Hindgut neuroendocrine neoplasms – characteristics and prognosis

Abstract

Introduction

The aim of the study was to analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognostic factors of hindgut-rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms.

Material and methods

The study included 38 patients with rectal neuroendocrine tumors who were treated at the Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland from February 2010 to December 2015. The clinicopathological data were retrospectively reviewed, extracted, analyzed, and patients were followed up to determine their survival status. Follow-up data were available for all 38 patients. Uni- and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the prognostic factors significantly associated with overall survival.

Results

The tumors occurred mostly in the middle and lower rectum, and the most typical symptoms experienced by patients were hematochezia and diarrhea. The median distance between the tumors and the anal edges was 4.7 ±1.3 cm, and the median diameter of the tumors was 0.9 ±1.2 cm. The major pathological types were neuroendocrine neoplasm G1 in 31 patients, and neuroendocrine neoplasm G2 in 7 patients. Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stages I, II, III and IV tumors accounted for 76.3% (29/38), 5.3% (2/38), 7.9% (3/38) and 10.5% (4/38) of patients, respectively. The main treatment method was transanal extended excision or endoscopic resection. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates of the whole group of patients were 100%, 83.7%, and 75.3%, respectively.

Conclusions

Univariate analysis showed that age (p = 0.022), tumor diameter (p < 0.001), histological type (p < 0.001), and TNM stage (p < 0.001) were all prognostic factors.

Introduction

The rectum is the second most frequent site (27.4%) of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasia (NEN) occurrence and is surpassed in prevalence only by the small intestine. Approximately 50% of patients are asymptomatic at presentation. Rectal pain, pruritus, hematochezia, weight loss, and constipation occur as components of late presentation. Despite the fact that rectal NENs can secrete hormonal products directly into the systemic circulation, the carcinoid syndrome occurs very rarely. Rectal NENs, however, comprise only 1–2% of all rectal tumors und exhibit the most benign clinical profile of NENs, possibly reflecting their early diagnosis by endoscopic examination. Rectal neuroendocrine tumors are rare, with an incidence of about 3.08 per 100 000 persons per year [1–3]. They are considered to be a type of tumor with indolent biological behavior and a relatively favorable prognosis [4]. Modlin et al. [1] reported a 5-year survival rate of 88.3%. Bernick et al. [5] stated that the 3-year survival rate in a group of patients with colorectal neuroendocrine tumors was only 13%. This indicates significant differences between reported results. Such large differences in the results were associated with a too small study group and the wide diversity of histological grade in Bernick’s design. An analysis of the clinicopathologic characteristics of a group of patients with pathologically confirmed diagnoses of rectal neuroendocrine tumors showed that these tumors mostly occur in the middle and lower rectum. Overall, rectal NENs fall into two groups, small solitary tumors measuring less than 1 cm and larger lesions with the possibility of metastases. In general, rectal NENs metastasize in 2% of tumors less than 1 cm, 10–12% of tumors less than 2 cm and 65–75% of tumors more than 2 cm [6–8]. The most common tumor-node-metastasis stage found was stage I, and lymph node or distant metastases were rarely seen. The major pathological type is a neuroendocrine neoplasm in histological grades G1 and G2. Transanal extended excisions generally produced satisfactory curative effects, and the 5-year survival rate is usually as high as 75.3% [9–11]. This study was undertaken to analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics of rectal neuroendocrine tumors in a group of patients seen at our department between February 2010 and December 2015, and to identify the prognostic factors for their survival.

Material and methods

The study was a retrospective analysis of 38 patients with rectal neuroendocrine tumors in whom a definite pathological diagnosis had been made at the Pathology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland. The patients included 21 males and 17 females, with a median age of 51.7 years (range: 31–67 years). The tumors were staged via the TNM staging standard for rectal neuroendocrine tumors, which was updated by the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society in 2007 [12, 13].

Statistical analysis

The Kaplan-Meier method was applied for the survival analysis. A log-rank test was used for a univariate analysis of prognostic factors, and a Cox proportional hazard model was used for a multivariate analysis. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

All patients underwent a colonoscopy. The most common symptoms in the 38 patients evaluated were hematochezia in 31.5% (12/38) and diarrhea in 26.3% (10/38). None of the patients exhibited hormonal symptoms of the tumor activity. The median distance between the tumors and anal edges was 4.7 ±1.3 cm. Patients with a distance between the tumor and the anal edge ≤ 8 cm accounted for 94.7% (36/38) of the group. All patients were diagnosed pathologically as neuroendocrine tumors by biopsy and histopathology after surgery according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 diagnostic criteria for gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors [14–16]. The pathological types included 31 cases of neuroendocrine tumors in stage G1 (Ki-67 < 2%) and 7 cases of neuroendocrine tumors in stage G2 (Ki-67, 2–20%). The median diameter of the tumors was 0.9 ±1.2 cm. In 21 patients, the diameters were 0.1 to 0.8 cm; in 13 they were 0.9 to 1.9 cm; and in 4 they were ≥ 2 cm. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the tumors were positive for chromogranin A (CgA) and synaptophysin (Syn). All 38 cases had a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis to determine whether there were metastases to the lymph nodes or distant organs. The distant metastasis rate was 10.5% (4/38) at the time of diagnosis. All patients were staged according to the TNM staging system for rectal neuroendocrine tumors (Tables I and II) [17, 18]. Stages I, II, III and IV tumors accounted for 76.3% (29/38), 5.3% (2/38), 7.9% (3/38), and 10.5% (4/38) of patients, respectively. Surgical treatment was undertaken in all of the patients, including transanal extended excision and endoscopic resection [19, 20]. Four patients received locoregional therapy because they were initially diagnosed with stage IV disease with liver metastasis. The median survival time in the patients studied was not reached. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 100%, 83.7% and 75.3%, respectively. Four patients demonstrated recurrence and metastases after radical resection, and the mean time for recurrence of metastasis was 14 months. Log-rank analysis of prognostic factors showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the 5-year survival rate between patients ≥ 65 years of age and patients < 65 years of age (p = 0.022). Subgroup analysis stratified by TNM stage and tumor type showed that the 5-year survival rate in patients aged ≥ 65 years was lower in those with neuroendocrine tumor G2 at TNM stage III/IV. In terms of tumor diameters, the patients were classified into 3 subgroups: those with tumor diameters < 1.0 cm, between 1.0 and 2.0 cm, and > 2.0 cm. There was a statistically significant difference in the overall survival between these subgroups (p < 0.001), and also between the pathological types of neuroendocrine tumors G1 and G2 (p < 0.001). Clinicopathologic characteristics of rectal-hindgut neuroendocrine tumor patients are presented in Table III.

Table I.

Proposed tumor-node-metastasis classification for neuroendocrine tumors of the rectum (European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society 2007)

TNM classification
T; primary tumor:
Tx; primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0; no evidence of primary tumor
T1; tumor invades the mucosa or submucosa and size ≤ 1 cm
T1a; size < 1 cm
T1b; size 1–2 cm
T2; tumor invades the muscularis propria at size > 2 cm
T3; tumor invades subserosa/pericolic/perirectal fat
T4; tumor directly invades other organs/structures and/or perforates the visceral peritoneum
N; regional lymph nodes:
Nx; regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0; no regional lymph node metastasis
N1; regional lymph node metastasis
M; distant metastasis:
Mx; distant metastases cannot be assessed
M0; no distant metastases
M1; distant metastasis

TNM – tumor-node-metastasis.

Table II.

Disease staging for neuroendocrine tumors of the colon and rectum

Disease stage	T; Primary tumor	N; Regional nodes	M; Distant metastasis
I A	T1a	N0	M0
I B	T1b	N0	M0
II A	T2	N0	M0
II B	T3	N0	M0
III A	T4	N0	M0
III B	Any T	N1	M0
IV	Any T	Any N	M1

Table III.

Clinicopathologic characteristics of rectal neuroendocrine tumor patients

No.	Patient	Age [years]	Sex (F/M) (G1/G2)	Grading	Ki-67 (%)	CgA	Syn.	TNM	Tumor size [cm]	Distance from anal edge [cm]	Feb. 2010	Dec. 2015
1	A.K.	31	M	G1	1	+++	+++	I	1.4	8.0	SD	PD
2	B.T.	43	M	G1	2	+++	+	I	0.9	6.5	SD	SD
3	C.K.	51	F	G1	2	++	–	I	0.2	7.5	SD	SD
4	T.P.	66	M	G2	5	++	–	IV	2.8	4.5	PD	Died
5	W.M.	35	M	G1	1	+++	++	I	0.1	2.5	SD	SD
6	E.T.	39	F	G1	2	+++	++	I	0.4	2.0	SD	SD
7	P.G.	42	M	G1	1	++	+++	I	0.7	3.5	SD	SD
8	M.G.	56	F	G2	10	+	–	IV	2.9	2.0	PD	Died
9	E.G.	55	M	G1	2	++	++	I	0.6	2.5	SD	SD
10	M.R.	47	F	G1	1	+++	+++	I	1.3	7.5	SD	SD
11	J.K.	46	M	G1	2	+++	++	I	0.3	5.5	SD	SD
12	O.K.	66	M	G1	2	++	++	II	1.5	4.5	SD	PD
13	P.K.	32	F	G1	2	++	++	I	0.4	3.5	SD	SD
14	R.T.	34	M	G1	1	+++	++	I	0.2	6.5	SD	SD
15	O.G.	66	M	G2	10	+	–	IV	2.4	5.5	PD	Died
16	J.L.	62	F	G1	2	+++	++	I	0.4	2.5	SD	SD
17	W.K.	41	F	G1	1	+++	++	I	0.8	3.5	SD	SD
18	P.K.	57	M	G1	2	++	++	I	0.2	4.5	SD	SD
19	H.S.	65	F	G2	5	++	–	III	1.9	4.0	PD	Died
20	K.B.	36	M	G1	2	+++	++	I	0.8	3.0	SD	SD
21	E.O.	47	F	G1	1	+++	++	I	0.5	2.0	SD	SD
22	G.F.	52	M	G1	2	++	++	I	0.7	4.5	SD	SD
23	N.F.	67	F	G2	5	++	–	III	1.8	3.5	PD	Died
24	P.L.	66	M	G1	2	+++	++	II	1.6	3.0	SD	PD
25	R.T.	48	M	G1	1	+++	+++	I	0.7	4.0	SD	SD
26	W.S.	44	F	G1	2	++	–	I	0.6	5.0	SD	SD
27	R.T.	54	M	G1	1	++	++	I	0.1	5.5	SD	SD
28	A.B.	57	M	G1	2	+++	++	I	1.2	6.5	SD	SD
29	S.D.	43	F	G1	2	++	–	I	0.1	7.5	SD	SD
30	P.R.	54	M	G1	1	+++	++	I	1.0	8.0	SD	SD
31	K.J	58	F	G1	2	++	+	I	0.5	3.5	SD	SD
32	F.P	66	M	G2	10	+	–	IV	2.5	3.0	PD	Died
33	Z.P.	59	F	G1	2	+++	++	I	0.3	4.0	SD	SD
34	J.P	61	F	G1	2	++	+	I	0.9	9.5	SD	SD
35	K.P.	46	M	G1	1	+++	++	I	0.1	4.5	SD	SD
36	D.B.	67	F	G2	5	++	–	III	1.7	3.5	PD	Died
37	G.B.	55	M	G1	2	+++	++	I	0.2	2.5	SD	SD
38	S.T.	52	F	G1	1	+++	++	I	1.1	10.5	SD	SD

CgA – chromogranin A, Syn – synaptophysin, SD – stable disease, PD – progressive disease.

Discussion

Rectal neuroendocrine tumors account for 1% to 2% of all rectal tumors, and occur mostly in the 60–70-year-old age group [21–23]. Data on 1481 cases of rectal neuroendocrine tumors occurring over a period of 30 years in the United States showed that males accounted for 51.7% of the overall incidence [24–26]. In the present study, the most common age of onset was 31–67 years (median of 51.7 years), with males accounting for 55.2% of the overall incidence. This can be compared with other data, which show a trend towards a younger age of onset and a higher incidence in males. Nearly 50% of our patients with rectal neuroendocrine tumors showed no obvious symptoms at the time the diagnosis was confirmed. Rather, the tumors were generally found by conventional colonoscopy. In patients with symptoms, rectal bleeding, pain, and constipation were noted most commonly [27–29]. Rectal neuroendocrine tumors can arise in the entire rectum. In this study, the median distance between the tumors and the anal edges was 4.7 cm, and patients with a distance of ≤ 8 cm between the tumor and the anal edge accounted for 94.7% of all cases, indicating that the tumors mostly arise in the middle and lower rectum. The CgA and synaptophysin are commonly used as biomarkers to detect neuroendocrine tumors. In the group of patients we studied, positive immunohistochemical staining rates for these markers were 100% and 76.5%. This indicates that CgA staining is more sensitive for the diagnosis of rectal neuroendocrine tumors than synaptophysin. It has been reported in the literature that the most common sites of metastases of rectal neuroendocrine tumors are lymph nodes and the liver, and only rarely the lungs [30–33]. In the present study 4 patients with G2 neuroendocrine tumors that led to surgery presented metastasis to a lymph node or the liver. The lymph node metastases involved nodes adjacent to the iliac arteriovenous, retroperitoneal and inguinal lymph nodes [34, 35]. In our study, the overall 5-year survival rate in the patients was 75.3%. The TNM stage is an important prognostic factor [36]. Our study mainly included patients with stage I tumors, reflecting the relatively indolent biological behavior of rectal neuroendocrine tumors, which are characterized by shallow local invasion and few lymph node and distant metastases. In a statistical analysis Brock [37] observed that patients with stage I tumors accounted for 83% of all patients. Univariate analysis showed that TNM staging was a prognostic factor (p < 0.001). The pathological type of tumor also significantly affects the prognosis [38]. According to the WHO 2010 pathological diagnostic criteria for gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors based on tissue structures, the degree of differentiation, mitotic rate, and the presence or absence of necrosis, they can be subclassified into three types: G1 neuroendocrine tumors (Ki-67, 0–2%), G2 neuroendocrine tumors (Ki-67, 2–20%) and G3 neuroendocrine cancer (Ki-67 over 20%). The G1 neuroendocrine tumors, which accounted for a large proportion of the rectal neuroendocrine tumors in this study, have a good prognosis. The neuroendocrine carcinomas (G3) account for a smaller proportion of tumors, and they have a significantly worse prognosis, often diagnosed in stage III and IV. In our study patients with G3 were not included, but 4 patients with G2 were diagnosed as having a stage IV disease at the first patient visit. Other studies have suggested that the diameters of rectal neuroendocrine tumors are closely associated with the invasion depth and with lymph node and distant metastases, and that they have definite prognostic significance [39]. Patients with tumor diameters between 0.1 and 1 cm have been reported to have a distant metastasis rate of less than 5% and a 5-year survival rate of 81%. In contrast, most patients with tumor diameters ≥ 2 cm had distant metastases and their 5-year survival rate was 18% to 40% [40]. In our study, the univariate analysis of prognostic factors showed that tumor diameter was significantly associated with the prognosis (p = 0.001). For patients with lesions 0.1–1.9 cm in diameter, the 5-year survival rate was 93.3%. In those with tumors ≥ 2 cm with muscular or serosal invasion, the 5-year survival rate was 50%, and in those with distant metastasis, the 5-year survival rate was also 50%. Landry et al. [13] reported that age ≥ 65 years was a poor prognostic factor for rectal neuroendocrine tumors. In our study, the median age of the patients was 51.7 years, and the survival analysis showed that the prognosis in those over 65 years of age at diagnosis declined. A stratified analysis showed that while the 5-year survival rate of patients under the age of 65 years was 100%, in patients over 65 it was 37.2%. In our study we did not include patients older than 67 years, but according to the Landry project [12] the 5-year survival rate in those age between 70 and 80 was below 50%. In our study group in the five years of treatment and follow-up (2010–2015) 7 patients (all G2) died; 5 due to progression of disease associated with metastasis to lymph nodes, liver and distant organs and 2 due to systemic diseases. Possible reasons for this might be that patients with rectal neuroendocrine tumors who do not have distant metastases have a better prognosis, and most are able to survive long term. However, elderly patients with underlying diseases usually have decreased organ function and insufficient immune function, and these patients often die due to tumor-specific factors or to their underlying disease. Our studies were conducted on a relatively small study group. Statistical data are significant but conclusions should be extended very carefully. The majority of cases were G1 neuroendocrine tumors with size up to 1 cm, clinically advanced at stage I. The study group over 65 years of age did not include additional diseases that could be important in the assessment of survival. The inclusion of a larger group of patients with G2 tumors and size greater than 2 cm in patients over 65 years of age probably influenced the statistics.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.