quarterly-report-janaury-march-2017. [Google Scholar]
- 7.World Organisation for Animal Health 2015. Chapter 2.1.5. Foot and mouth disease. In Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France: http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.01.08_FMD.pdf. [Google Scholar]
- 8.Brehm KE, Ferris NP, Lenk M, Riebe R, Haas B. 2009. Highly sensitive fetal goat tongue cell line for detection and isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Clin Microbiol 47:3156–3160. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00510-09. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Nishi T, Yamada M, Fukai K, Shimada N, Morioka K, Yoshida K, Sakamoto K, Kanno T, Yamakawa M. 2017. Genome variability of foot-and-mouth disease virus during the short period of the 2010 epidemic in Japan. Vet Microbiol 199:62–67. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]