Abstract
Background
The number of systematic reviews of economic evaluations is steadily increasing. This is probably related to the continuing pressure on health budgets worldwide which makes an efficient resource allocation increasingly crucial. In particular in recent years, the introduction of several high-cost interventions presents enormous challenges regarding universal accessibility and sustainability of health care systems. An increasing number of health authorities, inter alia, feel the need for analyzing economic evidence.
Economic evidence might effectively be generated by means of systematic reviews. Nevertheless, no standard methods seem to exist for their preparation so far.
The objective of this study was to analyze the methods applied for systematic reviews of health economic evaluations (SR-HE) with a focus on the identification of common challenges.
Methods/design
The planned study is a systematic review of the characteristics and methods actually applied in SR-HE. We will combine validated search filters developed for the retrieval of economic evaluations and systematic reviews to identify relevant studies in MEDLINE (via Ovid, 2015-present). To be eligible for inclusion, studies have to conduct a systematic review of full economic evaluations. Articles focusing exclusively on methodological aspects and secondary publications of health technology assessment (HTA) reports will be excluded. Two reviewers will independently assess titles and abstracts and then full-texts of studies for eligibility. Methodological features will be extracted in a standardized, beforehand piloted data extraction form. Data will be summarized with descriptive statistical measures and systematically analyzed focusing on differences/similarities and methodological weaknesses.
Discussion
The systematic review will provide a detailed overview of characteristics of SR-HE and the applied methods. Differences and methodological shortcomings will be detected and their implications will be discussed. The findings of our study can improve the recommendations on the preparation of SR-HE. This can increase the acceptance and usefulness of systematic reviews in health economics for researchers and medical decision makers.
Systematic review registration
The review will not be registered with PROSPERO as it does not meet the eligibility criterion of dealing with clinical outcomes.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s13643-017-0639-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Keywords: Systematic review, Economic evaluation, Reimbursement, Medical decision making
Background
Continuing pressure on health budgets worldwide makes an efficient resource allocation increasingly crucial. In recent years, the introduction of several high-cost interventions presents enormous challenges regarding accessibility and sustainability of health care systems [1, 2]. This makes economic considerations more important for health authorities and their decision-making process regarding pricing and reimbursement especially of new interventions.
Systematic reviews of health economic evaluations (SR-HE) can provide evidence about the cost-effectiveness of an intervention within a limited time frame. They are valuable (1) to inform the development of an own economic model, (2) to identify the most relevant studies for a particular decision, and (3) to identify the implicated economic trade-offs [3]. Moreover, provided that high-quality economic evaluations that exist are sufficiently transferable and demonstrate similar results regarding cost-effectiveness, SR-HE might indicate the most cost-effective intervention.
Jefferson et al. [4] found that SR-HE show fundamental methodological flaws, especially regarding their search strategy and the application of an appropriate quality assessment tool. Nevertheless, little research has been performed to further develop the methods for SR-HE in the meantime. Standards for the preparation of SR-HE do not seem to exist so far: More recent studies focusing on the available methodological guidelines found that the recommendations still vary widely and are partly imprecise [5–8]. It is therefore to be expected that the conduct of SR-HE still varies widely and still shows methodological shortcomings. The aim of this paper is
To provide a detailed overview of the characteristics and applied methods in recently published SR-HE
To identify similarities and differences between the characteristics and methods of SR-HE
To identify common challenges
Methods/Design
Protocol
We used the PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) 2015 checklist to develop the methods for this systematic review protocol [9] (please see Additional file 1).
Should protocol amendments be necessary, these will be documented including details of the date, changes made, and the rationale for changes.
Literature search
A systematic search in Ovid MEDLINE(R) Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily, and Ovid MEDLINE(R) 1946 to Present will be performed. We will limit the publication date of our search to the period 2015/01/01 to present. A validated search filter for economic evaluations (Emory University [Grady] [10]) will be combined with a validated filter for the retrieval of systematic reviews (Lee [11]), as presented in Table 1. This strategy was chosen as it provides an optimal balance between sensitivity and precision. Search results will be downloaded to EndNote version X7 where duplicates will be identified and removed.
Table 1.
Details of the bibliographic database search strategy
| Step | Search string | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ((economic$.ti. or cost$.ti. or cost benefit analysis/ or (treatment outcome/ and ec.fs.)) not ((animals/ not humans/) or letter.pt.)) | Emory University (Grady) [10] |
| 2 | MEDLINE.tw. or systematic review.tw. or meta-analysis.pt. or intervention$.ti. | Lee 2012 [11] |
| 3 | 1 and 2 |
Limit: publication year 2015–present
Inclusion criteria
We will include articles available as full-text and written in English, German, French, or Spanish if they fulfill all of the following criteria:
Systematic literature search in at least one electronic database and transparent description of study selection. We will exclude articles applying abbreviated review methods (e.g., scoping reviews and short reviews) as judged by the authors of the SR-HE.
Inclusion of full economic evaluations (i.e., cost-effectiveness/cost-utility/cost-benefit-analyses [12]) and/or the cost-effectiveness of an intervention was reviewed. Articles reviewing solely partial economic evaluations (like cost-of-illness studies or budget impact analyses) will be excluded.
Objective to answer a cost-effectiveness research question, i.e., we will exclude articles focusing exclusively on methodological aspects (e.g., analysis of methods applied in health economic modeling studies).
Full-text journal article. Protocols, commentaries, editorials, and conference proceedings will be excluded. Likewise, secondary publications of HTA reports will be excluded as the focus of our study will be on the scientific literature instead of documents stemming from regulatory processes within a certain jurisdiction in a health care system.
Study selection
Two reviewers will independently assess the titles and abstracts retrieved in the electronic literature search against the inclusion criteria. Possible eligible full-text articles will be retrieved and screened by two reviewers to reach a final decision about inclusion. Any disagreements will be resolved through discussion or involvement of a third reviewer.
We will prepare a PRISMA flowchart to illustrate the selection process.
Data abstraction
Methodological features will be extracted in a standardized, beforehand piloted data extraction form (Table 2). We developed an electronical extraction form in Microsoft Excel 2010 for a previous study (not published yet) in which we analyzed HTA reports of international HTA organizations for the methods applied for SR-HE and adapted it for the purpose of the present study. This approach for data abstraction and data presentation was inspired by the publication of Page et al. [13] which provides an overview of epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews of biomedical research. Data items presented in the included articles will be classified according to the categories depicted in Table 3. Data will be extracted each by a single reviewer. After extraction of the first articles, a 10% random sample will be verified for accuracy and correctness of data entries by a second reviewer. Discrepancies will be resolved through discussion or third party, if necessary. In case of frequent and/or substantial disagreements, a verification of 100% is intended.
Table 2.
Data extraction form
| Article |
|---|
| General information |
| Affiliation (e.g., academic, commercial, public) |
| Country of corresponding author |
| Number of authors |
| Journal + impact factor |
| Disease area(s) (ICD-Code[s]) |
| Type of intervention (e.g., drug treatment, surgical procedure) |
| Scope of SR-HE (only SR-HE/SR-HE and primary CEA/SR-HE to inform primary CEA) |
| If only SR-HE: indicated purpose of systematic review |
| Study registered or published protocol available (not stated/stated) |
| Consideration of reporting guideline (e.g., PRISMA) |
| Statement of research question and formulated eligibility criteria |
| Research question (not stated/stated) |
| Eligibility criteria (PICOS + further [specify]) |
| Economic study types included |
| Literature search strategy |
| Information sources (databases, reference lists of relevant records, etc.) |
| Search terms/filters + explanation when economic terms missing (e.g., joint review for clinical and economic effectiveness) |
| Search limits (time period, language, publication type, etc.) |
| Study selection |
| Flow of study selection described (yes/no) |
| Study selection illustrated in flow chart (yes/no) |
| Duplicate study selection (yes/no/unclear) + method (e.g., all independently/quality assurance of sample) + mechanism to resolve disagreement |
| Technical support for study selection (e.g., software) |
| Data extraction |
| Data extraction method (e.g., standardized data extraction form) |
| Duplicate data extraction (yes/no/unclear) + method (e.g., all independently/quality assurance of sample) + mechanism to resolve disagreement |
| Data items extracted |
| Technical support for data extraction (e.g., software) |
| Assessment of methodological study quality |
| Assessment of methodological study quality on study level (yes/no/unclear) + assessment tool |
| Duplicate quality assessment (yes/no/unclear) + method (e.g., all independently/quality assurance of sample) + mechanism to resolve disagreement |
| Assessment of generalizability/transferability/applicability |
| Assessment of generalizability/transferability/applicability (yes/no/unclear) + assessment tool |
| Duplicate generalizability/transferability/applicability assessment (yes/no/unclear) + method (e.g., all independently/quality assurance of sample) + mechanism to resolve disagreement |
| Presentation of cost data |
| Presentation of cost data (as reported/inflated/currency converted) |
| Method for data synthesis |
| Data synthesis |
| Further remarks |
CEA cost-effectiveness analysis; PICOS patient, intervention, comparison, outcome, setting; PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis; SR-HE systematic review of health economic evaluations
Table 3.
Categories for the classification of data items extracted in the included reviews
| Category | Data item | Presented/reported |
|---|---|---|
| Study details | ||
| Author(s) | ||
| Year of publication | ||
| Objective | ||
| Country | ||
| Setting | ||
| Funding | ||
| Methods | ||
| Population | ||
| Intervention(s) | ||
| Comparator(s) | ||
| Outcomes/effects | ||
| Study design | ||
| PICO | ||
| PICOS | ||
| Methods for valuing outcomes/benefits | ||
| Model type | ||
| Perspective | ||
| Time horizon | ||
| Cost/resource items included | ||
| Data sources for costs | ||
| Data sources for clinical data | ||
| Data sources for utility data | ||
| Discounting | ||
| Currency | ||
| Analysis of uncertainty | ||
| Results | ||
| Costs/resources | ||
| Outcomes/benefits | ||
| Incremental | ||
| Analysis of uncertainty | ||
| Author’s conclusion | ||
Data analysis and presentation
We will analyze all data using Microsoft Excel 2010. Results for each data item extracted will be presented in tables. For nominal data, we will provide numbers and percentages. We will provide median and ranges for ordinal data.
In order to allow an estimation of the number of SR-HE published per year and to analyze possible changes over time, we will present the number of hits resulting from our search strategy for the years 2015 to 2017.
Since no tool for the critical appraisal of SR-HE exists (comparable e.g., to AMSTAR [A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews] [14]), we will not critically appraise included articles by means of a certain tool but focus on similarities, differences, and methodological shortcomings.
As far as possible, the results of our study will be reported in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines [15].
Discussion
The systematic review will provide a detailed overview of characteristics of SR-HE and the applied methods. Differences and methodological shortcomings will be detected and their implications will be discussed. The findings of our study can improve the recommendations on the preparation of SR-HE. This can increase the acceptance and usefulness of systematic reviews in health economics for researchers and medical decision makers.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable
Funding
No funding will be received for the proposed study.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study will be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- AMSTAR
A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews
- CEA
Cost-effectiveness analysis
- PICOS
Patient, intervention, comparison, outcome, setting
- PRISMA
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis
- PROSPERO
Prospective Register of Systematic reviews
- SR-HE
Systematic reviews of health economic evaluations
Additional file
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 checklist: recommended items to address in a systematic review protocol. (DOCX 36 kb)
Authors’ contributions
ML and TM developed and piloted the data extraction form. ML developed the search strategy for the proposed systematic review and drafted the manuscript. TM and BP commented on the manuscript. EAMN supported the conceptualization of the systematic review. All authors reviewed the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Footnotes
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s13643-017-0639-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Contributor Information
Miriam Luhnen, Email: miriam.luhnen@iqwig.de.
Barbara Prediger, Email: barbara.prediger@uni-wh.de.
Edmund A. M. Neugebauer, Email: dekanat@mhb-Fontane.de
Tim Mathes, Email: tim.mathes@uni-wh.de.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study will be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.