Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of serum containing a combination of yi-qi-yang-yin-tang (YQYYT) and daunorubicin (DNR) on multidrug resistance in KG1a leukemia stem cells (LSCs). The effects of YQYYT and DNR on proliferation, cell cycle progression and the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), topoisomerase II (Topo II) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in KG1a cells were investigated in vitro using cell counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. It was revealed that YQYYT-containing serum did not affect proliferation of KG1a cells compared with the blank group. Furthermore, there were no significant differences on the inhibition of proliferation among different groups at various concentrations of YQYYT. Treatment with YQYYT-containing serum (volume, 20 and 40 µl) and DNR was able to significantly inhibit the proliferation of KG1a cells compared with the blank group. The inhibition rate in the treatment group with YQYYT-containing serum (40 µl) and DNR for 48 h (72.5%) was higher compared with treatment for 24 h (60.4%, P<0.01). Treatment with YQYYT-containing serum was able to promote G0 phase of KG1a cells into cell cycle in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of PTEN and Topo II, but did not affect mTOR expression compared with the blank group. Treatment with serum containing YQYYT alone did not directly affect the proliferation of KG1a cells, but when the cells were treated with a combination of YQYYT-containing serum and DNR, the proliferation of KG1a cells was significantly inhibited in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment with YQYYT-containing serum was able to promote cell cycle progression of KG1a cells in the G0 phase and upregulate the expression of the negative regulatory genes PTEN and Topo II. These results indicated the potential of YQYYT to reverse multidrug resistance in LSCs.
Keywords: yi-qi-yang-yin-tang, leukemia stem cell multidrug resistance, cell cycle, phosphatase and tensin homolog, topoisomerase II
Introduction
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are similar to normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) but with self-renewal capacity and differentiation potential (1). Although the number of LSCs is limited, they have a critical role in leukemia resistance, relapse and prognosis. Recent reports indicate that leukemia can be considered as a rare and abnormal form of hematopoiesis induced by cancer stem cells or LSCs. Moreover, stem cells can maintain or obtain unlimited proliferative capacity through the accumulation of mutations and/or changes in epigenetic regulation of genes (2). Increasing evidence shows that LSCs have an important role in resistance to chemotherapy drug-induced cell death and in leukemia relapse (3). LSCs exhibit a number of resistance mechanisms observed in HSCs, which allow the transport of chemotherapeutic agent out of the cells via transporters to avoid cytotoxic effects (4). Furthermore, it has been shown that 95% of LSCs are in the G0 phase, where cells rarely proliferate (5), therefore avoiding the cytotoxic effects of the chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, some other rare subpopulations of LSCs (such as CD34 + CD38-phenotype) can enter the cell cycle, differentiate and proliferate into new leukemia cells following appropriate stimulation, therefore inducing the incidence of refractory or relapsed leukemia (6). Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) can inhibit mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity via negative regulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, therefore inhibiting proliferation of cancer cells, promoting apoptosis and reversing multidrug resistance (7). DNA topoisomerase II (Topo II) is the target of anthracycline chemotherapeutic drugs (topoisomerase inhibitors), which inhibit cell replication by inhibiting DNA annealing following binding with Topo II (8).
The KG1a leukemia cell line expresses high levels of cluster of differentiation (CD)34, therefore exhibiting the main biological characteristic of LSCs. Yi-qi-yang-yin-tang (YQYYT) is the decoction of Chinese medicine, according to the theory of TCM syndrome differentiation, in which the combination of drugs have activating, excitement and promotion effects in the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Therefore, it was speculated that YQYYT is able to activate LSCs, upregulate expression of negative regulatory genes, increase the sensitivity of chemotherapy drug targets, reverse multidrug resistance and clear residual LSCs in patients. YQYYT may be a new strategy for the clinical treatment of leukemia.
In the present study, the KG1a cell line was used to investigate the role of YQYYT-containing serum on LSC proliferation and cell cycle progression, and on the levels of mRNA and protein expression of PTEN, Topo II and mTOR.
Materials and methods
Experimental animals
A total of 20 adult male New Zealand white rabbits (5 weeks old; weight, 2.2–2.5 kg) were purchased from Beijing Huafukang Biotechnology Ltd., (Beijing, China), and were housed in an air-conditioned room at 25°C with a 12-h dark/light cycle (specific-pathogen-free conditions) at the Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Tianjin, China). The rabbits received humane care with unlimited access to food and water during the present study. Ethical approval was obtained from Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Tianjin, China).
YQYYT preparation
A water decoction of YQYYT was prepared at the Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Tianjin, China). The water decoction of YQYYT (1 g/ml) was prepared from the following combination of Chinese medicines: 30 g astragalus (Leguminosa, Astragalus L.), 10 g ginseng (Araliaceae, PanaxLinn L.), 15 g Ligustrum lucidum (Oleaceae, Ligustrum L.), 15 g Eclipta (Composite, Eclipta L.), 10 g Angelica (Umbelliferae, Angelica L.), 10 g Atractylodes (Composite, Atractylodes L.), 10 g poria (Polyporaceae, Wolfiporia L.) and 10 g licorice (Papilionoideae, Glycyrrhiza L.). All the herbs were provided by The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Tianjin, China). The solution was placed into an infusion bottle (250 ml), and sterilized at 105°C under circulation steam. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint analysis was performed to quantify the components in the water decoction of YQYYT (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
HPLC fingerprint analysis of YQYYT decoction. The HPLC system was equipped with an Agilent HP-1100 HPLC instrument. Separation was performed on an Agilent TC-18 (4.6×250 mm, 5 µm) analytical column with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water with gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min and the column temperature at 25°C. The UV wavelength used for detection was set at 203 nm, and the analysis time was 50 min. A total of 38 common peaks for YQYYT were identified in the HPLC fingerprint analysis. HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; YQYYT, yi-qi-yang-yin-tang.
Serum preparation
Male Adult New Zealand white rabbits (n=20) were randomly divided into treatment and control groups, with 10 rabbits in each group. Rabbits in the treatment group received the water decoction of YQYYT (10 ml twice each day) by gavage for 3 days, while rabbits in the control group received saline. At 2 h following the last drug administration, 3% sodium pentobarbital was given to anesthetize the rabbits, and cardiac blood samples were collected. The serum was separated and filtered for distribution and stored at −20°C. Gavage method was performed as follows. The animals were fixed and the opening device was fixed between the upper and lower incisors. The tube was then inserted into the mouth of the animal from the mouth of the mouthpiece and into the esophagus along the posterior wall of the pharynx. After insertion, the gastric canal should be checked for insertion into the esophagus. The outer opening of the gastric tube can be placed in the beaker of the water, and if no bubbles are produced, it indicates that the gastric tube is inserted into the stomach properly and that the trachea has not strayed into the trachea. The syringe was then connected to the tube and injected into the solution.
Cell culture
KG1a cells (obtained from the Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China) were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (HyClone; GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 U/ml streptomycin (HyClone; GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) at 37°C under 5% CO2 and saturated humidity. The cells were passaged into fresh culture medium every 2–3 days. The cells in the logarithmic growth phase were used in experiments.
Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay
KG1a cells in the logarithmic growth phase were adjusted to a density of 1×105 /ml, seeded in 96-well culture plates (100 µl/well), and then divided into experimental and control groups. Different volumes of YQYYT-containing serum (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40, 20, 10, 5 and 0 µl) were added to the experimental group, whereas the corresponding volume of rabbit serum was administered to the control group. RPMI-1640 medium was added so that the final volume of each well is 200 µl. Each group was tested at least in triplicate. The cells were cultured at 37°C under 5% CO2 and saturated humidity for 24, 48 and 72 h. Subsequently, 10 µl CCK-8 reagent (Tianjin Solomon Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China) was added into each well, and the samples were incubated for a further 2 h at 37°C. The absorbance (OD) value was measured at room temperature using multi-function enzyme-labeling measuring instrument (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 450 nm. The proliferation rate was calculated as follows: Proliferation rate (%)=(1-experimental group OD/control group OD) × 100%.
The cells were cultured as aforementioned. The cells were divided into blank group, daunorubicin (DNR), rabbit serum control and serum containing YQYYT groups (5, 10, 20 and 40 µl; made up to 100 µl with medium). RPMI-1640 medium (100 µl) was added to the blank and DNR groups. The final volume in each well was 200 µl. Each group was set up at least in triplicate. After 24 h, 10 µl DNR (5 µg/ml; Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY, USA) was added into the experimental, rabbit serum control and DNR groups, while 10 µl RPMI-1640 medium was added to the blank group. Following a further 24 or 48 h, the OD value in each well was measured using a multi-function enzyme-labeling at 450 nm.
Cell cycle analysis
KG1a cells in the logarithmic growth phase were adjusted to a density of 5×105 /ml and seeded in a 6-well culture plate (1 ml/well). The cells were divided into the control group, high (200 µl) and low (100 µl) dose of YQYYT. After culturing for 24, 48 and 72 h, the cells were harvested by centrifugation (400 × g; 5 min). Following the removal of the supernatant, the cells were washed twice with pre-cooled PBS and then stored at −20°C overnight. Each sample was incubated with 0.5 ml propidium iodide (Shanghai Megiddo Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Shanghai, China) in the dark for 30 min. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry (BD Accuri C6; BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA).
Cell sorting
KG1a cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 U/ml streptomycin at 37°C under 5% CO2 and saturated humidity. The cells were passaged every 2–3 days. The cells in the logarithmic growth phase were harvested. CD34+CD38− cells were sorted, and the purity of the resulting populations was determined by flow cytometry.
Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis
The sorted CD34+CD38− KG1 cells were grouped and treated using the protocols as described previously. Total RNA was isolated using the RNA isolation kit (Kangwei Shiji, Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), and cDNA was prepared using the SuperRT cDNA Synthesis kit (Kangwei Shiji, Biotechnology Co., Ltd.). The following primers (Sangon Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) were used: β-actin forward, 5′-CCAAGGCCAACCGCGAGAAGATGAC-3′ and reverse, 5′-AGGGTACATGGTGGTGCCGCCAGAC-3′; PTEN forward, 5′-ACCAGGACCAGAGGAAACCT-3′ and reverse, 5′-GCTAGCCTCTGGATTTGACG-3′; Topo IIα forward, 5′-GTGCGTGAAGTTGTGAATA-3′ and reverse, 5′-GAGAGACACCAGAATTCAA-3′; mTOR forward, 5′-TAACGAGCTGGTCCGAATCA-3′ and reverse, 5′-AGGGTGGACTTAGCTGGACT-3′. RT-qPCR was performed on the qPCR instrument (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) with the SYBR-Green PCR kit (Beijing BioTake Biotechnology, Beijing, China). The optimized parameters for PCR were: 95°C for 2 min, 95°C for 15 sec, 60°C for 30 sec and 72°C for 40 sec (40 cycles). The mean relative expression of PTEN, TopoII and mTOR in triplicate samples was calculated according to the 2−ΔΔCq method (9).
Western blot analysis
The sorted CD34+CD38− KG1 cells were grouped and treated using the protocols as aforementioned. Proteins were extracted using RIPA lysis buffer (Beijing BioTake Corporation, Beijing, China), and protein concentration was determined using the Bradford method. Proteins (20 µg) were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes using a semi-dry transfer method. The membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk, and incubated with primary antibodies (1:3,000) overnight at 4°C. After washing with TBST three times, the membranes were then incubated with secondary antibodies (1:1,000) for 1 h at room temperature. Proteins were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence kit and visualized under ultraviolet light. Primary antibodies: Anti-PTEN antibody (catalog no. ab32199; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), anti-topoisomerase IIα antibody (catalog no. ab52934; Abcam), anti-mTOR antibody (catalog no. ab2732; Abcam). Secondary antibodies: Goat anti-rabbit IgG, horseradish peroxidase-conjugated (catalog no. CW0103S; Kangwei Shiji, Biotechnology Co., Ltd.).
Statistical analysis
Each experiment was repeated more than three times, and statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS software (version 13.0; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Comparisons between two groups were analyzed using Student's t-test, and comparisons between different groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
YQYYT-containing serum does not inhibit proliferation of KG1a cells in vitro
As indicated in Table I, YQYYT-containing serum did not inhibit proliferation KG1a cells at any of the doses tested at 24, 48 and 72 h.
Table I.
Effect of YQYYT-containing serum at various concentrations on proliferation of KG1a cells.
| Control serum | YQYYT-containing serum | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volume of YQYYT-containing serum (µl) | Time (h) | OD value, mean ± SD | Inhibition rate (%) | OD value, mean ± SD | Inhibition rate (%) |
| 0 | 24 | 0.52±0.02 | – | 0.51±0.01 | – |
| 48 | 0.62±0.01 | – | 0.64±0.01 | – | |
| 72 | 0.76±0.01 | – | 0.81±0.02 | – | |
| 5 | 24 | 0.47±0.03 | 8.3 | 0.47±0.02 | 8.1 |
| 48 | 0.48±0.03 | 12.7 | 0.57±0.01 | 9.6 | |
| 72 | 0.70±0.02 | 7.6 | 0.73±0.01 | 10.2 | |
| 10 | 24 | 0.43±0.05 | 16.1 | 0.45±0.03 | 12.4 |
| 48 | 0.41±0.01 | 14.8 | 0.56±0.04 | 11.6 | |
| 72 | 0.68±0.01 | 9.3 | 0.69±0.01 | 14.5 | |
| 20 | 24 | 0.41±0.04 | 20.3 | 0.42±0.03 | 19.0 |
| 48 | 0.45±0.01 | 24.8 | 0.53±0.02 | 19.7 | |
| 72 | 0.67±0.02 | 11.7 | 0.68±0.03 | 17.7 | |
| 40 | 24 | 0.40±0.01 | 20.9 | 0.41±0.01 | 19.9a |
| 48 | 0.45±0.01 | 25.5 | 0.49±0.03 | 23.5a | |
| 72 | 0.62±0.02 | 18.8 | 0.61±0.01 | 24.3a | |
n=3
P>0.05 vs. control group. SD, standard deviation; YQYYT, yi-qi-yang-yin-tang.
Combination of YQYYT-containing serum and DNR inhibits proliferation of KG1a cells in vitro
To determine whether the YQYYT-containing serum increases the sensitivity of KG1a cells to DNR, the IC50 value of DNR for KG1a cells was determined using a previously described method (10). The IC50 value was indicated to be 5 µg/ml (data not shown).
The effects of the YQYYT-containing serum at different concentrations on the sensitivity of KG1a cells to DNR were subsequently examined using the IC50 value. At 24 h, treatment with YQYYT-containing serum (5, 10, 20 and 40 µl in a total volume of 100 µl) and DNR did not inhibit the proliferation of KG1a cells compared with the group treated with DNR alone. However, when the volume of serum containing with YQYYT was increased to 40 µl, there was a significant inhibitory effect (60.4%) compared with the DNR group on the growth of KG1a cells (P<0.05; Table II). Following the treatment of DNR and YQYYT-containing serum (volume, 20 and 40 µl) for 48 h, an inhibitory effect on KG1a cells was observed (58.9 and 72.5%, respectively) compared with treatment with DNR alone (Table II). This inhibitory effect on proliferation was significant when the cells were treated with 40 µl YQYYT-containing serum (P<0.01; Table II). The rate of inhibition following the treatment with YQYYT-containing serum for 48 h (72.5%) was significantly higher compared with treatment for 24 h (60.4%, P<0.01; Table II). Taken together, these results indicated that the YQYYT-containing serum was able to promote the inhibitory effect of DNR on KG1a cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner.
Table II.
Effect of treatment with a combination of YQYYT-containing serum and DNR on proliferation of KG1a cells.
| Control serum | YQYYT-containing serum | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Groups | Time (h)a | OD value, mean ± SD | Inhibition rate (%) | OD value, mean ± SD | Inhibition rate (%) |
| Blank | 24+24 | 0.97±0.06 | – | 1.01±0.05 | – |
| 24+48 | 1.35±0.01 | – | 0.31±0.02 | – | |
| DNR | 24+24 | 0.52±0.01 | 49.2 | 0.52±0.01 | 48.6 |
| 24+48 | 0.71±0.06 | 46.8 | 0.67±0.04 | 49 | |
| 5 µl serum +DNR | 24+24 | 0.49±0.01 | 46.7 | 0.50±0.01 | 50.1 |
| 24+48 | 0.74±0.04 | 45.1 | 0.67±0.03 | 48.5 | |
| 10 µl serum +DNR | 24+24 | 0.49±0.02 | 48.8 | 0.48±0.02 | 52.1 |
| 24+48 | 0.76±0.05 | 47.3 | 0.70±0.05 | 56.5 | |
| 20 µl serum +DNR | 24+24 | 0.48±0.03 | 49.6 | 0.45±0.01 | 53.9 |
| 24+48 | 0.78±0.04 | 43.3 | 0.54±0.02 | 58.9a | |
| 40 µl serum +DNR | 24+24 | 0.51±0.02 | 50.6 | 0.40±0.01 | 60.4a |
| 24+48 | 0.69±0.02 | 48.8 | 0.37±0.03 | 72.5b | |
n=3
P<0.05 vs. DNR group
P<0.01 vs. DNR group. DNR, daunorubicin; OD, optical density; SD, standard deviation; YQYYT, yi-qi-yang-yin-tang. aThe first number refers to the duration of treatment with the control serum and the second number refers to the duration of treatment with the YQYYT-containing serum.
YQYYT-containing serum promotes cell cycle progression of KG1a cells from the G0 phase
As shown in Tables III–V, YQYYT-containing serum was able to promote cell cycle progression of KG1a cells from the G0 phase. The G0/G1 ratio was decreased and the percentage of S and G2M phase cells was increased in a dose-dependent manner. However, there was no significant difference between the effects of treatment with 200 and 100 µl YQYYT-containing serum.
Table III.
Effect of YQYYT-containing serum on cell cycle of KG1a cells following 24 h treatment.
| Group | G0/G1 (%) | S (%) | G2/M (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blank | 84.07±1.63 | 8.96±2.01 | 7.14±3.39 |
| Control | |||
| 100 µl | 82.52±2.31 | 12.10±1.37 | 9.17±4.41 |
| 200 µl | 81.15±2.45 | 12.57±3.11 | 9.48±2.27 |
| Treatment | |||
| 100 µl | 77.81±2.05 | 10.68±3.01 | 11.24±1.24 |
| 200 µl | 76.50±2.33a | 14.41±1.64a | 9.19±2.15 |
n=3
P<0.05 vs. blank group. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. YQYYT; yi-qi-yang-yin-tang.
Table V.
Effect of YQYYT-containing serum on cell cycle of KG1a cells following 72 h treatment.
| Group | G0/G1 (%) | S (%) | G2/M (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blank | 77.20±1.87 | 12.27±2.61 | 8.73±3.12 |
| Control | |||
| 100 µl | 74.15±1.95 | 16.16±1.73 | 9.68±2.56 |
| 200 µl | 72.81±2.72 | 18.27±3.28 | 6.92±2.11 |
| Treatment | |||
| 100 µl | 62.94±1.49a | 25.23±1.80 | 11.83±1.79 |
| 200 µl | 59.33±1.81b | 27.77±1.35b | 12.90±2.93 |
n=3
P<0.05 vs. blank group
P<0.01 vs. blank group. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. YQYYT; yi-qi-yang-yin-tang.
The effect of YQYYT-containing serum on the G0/G1 ratio of the KG1a cells was time-dependent, with a decreased proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase following treatment for 72 h compared with the ratios following treatment for 24 and 48 h. There were no significant differences in the proportion of G2/M cells between the control (24, 48 and 72 h) and blank groups, or among the treatment groups at different time-points (24, 48 and 72 h). (Tables III–V).
CD34+CD38− KG1a cell subpopulation was isolated using an immunomagnetic cell sorting system
Following magnetic separation, the percentage of CD34+CD38− KG1a cells was 99.2%, which was significantly higher (P<0.01) compared with the percentage prior to sorting (73.4%, Fig. 2). This phenotype was consistent with the biological characteristics of stem cells.
Figure 2.
Percentage of CD34+CD38− KG1a cells (A) prior to and (B) following cell sorting. CD, cluster of differentiation; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; PE, phycoerythrin.
Effects of YQYYT-containing serum on the mRNA expression of PTEN, Topo II and mTOR in KG1a cells
As shown in Fig. 3, PTEN gene expression was upregulated in KG1a cells when treated with DNR alone and in combination with YQYYT-containing serum compared with the blank group. The level of upregulation was significantly higher in KG1a cells treated with a combination of DNR and serum containing YQYYT compared with the blank group (P<0.01).
Figure 3.
Effects of YQYYT-containing serum on the mRNA expression of PTEN, Topo II and mTOR in KG1a cells. n=3, **P<0.01 vs. blank group. DNR, daunorubicin; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; Topo II, topoisomerase II; YQYYT; yi-qi-yang-yin-tang.
The mRNA expression of Topo II was decreased in the DNR group, but was significantly increased in the group treated with the combination of DNR and YQYYT-containing serum (P<0.01), when compared with the blank group.
The mRNA expression of mTOR was decreased in the DNR group, but was increased in the group treated with the combination of DNR and serum containing YQYYT when compared with the blank group (Fig. 3).
Effects of YQYYT-containing serum on the protein expression of PTEN, Topo II and mTOR in KG1a cells
The blank group was used as the standard group (relative quantitative value of 1), and the relative quantitative values of each group were calculated using Image Lab 4.0 software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). Compared with the blank group, the expression of PTEN protein in the DNR group and the group treated with a combination of DNR and serum-containing YQYYT increased, the mTOR protein levels in the group treated with a combination of DNR and serum containing YQYYT decreased significantly (Table VI; Fig. 4). In the DNR group, the level of Topo II protein was downregulated compared with the blank group, while the level of Topo II was upregulated in the group treated with a combination of DNR and YQYYT-containing serum (Table VI; Fig. 4).
Table VI.
Image Lab 4 software analysis of the relative quantitative values of western blot analysis of PTEN, Topo II and mTOR.
| Group | PTEN | mTOR | Topo II |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blank | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Control | 1.62±0.23a | 0.93±0.12 | 0.62±0.19a |
| Treatment | 2.17±0.34a | 0.33±0.11a | 1.74±0.18a |
n=3
P<0.05 vs. blank group. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. DNR, daunorubicin; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; Topo II, topoisomerase II; YQYYT; yi-qi-yang-yin-tang.
Figure 4.
Western blot analysis of PTEN, Topo II and mTOR. DNR, daunorubicin; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; Topo II, topoisomerase II; YQYYT; yi-qi-yang-yin-tang.
Discussion
Acute leukemia is a type of malignant cancer for which long-term disease-free survival can be potentially achieved through chemotherapy (11). Although the current induction therapy achieves complete remission (CR) in 80% of patients, >60% of patients become resistant to chemotherapy and even relapse (12). Although LSCs, which express high levels of CD34+, CD38− and CD123+, represent only a small subpopulation of cells in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (13), these cells appear to be the cause of drug resistance and relapse (14,15).
Due to untargeted toxicity, chemotherapy drugs not only kill leukemia cells, but also induce damage of normal tissues and cells to various degrees. This result in impaired proliferation, differentiation and maturation of HSCs or progenitor cell, and induces potentially life-threatening effects, including bone marrow suppression, pancytopenia, low immunity and increased susceptibility to infection (16). Recent studies showed that many novel markers, including C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL-1), CD96, T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3, CD47, CD32 and CD25, are expressed by CD34+ CD38− LSCs, but not by HSCs. Therefore, these markers have been used to confirm the presence of LSCs in patients in clinical studies (17,18). Tettamanti et al (19) indicated that the combination of anti-CD123 antibody and chimeric antigen receptor-integrated cytokines induced cytotoxic T cells that efficiently eliminated LSCs. Additional reports demonstrated that the incidence of biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL) is between 1.3–8%, and BAL cells are derived from multipotent progenitor cells (20). During the development of leukemia, multipotent progenitor cells can differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid leukemia cells, and these patients with BAL are associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, the expression of CD34 is negatively correlated with therapeutic efficacy in BAL (21). It was observed that the rate of expression of the LSC immunological markers, CD123 and CD47, as well as CLL-1 and CD96, reached 100% and >60%, respectively (22). These markers can be used to improve the identification and elimination of LSCs. Song et al (23) identified CD44 as an important target for LSC therapy, and CD44 monoclonal antibodies can induce the differentiation and inhibit proliferation of primary leukemia cells, as well as effectively promoting programmed cell death of leukemia cells.
The capacity of LSCs for self-renewal is closely associated with the regulation of the cell cycle, which is also closely linked with DNA damage and repair. These processes are important for survival of LSCs when treated with DNA-damaging agents (24). It has been demonstrated that >95% of LSCs are in the G0 phase (25), where they do not proliferate and have a low ability for replication. In the G0 phase, the cells have an infinite ability for self-renewal and are not sensitive to chemotherapy. Therefore, the cells in the G0 phase can easily evade the destructive effects of chemotherapeutic agents (26). Drugs which specifically target the cell cycle, particularly 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate and cytarabine antimetabolite, are not effective against LSCs (27). Saito et al (28) reported that G0 phase AML-LSC in the endosteum can be induced to enter the cell cycle by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, with apoptosis and elimination of LSCs being enhanced by combination therapy with cell cycle-dependent chemotherapeutic drugs (28). Song et al (29) investigated the effects of Zuigui pill, Yougui pill and their disassembled prescriptions on the cell cycle progression of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) which are involved in osteogenic differentiation, and reported that Zuigui pill and YQYYT were able to significantly promote proliferation of BMSCs, and alter the cell cycle and apoptosis of BMSCs (29). In the present study, it was detected that treatment with YQYYT-containing serum promoted cell cycle progression of KG1a cells, therefore indicating that treatment with YQYYT increases the sensitivity of leukemia cells to chemotherapeutic agents and enhances the chemotherapeutic response. In this way, not only can drug resistance be inhibited, residual LSCs can also be eliminated, therefore greatly reducing the possibility of disease recurrence.
PTEN is a highly conserved tumor suppressor gene, which can inhibit cancer cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, simultaneously regulate a variety of molecules, and reduce tumor invasiveness (30) It is currently accepted that PTEN inhibits cancer cell growth, infiltration, invasiveness and metastasis via inhibition of multiple signal transduction pathways (31). However, although PTEN gene deficiency leads to the generation and proliferation of LSCs, it does not affect differentiation and survival of HSCs (32). Therefore, this indicates that targeting PTEN may be a potential strategy for LSC-targeted therapy. In addition, the PTEN gene can inhibit mTOR activity by negatively regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, therefore inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, promoting apoptosis and reversing multidrug resistance (7). Furthermore, it has been previously demonstrated that overexpression of PTEN can slow disease progression and prolong the survival of leukemic mice (33). Using RT-PCR techniques, Xu et al (34) reported that YQYYT is able to decrease the mRNA expression of Fms related tyrosine kinase 3 and N-ras in bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with AML, inhibit proliferation of leukemic cells in patients with AML and exhibits a therapeutic effect on AML (34). In the present study, it was observed that treatment of KG1a cells with YQYYT-containing serum was able to increase PTEN expression of RNA or protein.
Topoisomerase has an important role in DNA replication, transcription, repair and recombination (35). Topo II is an enzyme that acts on the topology of DNA and regulates changes in the conformation of DNA (36). Changes in the quality and quantity of Topo II would directly affect binding between chemotherapeutic drugs and DNA, which would lead to a decrease in drug-induced cleavage complex formation and result in the induction of drug resistance. The majority of LSCs express low levels of Topo II, and the upregulation of Topo II expression and activity increases sensitivity to anthracycline (37). Shi et al (38) reported that Six Spirits pill, a Chinese traditional medicine, was able to reverse multidrug resistance in leukemia cells by reducing the expression of p170 and increasing the expression of Topo IIβ (38). Kim et al (39) observed that ginsenoside Rg3 and verapamil were able to increase the sensitivity of multidrug resistant leukemia cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, and a limited number of side-effects were detected (39). In the present study, it was observed that treatment of KG1a cells with YQYYT-containing serum was able to increase Topo II expression of RNA or protein.
Chinese herbal formulae are flexible, with a variety of regulatory mechanisms and multiple targets for anti-cancer effects that may significantly reduce the damage induced by chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore, Chinese herbal agents may have an important role in increasing the efficacy of chemotherapy in the clinical treatment of leukemia, as well as reducing toxicity and reversing drug resistance (40,41). Yan and Shi (42) reported that the clinical efficacy of combination chemotherapy with YQYYT and refractory acute leukemia (RAL) is higher compared with the efficacy achieved with conventional chemotherapy alone, with limited side effects. This effect on efficacy may be associated with the promotion of cell cycle progression of leukemia cells by YQYYT (42).
The results showing the effects of YQYYT-containing serum on cell cycle progression and the expression of resistance-associated genes in KG1a cells are preliminary and require further investigation in in vivo studies. Furthermore, changes in cell cycle of tumor cells are regulated by multiple proteins and cytokines, and further studies are necessary to reveal the detailed mechanisms underlying these processes. However, these results indicate the potential of YQYYT in enhancing the sensitivity of LSC to DNR chemotherapy.
Table IV.
Effect of YQYYT-containing serum on cell cycle of KG1a cells following 48 h treatment.
| Group | G0/G1 (%) | S (%) | G2/M (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blank | 82.10±2.01 | 8.90±0.99 | 9.10±1.73 |
| Control | |||
| 100 µl | 83.53±1.31 | 6.20±2.76 | 10.30±1.81 |
| 200 µl | 81.90±2.35 | 9.50±2.70 | 8.60±1.92 |
| Treatment | |||
| 100 µl | 75.44±1.88 | 13.80±2.25 | 11.80±2.43 |
| 200 µl | 72.71±3.26a | 15.13±1.56a | 10.22±2.35 |
n=3
P<0.05 vs. blank group. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. YQYYT; yi-qi-yang-yin-tang.
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