Abstract
Objective
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator has become the first-line therapy for prevention of sudden cardiac death. Controversial results still exist regarding the effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) in non-ischemic heart failure.
Methods
The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central databases were searched for randomized trials comparing implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in combination with medical treatment versus medical treatment for non-ischemic heart failure. The primary endpoint was incidence of all-cause death. We derived pooled risk ratios with fixed-effects models.
Results
Five studies enrolling 2573 patients were included. Compared with medical treatment, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator with medical treatment was associated with a significantly lower risk for all-cause mortality (Risk ratio: 0.83; 95% confidence interval 0.71 to 0.97).
Conclusion
Compared with medical treatment only, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in combination with medical treatment reduces all-cause mortality.
Keywords: Defibrillators, Implantable; Heart Failure; Cardiomyopathies/*Therapy; Meta-Analysis
| Abbreviations, acronyms & symbols | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMIOVIRT | = Amiodarone versus Implantable Defibrillator Randomized Trial | DEFINITE | = Defibrillators in Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Treatment Evaluation | |
| CAT | = Cardiomyopathy trial | ICD | = Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator | |
| CI | = Confidence interval | LVEF | = Left ventricular ejection fraction | |
| COMPANION | = Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure | NYHA | = New York Heart Association | |
| CRT | = Cardiac resynchronization therapy | RCTs | = Randomized clinical trials | |
| CRTD | = Cardiac resynchronization therapy-cardioverter–defibrillator | RRs | = Risk ratios | |
| CT | = Computed tomographic | SCD | = Sudden cardiac death | |
| SCD-HeFT | = Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial | |||
INTRODUCTION
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) has become the leading cause of death in patients with left ventricular dysfunction[1]. A large number of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have proved that implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) can terminate life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias effectively and reduce mortality significantly[2,3]. Therefore, ICD has become the first-line therapy for prevention of SCD for patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular systolic function in the U.S. and European guidelines. ICD gained a class 1 recommendation[4,5]. However, the evidence in favor of ICD is much stronger for patients with ischemic heart disease than it is for patients with heart failure from other causes[6]. Over the past two decades, several RCTs concerning non-ischemic heart failure were carried out with controversial results[6-9]. The cardiomyopathy trial (CAT), which randomly assigned 104 patients with recent onset of dilated cardiomyopathy and an ejection fraction (≤30%) to receive ICD in combination with medical treatment or medical treatment only did not show lower mortality with ICD[7]. Desai et al.[10] performed a meta-analysis of 7 RCTs as regards ICD in patients with non-ischemic heart failure and showed a significant 31% overall reduction in mortality with ICD therapy. More confusingly, the recent Danish Study to Assess the Efficacy of ICDs in Patients with non-ischemic Systolic Heart Failure on Mortality (DANISH), which randomized 1,112 patients with symptomatic systolic heart failure [ejection fraction (EF) 35%] to ICD in combination with optimal medical treatment or optimal medical treatment only, did not provided evidence in favor of ICD implantation[6]. Given the confusing situation of ICD application in non-ischemic heart failure, we performed an updated system review and meta-analysis.
METHODS
Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
We systematically reviewed relevant studies between January 1, 1966, and August 31, 2016, by searching Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. We used the terms implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, implantable defibrillator, randomized controlled trial, and clinical trial to identify RCTs. We considered all potentially eligible studies for review, regardless of the primary outcome or language. We also performed a manual search, by searching the reference lists of key studies.
Inclusion Criterion and Data Abstraction
We regarded studies as eligible for inclusion if they met the following criteria: the study design was a prospective RCTs; the study population was non-ischemic heart failure with high risk of SCD including symptomatic or asymptomatic ventricular tachyarrhythmia or those with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), patients were randomly assigned to ICD in combination with medical therapy or medical therapy only; and the main endpoints included all-cause mortality. If the study included patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) or cardiac resynchronization therapy- cardioverter -defibrillator (CRTD), the proportion of patients with CRT or CRTD should be matched between groups to eliminate the bias caused by CRT. Trials are excluded if they contained survivors of SCD or unstable ventricular arrhythmias. Trials which studied heart failure because of coronary artery disease are also excluded.
Two investigators (L Tang and Zw Zhu) independently reviewed the articles following the inclusion and exclusion criteria and assessed relevance of the articles. Disagreements were resolved by discussion or consultation with a third investigator (Xq Hu). The following data were abstracted from the selected articles: total number of participants, inclusion criterion, study design, age, sex, LVEF, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, ICD type, duration of follow-up, all-cause mortality and cardiac mortality.
Data Analysis
Meta-analysis was performed to calculate the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of all-cause mortality. Statistical heterogeneity among the trial-specific RRs was checked and quantified by the I2 statistic, and a P-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. When no significant statistical heterogeneity was identified, the fixed effect was preferentially used; otherwise, a random-effects model was used as an alternative. Data analysis will be performed on an intention-to-treat basis. All analyses were performed using Review Manger Software, RevMan 5.3.
RESULTS
Search Results
The combined search strategy identified 1,208 potential relevant manuscripts. On the basis of the abstract evaluation, 13 of these studies were considered potentially eligible for inclusion and their full-texts were analyzed (Figure 1). We excluded seven, four of them studied the effectiveness of ICD in patients with ischemic heart failure, and three were on the secondary prevention of ICD in patients with SCD. Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to assess risk of bias[11]. After quality assessment, five high-quality trials were eligible for further pooling analysis (Figure 2). The main features of the five included studies have been presented in Table 1.
Fig. 1.
Flow diagram of literature searched for these reviews.
CRTD = Cardiac resynchronization therapy-cardioverter-defibrillator
Fig. 2.
Bias assessment using Cochrane Collaboration tool.
Table 1.
Main features of included articles.
| Study | Inclusion criteria | Study design | Patients | ICD | Type of ICD | Follow-up (m) | Intention-to-treat | Controlled 1-y mortality (%) | Main result (RR reduction) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAT | EF≤0.35; NYHA II-III; DCM | ICD vs. drugs | 104 | 50 | ICD | 66±26 | Yes | 3.7 | 54% |
| AMIOVIRT | EF≤0.35; DCM; NYHA II-III; asymptomatic NSVT | ICD vs. amiodarone | 103 | 51 | ICD | 24±16 | Yes | 10 | No statistical significance |
| DEFINITE | EF≤0.35; DCM; NYHA I-III; NSVT | ICD vs. drugs | 458 | 229 | ICD | 29±14 | Yes | 6.2 | No statistical significance |
| SCD-HeFT | EF≤0.35; NYHA II-III | ICD vs. amiodarone vs. placebo | 1676 | 829 | ICD | 45.5 | Yes | 7.2 | 31% |
| DINISH | EF≤0.35;NICM;NT-proBNP≥200pg/ml | ICD/CRTD vs. drug/CRT | 1116 | 556 | ICD/CRTD | 68±19 | Yes | 3.2 | No statistical significance |
AMIOVIRT=Amiodarone vs. Implantable Defibrillator Randomized Trial; CAT=cardiomyopathy trial; CRTD=cardiac resynchronization therapy-cardioverter-defibrillator; DANISH=Danish Study; DCM=dilated cardiomyopathy; DEFINITE=Defibrillators in Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Treatment Evaluation; LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction; NICM=non-ischemic systolic heart failure; NYHA=New York Heart Association; NSVT=non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; SCD-HeFT=Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial
Characteristics of Studies
The five primary prevention of non-ischemic heart clinical trials are the Cardiomyopathy Trial (CAT), the Amiodarone versus Implantable Defibrillator Randomized Trial (AMIOVIRT), the Defibrillators in Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Treatment Evaluation (DEFINITE), the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT), and the Danish Study (DANISH). Substantial heterogeneity among studies was inevitable. The CAT, AMIOVIRT, and DEFINITE are all patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy[7,8,12]. However, the SCD-HeFT study also included ischemic cardiomyopathy[9]. Only patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy were included in the study. The DANISH trial randomized patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy to ICD/CRTD in combination with optimal medical treatment, or optimal drugs treatment/CRT[6]. Given the matching ratio of CRT or CRTD between ICD group and control group, this trial was included. One other thing to note was that the Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) was excluded, which randomly assigned patients with advanced heart failure to optimal pharmacologic therapy alone or in combination with CRTD[12]. The COMPANION trial might overstate the benefits of ICD in combination with function of resynchronized pacing, as CRT alone already has a benefit on survival[13,14]. Furthermore, patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy was also included, which made data extract impossible. Last but not least, any comparison of defibrillator with antiarrhythmic drugs reveals only the relative effect of these two therapies, not the difference between treatment and no treatment. The AMIOVIRT, SCD-HeFT both compared amiodarone with ICD which might lead to bias inevitably. Given no beneficial effect of amiodarone on survival, those studies were included[1]. Finally, our meta-analysis included 2,573 patients with non-ischemic heart failure randomized to ICD group or optimal pharmacologic therapy group (Table 2).
Table 2.
Baseline clinical characteristics of patients.
| Study | Age (y) | Male (%) | EF (%) | No-ischemic (%) | NYHA (%) | Pharmacological therapy (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| II | III | ACEI/ARB | β-blocker | Amiodarone | Digoxin | |||||
| CAT | 52±11 | 83 | 24 | 100 | 67 | 33 | 94 | 4 | NR | 86 |
| AMIOVIRT | 59±11 | 72 | 23 | 100 | 35 | 25 | 85 | 52 | 50 | 71 |
| DEFINITE | 58 | 71 | 21 | 100 | 54 | 21 | 97 | 86 | 4 | 42 |
| SCD-HeFT | 60 | 77 | 25 | 47.3 | 71 | 29 | NR | 69 | NR | 67 |
| DNISH | 64±8 | 72 | 25 | 100 | 54 | 45 | 97 | 92 | 6 | NR |
ACE/ARB=angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; AMIOVIRT=Amiodarone vs. Implantable Defibrillator Randomized Trial; CAT=cardiomyopathy Trial; DANISH=Danish Study; DEFINITE=Defibrillators in non-Ischemic cardiomyopathy treatment evaluation; LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA=New York Heart Association; SCD-HeFT=Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial
All-Cause Mortality
The CAT, SCD-HeFT trials showed significant reduction in all-cause mortality with RR reduction ranging from 31%-54%[7,9]. However, the AMIOVIRT, DEFINITE, DANISH trials have not shown a statistical reduction in all caused mortality[6,8,12]. When the results of five randomized clinical trials were pooled, no statistical evidence was found on the pooled evidence of heterogeneity (I2=0, P=0.77). Pooled analysis using a fixed-effects model showed the summary RR for all-cause mortality was 0.83 (95%CI: 0.65-0.96, P=0.02) (Figure 3).
Fig. 3.
All-cause mortality among patients with non-ischemic heart disease randomized to implantable cardioverter -defibrillator (ICD) vs. medical treatment only in primary prevention.
SCD
The CAT and AMIOVIRT trails have not shown significant reduction in SCD. However, a tendency towards a reduction in SCD by ICD therapy was found in the DEFINITE and DANISH trials (RR: 0.2, CI: 0.06-0.71; RR: 0.50, CI: 0.31-0.82, respectively). Only a substudy of the SCD-HeFT trial was included and we could not extract the exact number of SCD in patients with non-ischemic heart failure. This study was included when we calculated the pooled effects of SCD. Moderate heterogeneity was found (I2=57%, P=0.1). Pooled analysis using a random-effects model have not shown reduction in SCD (RR: 0.54, CI: 0.21-1.37) (Figure 4).
Fig. 4.
SCD among patients with non-ischemic heart disease randomized to ICD vs. medical treatment only in primary prevention.
DISCUSSION
Our updated meta-analysis showed that, compared with optimized medical treatment, ICD in combination with medical treatment can yield improved outcome in patients with non-ischemic heart failure. In order not to overstate the benefits of ICD, the COMPANION study was excluded which randomized patients to optimal medical treatment in combination with CRTD or optimal medical treatment only. This analysis was robust in sensitivity. Finally, it is important to notice that the benefit of ICD is less compared with previous meta-analysis because of inclusion of the recent DANISH study[9,10].
Over the past two decades, ICD implantation in patients with ischemic heart failure has been associated with improved outcome. Theuns et al.[15] performed a meta-analysis as regards ICD in patients with ischemic heart disease. Pooled analysis showed a 29% RR reduction in all-cause mortality. However, the effectiveness of ICD in patients with non-ischemic heart failure is controversial. Meta-analysis of ICD secondary prevention trials have not shown more benefits compared with medical treatment only[10]. When new evidence occurs, we performed an updated meta-analysis, and showed that ICD therapy in combination with medical treatment improved outcome of patients with non-ischemic heart failure.
Our meta-analysis must be viewed in the context of its limitation. The treatment of heart failure has improved greatly with the implication of CRT, beta-blocker, and mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist. Among this five RCTs, only CAT and SCD-HeFT were in favor of ICD implantation. The CAT study was not important in the pooling analysis because of its small sample size. The SCD-HeFT enrolled patients between 1997 and 2001, beta-blocker and mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist were not well managed among patients at that time. Furthermore, the differentiation between ischemic heart and non-ischemic heart failure was mainly based on patient history, which was quite inaccurate compared with coronary angiography or computed tomographic (CT) angiogram used by the DANISH study. As we known, the evidence for a benefit of ICD is much stronger for patients with ischemic heart failure. The SCD-HeFT might overstate the benefits of ICD in patients with no-ischemic heart failure. The DANISH study of which more patients accepted ACEI/ARB, beta-blocker, mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist, and CRT showed lowest mortality rate.
With optimized medical treatment in combined with CRT, ICD implantation in patients with non-ischemic heart failure has not brought further benefits.
Second, given the small number of studies included, publication bias in favor of ICD therapy cannot be inevitable. Although an extensive search strategy was performed, some studies might not be included in this meta-analysis.
CONCLUSION
Although our finding lend support to the use of ICD in combination with optimal medical treatment improves the outcome of non-ischemic heart failure, further studies are needed to establish the optimal approach to treatment of non-ischemic heart failure.
| Authors' roles & responsibilities | |
|---|---|
| ZX | Conception, acquisition, analysis, interpretation of data, work review; final approval of the version to be published |
| LT | Conception, acquisition, analysis, interpretation of data, work review; final approval of the version to be published |
| CC | Conception, acquisition, analysis, interpretation of data, work review; final approval of the version to be published |
| JH | Conception, acquisition, analysis, interpretation of data, work review; final approval of the version to be published |
| ZZ | Conception, acquisition, analysis, interpretation of data, work review; final approval of the version to be published |
| XH | Conception, acquisition, analysis, interpretation of data, work review; final approval of the version to be published |
Footnotes
No conflict of interest.
This study was carried out at the The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Huan Province, P.R. China.
No financial support.
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