Association Between Hypoglycemia and the Burden of Comorbidities in Hospitalized Vulnerable Older Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional, Population-Based Study

Abstract

Introduction

From a patient-centered perspective, the assessment of risk factors of hypoglycemia is of critical importance for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the association between the occurrence of hypoglycemia and high burden of comorbidities has been poorly studied in vulnerable older patients. Here, we aimed to determine whether a high burden of comorbidities is associated with hypoglycemia in very old patients with T2D.

Methods

A total of 1552 elderly (age ≥ 80 years old) patients with T2D were recruited in a nationwide cross-sectional study performed in French geriatric care units. Hypoglycemia was defined as a confirmed blood glucose value level ≤ 70 mg/dL. Comorbidities were assessed using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI).

Results

Amongst the 1552 recruited patients (mean age 86.4 years), 415 (26.7%) had documented hypoglycemia. Compared to patients in whom hypoglycemia was not reported, they have a lower body weight (p = 0.004), a reduced eGFR (p < 0.001), a greater level of dependency (p < 0.001) as well as history of dementia (p = 0.006) and cardiovascular disease (p < 0.001), and a higher CCI (4.7 vs 3.8, p < 0.001). Patients with hypoglycemia had a higher frequency of daily self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) (p < 0.001) and insulin use (p < 0.001), with reduced sulfonylurea use (p < 0.001). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, insulin therapy (OR 3.32, p < 0.001), daily SMBG (OR 1.79, p = 0.02), CCI (OR 1.24, p = 0.01), and age (OR 0.96, p = 0.03) were independently associated with the risk of hypoglycemia.

Conclusion

In addition to insulin therapy, a high burden of comorbidities was independently associated with hypoglycemia in older vulnerable patients with T2D.

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a common disease in older patients [1]. Hypoglycemia is one of the major complications of diabetes, especially among the vulnerable older patients [2, 3]. Hypoglycemia has been suggested to be a vulnerability marker of older patients since it is associated with all-cause mortality, stroke, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and cognitive functional disorders [3–5]. However, hypoglycemia in this population is generally less diagnosed than in younger adults [6]. Numerous factors have been associated with the risk of hypoglycemia in older patients, such as low social status, long duration of diabetes, malnutrition, polypharmacy, eating disorders, HbA_1C level, cognitive and functional disorders, kidney failure, falls, stroke, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [7, 8].

Older adults’ health status is heterogeneous because of cumulative effects of acute and chronic diseases contributing to high burden of comorbidities [9].

Different scales have been developed to score the burden of comorbidities, defined as pathologies that influence the occurrence or the evolution of an index pathology, biological factors, and social conditions [10]. The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) is a standardized and validated method for scoring burden of comorbidities and predicting mortality by weighting chronic conditions [11]. Two studies in the general population have highlighted the deleterious role of a high level of burden of comorbidities in patients hospitalized for accidents or in those under insulin therapy [12, 13].

Currently, the association between the occurrence of hypoglycemia and high burden of comorbidities in the very old population (> 80 years) has been poorly studied.

Here, we assessed the correlation between a high level of burden of comorbidities measured by the CCI and the occurrence of hypoglycemia in a large number of patients with T2D over 80 years old, hospitalized in geriatric care units.

Methods

Participants

A cross-sectional survey conducted by the French Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology (SFGG) included subjects with T2D on June 21, 2012. This original study included patients aged over 80 years and hospitalized in French geriatric care units (geriatric acute-care service, post-acute, acute care and rehabilitation, and nursing home). Patients with T2D were excluded if they had no antidiabetic treatment (insulin or/and glinide or/and metformin or/and sulfonylureas or/and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors or/and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, or/and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists).

Clinical Assessment

A standardized questionnaire was sent by e-mail to 1500 practitioners working in geriatric care units. Physician-reported responses were received from 324 practitioners. Occurrence of hypoglycemia (response was yes or no) in elderly patients with T2D was recorded by the physicians during their hospitalization period in geriatric units. Confirmed hypoglycemia was defined as a blood glucose level ≤ 70 mg/dL, assessed either with venous sampling or capillary self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) [14]. The timing and the number of hypoglycemic episodes per patient were not recorded in the questionnaire.

Data collection included factors thought to be associated with hypoglycemia, as suggested by previous studies [7, 8, 15–19]. For each patient, the following information were collected: gender, age, weight (kg), living in a nursing home, the number of concomitant medications, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), depression, dementia, cardiovascular diseases (atrial fibrillation, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, or coronary heart disease), stroke, cancer, history of falls, antihypertensive treatment [angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers (CCBs)]; as well as antidiabetic treatment: insulin therapy, oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) (metformin, sulfonylureas, glinides), and SMBG frequency. As biological markers, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA_1C, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, mL/min) calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula were collected.

The burden of comorbidities was evaluated using the CCI [11]. Comorbidities were defined as acute or chronic co-existing diseases referring to an index pathology at the time of the study [11]. The CCI is widely used in studies of older patients and demonstrates strong inter-judge reliability and good reproducibility [11]. The CCI score is the sum of the weightings for all the patient’s conditions. We obtained the total score by adding the points for all 19 relevant pathological statuses. The total score is a continuous variable ranging from 0 to 30.

Standard Protocol Approval, Registration, and Patient Consent

All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964, as revised in 2013. This study was approved by the ethical committee of Nantes and performed in accordance with French law. The entire study protocol was approved by the local Ethical Committee of Nantes (France), and the study was in compliance with the STROBE statement guidelines. Waiving of consent was authorized for this study in accordance with French law owing to the non-interventional nature of the study.

Statistics

The patients’ baseline characteristics were summarized using means and standard deviations, or frequencies and percentages, as appropriate. Normality of the data distribution was checked using the skewness–kurtosis test. Because the number of observations was greater than 40 for each group, no transformations were applied to the variables of interest. Patients were separated into two groups based on the presence or absence of hypoglycemia. Between-group comparisons were performed using an independent sample t test or Chi square test, as appropriate. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to identify the association between hypoglycemia (dependent variable) and a CCI score (independent variable) and adjusted for the patients’ baseline characteristics (factors with a p value less than 0.20 in univariate analysis and confounding factors); p values less than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. All statistics were performed using SPSS (version17.0; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL).

Results

A total of 1552 patients (69.7% female) were included in this survey, with a mean age of 86.4 ± 4.4 years. We identified 415 patients (26.7%) with documented hypoglycemia. The clinical characteristics of the included subjects are summarized in Table 1. The hypoglycemic group consisted mainly of women (n = 293; 70.6%), mean age 86.3 ± 4.5 years old. They had a lower body weight (p = 0.004), a greater level of dependency (p < 0.001), a reduced eGFR (p < 0.001), and a higher frequency of dementia (p = 0.006) and CVD (p < 0.001) compared with those who did not experience a hypoglycemic event. In addition, a higher proportion of older patients with T2D and hypoglycemia reported a daily SMBG compared to those who did not experience a hypoglycemic event (p < 0.001). Regarding the antidiabetic treatment, the results showed a higher prevalence of insulin use (p < 0.001) and a lower prevalence of oral antidiabetic drug prescription (sulfonylureas, p < 0.001; glinides, p = 0.002; metformin, p < 0.001) in patients reporting hypoglycemic episodes. Finally, older subjects who experienced hypoglycemia had a higher CCI compared to those without hypoglycemia (4.7 vs 3.8, p < 0.001). All the results of the descriptive analyses are presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

Comparison of baseline characteristics of patients with and without hypoglycemia (n = 1552)

Characteristics	Hypoglycemia		p valuea
	Yes (n = 415)	No (n = 1137)
Age (years), mean ± SD	86.1 ± 4.5	86.5 ± 4.4	0.190
Female, n (%)	293 (70.6)	788 (69.4)	0.639
Weight (kg), mean ± SD	65.8 ± 14.7	69.5 ± 24.5	0.004
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD	130.7 ± 18	129.8 ± 16.8	0.357
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD	70.3 ± 11.8	69.5 ± 11.9	0.301
Renal function, eGFR (mL/min), mean ± SDb	46.1 (20.8)	51.9 (26.1)	< 0.001
Living in nursing home, n (%)	284 (68.7)	776 (68.2)	0.873
HbA1C (%), mean ± SDc	7.73 ± 1.3	7.54 ± 3.3	0.308
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl), mean ± SD	159 ± 14	148 ± 12	0.146
Daily SMBG,d n (%)	351 (84.6)	771 (67.8)	< 0.001
Insulin, n (%)	360 (86.7)	717 (63.1)	< 0.001
Glinides, n (%)	31 (7.5)	151 (13.3)	< 0.002
Metformin, n (%)	48 (11.6)	256 (22.5)	< 0.001
Sulfonylureas, n (%)	22 (5.3)	160 (14.1)	< 0.001
Beta-blockers, n (%)	121 (29.5)	318 (28.2)	0.619
ACE inhibitors and ARBs, n (%)	185 (45.5)	523 (46.6)	0.688
Diuretics, n (%)	165 (40.3)	428 (38)	0.407
Calcium channel blockers, n (%)	118 (28.9)	299 (26.6)	0.364
Number of co-medications, mean ± SD	8.52 ± 3.3	8.62 ± 3.2	0.610
Cardiovascular diseasese, n (%)	278 (68.6)	608 (54.3)	< 0.001
Stroke, n (%)	133 (32.7)	311 (27.7)	0.057
Cancer, n (%)	55 (13.4)	147 (13)	0.840
Depression, n (%)	160 (38.9)	384 (34)	0.072
Falls, n (%)	139 (33.7)	338 (29.9)	0.159
Dementia, n (%)	276 (67)	672 (59.3)	0.006
Charlson comorbidity index, score, mean ± SD	4.7 (2.3)	3.8 (2.1)	< 0.001

^aBased on independent samples t test or Chi square test as appropriate, with significance, p < 0.05; significant p values are indicated in bold

^b eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate

^c HbA _1C glycated hemoglobin

^d SMBG self-monitoring blood glucose

^eAtrial fibrillation or heart failure or peripheral arterial disease

In the unadjusted model, CCI was significantly associated with hypoglycemia [odds ratio (OR), 1.18; 95% confidence interval (CI, 1.12–1.24); p < 0.001] (Table 2).

Table 2.

Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models showing the association between hypoglycemia (dependent variable) and Charlson comorbidity index (independent variable) adjusted for clinical characteristics (n = 1552)

	Univariate model			Multivariate model
	OR	95% CI	p valuea	OR	95% CI	p valuea
Age, years	0.98	[0.96–1.01]	0.190	0.96	[0.92–0.99]	0.026
Female	1.06	[0.83–1.36]	0.639	1.01	[0.71–1.44]	0.953
Weight	0.98	[0.98–0.99]	< 0.001	0.99	[0.98–1.00]	0.177
Systolic blood pressure	1.00	[0.99–1.01]	0.357	–	–	–
Diastolic blood pressure	1.00	[0.99–1.01]	0.301	–	–	–
Renal function, eGFRb	0.99	[0.98–0.99]	< 0.001	0.99	[0.98–1.00]	0.068
Living in nursing home	1.02	[0.80–1.30]	0.873	–	–	–
HbA1C c	1.02	[0.98–1.06]	0.332	0.99	[0.93–1.06]	0.870
Fasting plasma glucose	1.06	[0.98–1.16]	0.153	1.07	[0.96–1.20]	0.212
Daily SMBG	3.17	[2.32–4.33]	< 0.001	1.79	[1.09–2.96]	0.021
Insulin	3.83	[2.81–5.22]	< 0.001	3.32	[1.88–5.86]	< 0.001
Glinides	0.53	[0.35–0.79]	0.002	0.68	[0.38–1.24]	0.211
Metformin	0.45	[0.32–0.63]	< 0.001	0.77	[0.46–1.29]	0.327
Sulfonylureas	0.34	[0.22–0.54]	< 0.001	1.18	[0.60–2.32]	0.622
Beta-blockers	1.06	[0.83–1.37]	0.619	0.95	[0.67–1.34]	0.758
ACE inhibitors and ARBs	0.95	[0.76–1.2]	0.688	0.88	[0.64–1.21]	0.446
Diuretics, n (%)	1.10	[0.87–1.39]	0.407	–	–	–
Calcium channel blockers, n (%)	1.25	[0.87–1.45)	0.357	–	–	–
Number of co-medications	0.98	[0.93–1.04]	0.562	0.98	[0.93–1.03]	0.390
Cardiovascular diseasesd	1.84	[1.45–2.30]	< 0.001	1.35	[0.94–1.94]	0.106
Stroke	1.27	[0.99–1.62]	0.056	0.91	[0.64–1.29]	0.600
Cancer	1.03	[0.74–1.44]	0.840	0.74	[0.43–1.26]	0.271
Depression	1.24	[0.98–1.56]	0.073	1.17	[0.85–1.61]	0.326
Falls	1.19	[0.93–1.51]	0.159	1.26	[0.91–1.74]	0.169
Dementia	1.39	[1.10–1.77]	0.006	1.15	[0.82–1.61]	0.403
Charlson comorbidity index	1.18	[1.12–1.24]	< 0.001	1.24	[1.02–1.23]	0.014

^aBased on independent samples t test or Chi square test as appropriate, with significance, p < 0.05; significant p values are indicated in bold

^b CrCl creatinine clearance

^c HbA _1C glycated hemoglobin

^dAtrial fibrillation or heart failure or peripheral arterial disease

In adjusted multivariate regression analysis, hypoglycemia was independently associated with insulin therapy (OR 3.32; 95% CI 1.88–5.86; p < 0.001), daily SMBG (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.09–2.96; p = 0.021), CCI (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.02–1.23; p = 0.014), and age (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.92–0.99; p = 0.026) (Table 2).

Discussion

The occurrence of hypoglycemic events is very common in older patients with diabetes. Since the results from the large randomized trails such as ACCORD and VADT have clearly highlighted a positive association between symptomatic and severe hypoglycemia and the risk of death, the prevention of hypoglycemia becomes a priority in the management of T2, especially in the elderly [21, 22]. Here, we specifically assessed the factors associated to the risk of hypoglycemia in vulnerable very old (> 80 years) patients hospitalized in geriatric care units.

One of the most interesting results of our real-life study is that a high burden of comorbidities, measured by CCI, is an independent predictor of hypoglycemia in this population. Furthermore, age, frequency of daily SMBG, and insulin therapy were also significantly associated with hypoglycemia. In contrast, our findings indicate that HbA_1C, kidney function, dementia, or OADs use were not independently associated with hypoglycemia in this elderly population.

To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the association between the burden of comorbidities and hypoglycemia in patients older than 80 years. It has been reported that the burden of comorbidities, measured by CCI, is associated with hypoglycemia in an unadjusted model especially among patients hospitalized for accidents and among patients aged over 50 years with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes [12, 13]. Interestingly, a recent prospective study conducted in 363 patients with diabetes older than 65 years has demonstrated that frailty indices, including Frailty Trait Score (FTS) and Frailty Index (FI), were independently associated with the risk of death [23].

In our study, we found no association between specific comorbidities and hypoglycemia. This result was contradictory with most previous studies focused on specific comorbidities such as depression, dementia, CVD, stroke, cancer, history of falls, hypertension, liver cirrhosis, or renal diseases [15–19]. Two methodological reasons might explain this discrepancy. First, in these studies, specific comorbidities differ in each adjusted model. Second, few studies have incorporated the CCI calculated from specific comorbidities in adjusted statistic models. The CCI score is a better marker of an individual’s morbidity status, especially in older patients, because it reflects the burden comorbidity, rather than a single aspect of one comorbidity. Altogether, this suggests that the CCI score, which includes the effects of all comorbidities, appears to be a consistent measure for assessing the vulnerability of older patients with T2D and thus identifying those with the higher risk of hypoglycemia.

One surprising result is that the youngest patients in our cohort were more likely to experience a hypoglycemic event. These results are surprising considering previous studies [1–3]. Two methodological reasons can explain this observation. First, patients studied were 80 years of age or older and mostly lived in nursing home unlike patients in other studies [2, 3]. Second, the 95% CI for the OR is close to 1 and therefore this statistical difference appears to be not clinically relevant in this very old population.

Daily SMBG was positively associated with hypoglycemia. These results are consistent with previous studies [24, 25]. Indeed, the close glucose monitoring with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was associated with a higher number of hypoglycemic events [24, 25]. In addition, we cannot exclude that undiagnosed hypoglycemia also occurs in patients that were unable to perform daily SMBG, as suggested by some studies using CGM [26]. For instance, in the study by Munshi et al., 69% of the patients (mean age 75 years) had at least one nocturnal hypoglycemic episode. Importantly, 93% of hypoglycemic episodes were unrecognized by SMBG measurements performed four times a day or by symptoms [26].

Importantly, insulin therapy was the most powerful independent predicting factor associated with hypoglycemia. This result is consistent with previous studies [3, 17, 27] and insulin therapy is the second biggest cause of emergency hospitalization for adverse drug events in older Americans [28]. This reinforces the clinical need for education of the caregivers to prevent the occurrence of hypoglycemia in older subjects with diabetes treated with insulin, as well as the development of new insulin analogues with a lower risk of hypoglycemia.

In contrast to the current findings in international literature, we found no independent association between level of HbA_1C, OADs (mainly sulfonylureas), and hypoglycemia. These discrepant results may be explained by methodological differences between the studies [7, 8]. First, the population included in all the previous studies was younger than ours. Second, there are fewer confounding factors—notably comorbidities. Third, for OADs, the majority of studies did not reveal if these treatments were in mono-therapy or combination therapy and at what doses, which can affect the results [3, 7].

One can also hypothesize that OADs were predominantly used in patients with lesser comorbidities, and thus at lower risk of hypoglycemia, than those under insulin therapy. Indeed, we found in our study that elderly subjects on sulfonylureas had a significantly lower CCI score than those who were not [3.3 (± 2.1) vs 4.2 (± 2.2); p < 0.001]. Thus, the paradoxical lower risk of hypoglycemia in patients under sulfonylureas is certainly driven by a lower level of burden of comorbidities in our elderly population.

Despite the inclusion of a large sample (> 1500) of very old patients with diabetes, a rare situation in the literature, the present study had some limitations. A reporting bias may be included in the dataset. Indeed, the accuracy and completeness of our data were entirely reliant upon physicians’ declarations. However, the questionnaire was designed to limit variability in readers’ interpretations by asking only factual data. Regarding the hypoglycemia, the exact timing of hypoglycemia during the hospitalization, including the relationship with some potential changes in antidiabetic treatments, has not been recorded. Although we were able to control several characteristics that may have modified the association, residual potential confounders might still be present. For instance, we were not able to control factors related to low social status, duration of diabetes, nutritional status, or eating disorders.

Conclusion

This study highlights the fact that a high burden of comorbidities was associated with increased hypoglycemia risk in elderly vulnerable patients with T2D. Thus, older patients with numerous comorbid conditions may require greater attention from practitioners. Efforts to extend our knowledge of the risk factors associated with hypoglycemia should be continued in order to improve the care of elderly diabetic patients from a patient-centered perspective.