Figure 8. Diagram depicts the toxic effect of CuSO4 and As2O3 on chicken kidney.

“Th1/Th2 drift” has a shift to Th1 because of damaged immune defense system in kidney of chickens suffering from subchronic Cu or/and As poisoning, and oxidative stress as well as subsequent inflammatory is a crucial driver during exposure. HSPs maintain cellular homeostasis by assisting in the correct folding of nascent and stress-accumulated misfolded proteins. Green arrows mean promotion or up-regulation, red arrows mean inhibition or down-regulation.