Abstract
There has been a resurgence of syphilis in the last decade. Although alopecia is not a common manifestation of the disease, the “moth-eaten” pattern is considered patognomonic. However, diffuse hair loss, termed essential alopecia, sometimes can be the only sign of syphilis infection and mimic other conditions, such as alopecia areata and telogen effluvium. We describe three patients with syphilis in whom the pattern of alopecia was not typical. Although clinical, histopathological, and trichoscopic examinations may share some similar findings with other hair diseases, the inclusion of syphilis in the differential diagnosis of hair loss causes is fundamental to a correct screening and diagnosis.
Keywords: Alopecia, Trichoscopy, Syphilis, Alopecia areata, Dermoscopy, Hair
Established Facts
• Syphilis can cause patchy or diffuse nonscarring hair loss.
• Alopecia can be the sole manifestation of the disease.
Novel Insights
• This is the first time zigzag hairs are described in the setting of syphilitic alopecia.
• Trichoscopy may help distinguish syphilitic alopecia from other causes of hair loss, especially in the absence of clinical lesions.
Introduction
Syphilis has become widespread worldwide with resurgence of new cases in the last decade. Alopecia is an uncommon clinical manifestation of secondary syphilis, ranging from 2.9 to 7% [1]. Two basic patterns of syphilitic alopecia (SA) have been described in the literature, symptomatic and essential. The first type presents with either a patchy or diffuse scalp alopecia associated with typical skin lesions of secondary syphilis. The “moth-eaten” pattern is the most common type of scalp alopecia and is considered to be a patognomonic manifestation of secondary syphilis [1, 2, 3]. Essential alopecia is extremely rare and presents as a unique clinical presentation of the disease. However, it appears as a nonscarring hair loss which can occasionally affect hair-bearing areas other than the scalp [1, 2] and mimic telogen effluvium and alopecia areata [3, 4]. Even though the clinical aspects of SA are well described, the trichoscopic findings are not commonly reported in the literature [5, 6]. We describe three cases of SA and their corresponding trichoscopic findings.
Case Reports
Case 1
A 51-year-old Caucasian man presented with a 3-month history of scalp hair shedding. The patient had been treated with topical steroids and 5% minoxidil lotion with no improvement. Physical examination revealed diffuse nonscarring scalp alopecia mainly over the parietal, vertex, and occipital areas, associated with eyebrow and extremity hair loss. No patches of alopecia elsewhere or other skin lesions were noted. Scalp hair was thin and had a rough texture. Pull test was positive for telogen and anagen dystrophic hairs. Trichoscopy showed decreased hair density, yellow dots, broken hairs, and zigzag hairs (Fig. 1). Blood tests were within normal limits. Serological screening for syphilis showed increased titers for the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test (1:8), and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption was also positive. Histological examination from the affected parietal area showed decreased hair density, irregular hair shafts, and normal terminal/velus ratio (9:1) with moderate periinfundibular inflammatory lymphocytic infiltrate and hypoplastic sebaceous glands. Direct immunofluorescence demonstrated homogeneous, continuous, and mild deposition of IgG in the follicular basal membrane zone, C3 on the follicular epithelium, and IgG and C3 on the epidermal keratinocyte nuclei. Liquor analysis excluded neurolues. Immunohistochemistry with Treponema pallidum staining was negative in the hair shafts. After the use of erythromycin 500 mg b.i.d. for 30 days, the patient presented with complete hair regrowth. VDRL was negative after 6 months and dermoscopy did not show any specific findings after the therapy (Fig. 2).
Fig. 1.
Syphilitic alopecia. Decreased hair density, yellow dots (circles), broken hairs (arrows), and zigzag hairs (stars).
Fig. 2.
Note complete hair regrowth after treatment.
Case 2
A 32-year-old Caucasian man presented with diffuse scalp hair loss associated with irregular alopecia areata-like patches, and palmoplantar lesions. Trichoscopy showed hair shaft variability and broken hairs of different length, but no yellow dots or exclamation mark hairs (Fig. 3). The patient had complete regrowth after treatment with penicillin.
Fig. 3.
Hair shaft variability and broken hairs (arrows) of different length, but no yellow dots or exclamation mark hairs.
Case 3
A 41-year-old African-American man was referred with patchy scalp alopecia of 2-week duration resembling alopecia areata. A maculopapular rash involving the trunk and oral lesions could also be noted. Broken hairs were seen on trichoscopy. None of the patients complained of scalp itching or trichodynia.
Discussion
The precise pathogenesis for SA still has to be ascertained. However, the immune response to T. pallidum, or its presence, could be related to the loss of terminal hairs, hair follicle cycle arrest, and hair bend resulting in empty follicles and broken hairs. Diffuse SA can mimic alopecia areata on both clinical and histopathological examinations [3, 4]; however, noninflammatory biopsies can be misdiagnosed as telogen effluvium [7]. Although zigzag hairs can often be seen in patients with tinea capitis [8], it is not patognomonic of a fungal infection. Trichotillomania and systemic lupus must also be ruled out. In our cases, although clinical lesions were not diagnostic, serological tests led to the correct diagnosis and complete hair regrowth was achieved after antibiotic therapy. Clinical, histopathological, and trichoscopic evaluations may help distinguish SA from other causes of hair loss, especially when typical skin lesions of syphilis are absent.
Statement of Ethics
The authors state that all subjects have given their informed consent for the pictures and the study has been approved by the ethics committee of the University of São Paulo.
Disclosure Statement
The authors declare no conflict of interest and no funding sources for this paper.
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