Abstract
Objective
To elucidate the progression of angioedema of the head and neck with routine management and to assess the utility of serial physical exams and fiberoptic laryngoscopy in its management.
Methods
This study was a prospective observational research. From 2013 to 2014, a prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary referral center. Forty patient were approached, 7 refused, 33 (18–90 years old) were enrolled. Patients presented with angioedema involving the head and neck over a 12 month period were asked to participate in the study. Physical examination and fiberoptic laryngoscopy were performed at presentation and then repeated at least 1 h later.
Results
Thirty-three patients with head and neck angioedema from any cause were enrolled (mean age 58, range 23–89 years). The upper lip was the most commonly involved site (58%). On reevaluation, 82% of patients reported subjective improvement in symptoms. The association between subjective improvement and the physical exam, including fiberoptic laryngoscopy findings, was statistically significant (P < 0.001).
Conclusion
In stable patients with angioedema of any head and neck subsite, self-reported symptoms are associated with clinical stability or improvement as assessed by physical signs and fiberoptic laryngoscopy. Patients' symptoms may be an appropriate surrogate to monitor clinical status without the need for routine serial physical examinations or fiberoptic laryngoscopy, though further study is needed.
Keywords: Angioedema, Physical examination, Fiberoptic laryngoscopy
Introduction
Angioedema (AE) is defined as a self-limited, localized swelling that often occurs in the head and neck. It most commonly affects the face, lips, palate, and tongue, with laryngeal involvement occurring less frequently. It results from increased permeability of the vasculature supplying the subcutaneous, submucosal, and deep dermal tissues. AE can occur in both sporadic and hereditary forms. AE of the head and neck is potentially life-threatening, as it may lead to airway compromise.
Airway management is the single most important aspect of acute therapy, regardless of the etiology of AE.1, 2 The otolaryngologist is frequently consulted to evaluate the patient and to determine the need for acute airway intervention. Though serial physical examinations, including fiberoptic laryngoscopy, are routinely performed to determine the progression of disease, the utility of this approach has not been adequately studied.
To date, there have been few studies investigating the appropriate management of patients with AE.3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Most are retrospective reviews that report the authors' clinical experience with AE and subsequently make recommendations regarding best practices. Only one study has prospectively examined angioedema triggered by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), however, the authors did not correlate symptomatology with findings on serial physical examinations.4
The goal of this study was to elucidate the progression of angioedema of the head and neck with routine medical management and to assess the utility of serial physical exams, including the use of fiberoptic laryngoscopy.
Materials and methods
After institutional review board approval was obtained, all patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with angioedema involving the head and/or neck between December 2013 and December 2014 were asked to participate in this prospective, observational study. Informed consent was obtained on the day of discharge for all patients in this study, including those discharged from the ED on the day of presentation. Patients who were medically unstable or required emergent intubation were excluded. Patients received standard and similar medical management for angioedema with the use of systemic intravenous H1 and H2 blockers and steroids.
All patients underwent complete head and neck examination and fiberoptic laryngoscopy at presentation by the ED physicians and/or the Otolaryngology physicians. When the Otolaryngology service was consulted, their findings were used for the study. Patients who were admitted for observation and did not require airway intervention underwent a repeat head and neck examination by the Otolaryngology service, including fiberoptic laryngoscopy in most cases, at least 1 h later. On reexamination, patients were asked to report subjective improvement by answering yes or no to the question: “do you feel better?” Also on reexamination, evaluating physicians determined a global clinical assessment as improved, worse, or same.
The patients' demographics, past medical, social and family histories, symptoms and signs at presentation, and at reevaluation, were recorded by ED physicians and/or Otolaryngology physicians on standardized forms specifically made for this study. The following anatomic sites were specifically assessed for involvement on examination: the face, neck, upper lip, lower lip, anterior tongue, floor of mouth, soft palate, base of tongue, supraglottis, and glottis. Each site was recorded as being involved or not involved and then an overall subjective assessment of degree of involvement was recorded as mild, moderate, or severe.
Only ‘water bag’ edema, typically associated with acute angioedema of the head and neck, was considered positive for site involvement. The criteria for intubation were based on an overall clinical state. Endoscopic findings that were deemed concerning and likely to warrant airway protection were an inability to see the glottic opening secondary to edema or a documented worsening of edema on repeat examination despite medical management.
A univariate analysis of involved anatomic site and the need for intubation, as well as self-reported symptom improvement (feeling better versus not feeling better) and physical examination (improved/same versus worsened) was carried out using Fisher's exact test. Significance was defined a priori as P < 0.05. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 19.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL).
Results
Thirty-three patients with head and neck angioedema (AE) were enrolled. The mean age was 58 years (range 23–89 years). Seventy three percent of patients were female. Ninety one percent were African American. Hypertension was present in 85% of patients. An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) was identified as the etiology of the angioedema in 76% of cases; the majority of these patients had been on the medication for more than one year. Sixteen patients (48%) had a prior episode of AE. Additional patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| Variable | n (%) |
|---|---|
| # Of patients | 33 |
| Age | 58 yrs (23–89) |
| Sex | |
| Female | 24 (73) |
| Male | 9 (27) |
| Ethnicity | |
| AA | 30 (91) |
| Hispanic | 1 (3) |
| Caucasian | 2 (6) |
| DM | 8 (24) |
| HTN | 28 (85) |
| CAD | 6 (18) |
| Asthma | 6 (18) |
| Facial trauma | 0 |
| Seasonal allergy | 3 (9) |
| Food allergy | 5 (15) |
| Drug rash | 1 (3) |
| Atopic dermatitis | 0 |
| Family history of AE | 3 (9) |
| Tobacco | 10 (30) |
| Alcohol | 9 (27) |
| Prior episodes of AE | 16 (49) |
AA: African American; DM: Diabetes mellitus; HTN: Hypertension; CAD: Coronary artery disease; AE: Angioedema.
At presentation, the mean time since onset of symptoms was 583 min (range 20–2880 min). The most common symptom was dysphagia in 21% of patients. Four patients presented with hoarseness (12%); none had stridor or respiratory distress. Additional patient symptoms at presentation are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2.
Initial presentation: symptoms.
| Variable | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Otolaryngology consult | 29 (88) |
| Time since symptoms started (min) | 583 (20–2880) |
| Etiology | |
| ACEi | 25 (76) |
| Allergy | 5 (15) |
| Other | 3 (9) |
| When ACEi initiated | |
| <1 yr | 6 (18) |
| 1–5 yr | 8 (24) |
| >5 yr | 8 (24) |
| Dyspnea | 3 (9) |
| Hoarseness | 4 (12) |
| Odynophagia | 3 (9) |
| Dysphagia | 7 (21) |
| Globus sensation | 5 (15) |
| Cough | 2 (6) |
| Abdominal pain | 1 (3) |
| FOL by ER | 17 (51) |
ACEi: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; FOL: Fiberoptic laryngoscopy.
The upper lip was the most commonly involved site (58%) on examination, followed by the lower lip (45%), anterior tongue (30%), face (21%), soft palate (18%), supraglottis (18%), floor of mouth (15%), base of tongue (12%), and neck (9%). No glottic edema was observed. More than one site was involved in 76% of patients. The overall edema severity on initial presentation was mild in 55% of patients (scale of mild, moderate, or severe). An example of a patient, from this series, with supraglottic edema can be seen in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Still frame image of a fiberoptic laryngoscopy examination of a patient with right-sided supraglottic edema (area encircled in black). The right true vocal fold is partially obscured by the supraglottic edema. The left arytenoid (A) and left false vocal fold (F) are marked. Of note, this patient improved clinically and on repeat examination and did not require intubation.
All patients received intravenous dexamethasone or methylprednisolone, diphenhydramine, and famotidine in the ED and during their hospitalization. The Otolaryngology service was asked by the ED to evaluate 88% of patients. The remainder of the patients were evaluated only by the ED and discharged home on the same day. The initial fiberoptic laryngoscopy was performed by an Emergency Department physician in 51% of all patients in the study (including all of the patients who were discharged without Otolaryngology consultation), and was routinely performed on all patients seen by the Otolaryngology service. Repeat fiberoptic laryngoscopy was performed on 26 patients (79%) of all patients in the study. Seven patients underwent only one laryngoscopy: six were discharged home from the ED and one was intubated due to worsening symptoms.
Four patients (12%) were intubated. One patient had only anterior tongue edema. Another patient had anterior tongue, neck, and supraglottic edema. A third patient had upper lip, lower lip, soft palate, base of tongue, and supraglottic edema. A fourth patient had soft palate and supraglottic edema. No anatomic site had a statistical association with intubation (Table 3).
Table 3.
Initial presentation: exam.
| Variable | n (%) | P-value (for requiring intubation) |
|---|---|---|
| Stridor | 0 | |
| Hoarseness | 3 (9) | |
| Respiratory distress | 0 | |
| Face | 7 (21) | 0.555 |
| Neck | 3 (9) | 0.330 |
| Upper lip | 19 (58) | 0.288 |
| Lower lip | 15 (45) | 0.607 |
| Anterior tongue | 10 (30) | 0.073 |
| FOM | 5 (15) | 0.500 |
| Soft palate | 6 (18) | 0.142 |
| BOT | 4 (12) | 0.420 |
| Supraglottis | 6 (18) | 0.142 |
| Glottis | 0 | N/A |
| Severity | ||
| Mild | 18 (55) | |
| Moderate | 11 (33) | |
| Severe | 4 (12) | |
| CAT initiated | 1 (3) | |
| Total intubated in study | 4 (12) | |
FOM: Floor of mouth; BOT: Base of tongue; CAT: Critical airway team; N/A: Not available.
A repeat evaluation was performed (with or without laryngoscopy) at a mean time of 307 min (range 60–1200 min) after the initial examination. On reevaluation, 82% of patients reported subjective improvement in symptoms (answered “yes” to the question “do you feel better?”) The association between symptom improvement and physical examination findings, including fiberoptic laryngoscopy, was statistically significant (P < 0.001). A reduction in the number of patients with edema at all involved sites was observed; edema was now present in: upper lip (33%), lower lip (21%), supraglottis (15%), anterior tongue (12%), soft palate (12%), base of tongue (12%), floor of mouth (6%), face (6%), and neck (3%). Seventy-nine percent of patients were admitted to the hospital for further medical management, 18% were discharged from the ED, and one patient left against medical advice. For those patients who were admitted, the average length of stay was 3 days (range 2–6 days). No deaths occurred in the study population. Reevaluation data is summarized in Table 4.
Table 4.
Reevaluation.
| Variable | n (%) | P-value (for clinical status) |
|---|---|---|
| Time since first evaluation (min) | 307 (60–1200) | |
| “Do you feel better?” | ||
| Yes | 27 (82) | P < 0.001 |
| No | 6 (18) | |
| Dyspnea | 1 (3) | |
| Hoarseness | 1 (3) | |
| Odynophagia | 1 (3) | |
| Dysphagia | 2 (6) | |
| Globus sensation | 4 (12) | |
| Stridor | 0 | |
| Respiratory distress | 0 | |
| Sites still involved | ||
| Face | 2 (6) | |
| Neck | 1 (3) | |
| Upper lip | 11 (33) | |
| Lower lip | 7 (21) | |
| Anterior tongue | 4 (12) | |
| FOM | 2 (6) | |
| Soft palate | 4 (12) | |
| BOT | 4 (12) | |
| Supraglottis | 5 (15) | |
| Glottis | 0 | |
| Clinical status | ||
| Same/Improved | 28 (85) | |
| Worse | 5 (15) | |
| Intubated | 4 (12) | |
| Disposition | ||
| Admit | 26 (79) | |
| Discharge | 6 (18) | |
| Left AMA | 1 (3) | |
| Days in hospital if admitted | 3 (2–6) | |
FOM: Floor of mouth; BOT: Base of tongue; AMA: Against medical advice.
Discussion
Angioedema involving the head and neck remains a common reason for emergent Otolaryngology consultation by the Emergency Department. The task assigned is to determine which patients require immediate airway control and to predict which patients may progress to require airway intervention at a later point. We aimed to determine the progression of AE with medical treatment in the ED and the predictive roles of patients' symptoms, physical examination and fiberoptic laryngoscopy in answering these questions in a prospective fashion.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors remain the main cause of angioedema of the head and neck. Our study found a higher percentage of ACEi-induced AE (76%) compared to others, where it was as low as 30% of all AE cases.9 This may be related to their use as renal protective agents in diabetic patients, which are ubiquitous in our study population.10 It is concerning that such a high percentage of patients (49%) continued to be on an ACEi despite having had prior episodes of angioedema related to it. An editorial in 2008 highlighted the hope that physical decision support systems in electronic medical records may help prevent this exact type of scenario.11
The most commonly affected sites are the lips and tongue. In a large retrospective chart review which assessed 228 patients with ACEi-induced AE, the lips were affected in 54% of cases and the tongue in 40% of cases.5 In our series, we had similar findings with the upper lip specifically being the most commonly affected site in 58% of cases. Of note, there were no patients with glottic edema in our series. This is likely related to the exclusion of patients who required immediate intubation.
In our study, the anterior tongue was the only anatomic site to show a trend toward a statistically significant relationship with intubation (P = 0.073). Similarly, McCormick et al.8 in a retrospective review found an airway intervention rate of 16%, which was significantly increased with involvement of the anterior tongue, base of tongue, and larynx. Only one prospective observational study exists on the topic of head and/or neck angioedema as it relates to airway management.12 Forty patients with ACEi-induced AE were included, of which 6 (15%) required intubation. The only physical exam finding to be statistically correlated with requiring intubation was massive tongue edema. The patients' symptom progression as it related to objective findings, however, was not evaluated.
Although several authors have previously investigated airway management in patients with angioedema, the role of serial physical examinations in this patient group is not well elucidated. Ishoo et al.4 sought to predict the risk of airway compromise in AE by retrospectively reviewing 93 episodes in 80 patients over a 10-year period. Intubation or tracheotomy was necessary in 9 cases (9.7%), all involving the tongue and/or larynx, which were subsequently defined as the high-risk groups. No correlation between symptoms and findings on serial physical examinations was performed.
Bentsianov et al.3 correlated symptoms and fiberoptic laryngoscopy findings on initial examination with the need for urgent airway intervention. In this retrospective review of 74 patients, 14 patients (20%) required immediate airway intervention. No patient with a normal fiberoptic exam required immediate or delayed airway intervention. However, only 32 patients (43%) underwent fiberoptic laryngoscopy. Again, no comment is made on the progression of symptoms and its association with serial physical examinations.
Finally, a recent retrospective review of ACEi related AE from our institution found that 6 patients (6.8%) were intubated after serial fiberoptic laryngoscopy revealed progression of angioedema; 5 of these patients were intubated after their second laryngoscopy and 1 was intubated after the third laryngoscopy.10 No association of symptoms and physical findings on serial examinations was made given the retrospective nature.
In the present study, only 4 patients (12%) required intubation, 2 had severe anterior tongue edema (one without laryngeal edema and one with resolved laryngeal edema), 1 progressed to involve the larynx, soft palate, and base of tongue, and 1 presented initially with significant laryngeal edema. Of note, the patient who had progressive involvement on physical examination reported worsening of symptoms on reevaluation. There was a statistically significant association between patient symptoms and physical examination findings, including fiberoptic laryngoscopy, for the entire group.
Our results suggest that patients' symptoms can guide clinical management and are well associated with findings on serial physical examinations. Patients' self-reported impression of how they feel during the course of angioedema treatment may be as effective as routinely performing serial physical examinations, including fiberoptic laryngoscopy, in guiding clinical management.
One limitation of our study is the small sample size. Additionally, our patient cohort was of relatively lower clinical severity, as we excluded medically unstable patients who required emergent airway intervention prior to a structured airway assessment. This may explain the lower incidence of laryngeal findings at presentation in our patients. Finally, the timing of the repeat examination was variable between 60 and 1200 min, which could serve as a potential confounder.
Summary
-
1.
Angioedema of the anterior tongue should raise concern for potentially requiring airway intervention.
-
2.
Angioedema not initially involving the larynx rarely progresses to involve it.
-
3.
Angioedema involving the larynx did not worsen with treatment.
-
4.
In stable patients with angioedema of any head and neck subsite, self-reported symptoms are associated with clinical stability or improvement as assessed by physical signs and fiberoptic laryngoscopy.
-
5.
Patients' symptoms may be an appropriate surrogate to monitor clinical status without the need for routine serial physical examinations or fiberoptic laryngoscopy, though further study is needed.
Funding
None.
Financial disclosures
None.
Conflicts of interest
None.
Contributions by author
Gary Linkov, MD: Analysis and Interpretation, Manuscript drafting, Review.
Jennifer R. Cracchiolo, MD: Conception and Design, Manuscript drafting, Review.
Norman J. Chan, MD: Conception and Design, Manuscript drafting, Review.
Megan Healy, MD: Analysis and Interpretation, Manuscript drafting, Review.
Nausheen Jamal, MD: Analysis and Interpretation, Manuscript drafting, Review.
Ahmed M.S. Soliman, MD: Conception and Design, Manuscript drafting, Review.
Footnotes
Presentation: Poster presented at the American Laryngological Association 2015 meeting, Boston, MA.
Peer review under responsibility of Chinese Medical Association.
References
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