Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Epidemiology. 2018 Jan;29(1):8–21. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000757

Table 4.

Risks (odds ratios) for any vs no gestational exposures (per month) for specific pesticide chemical groups among women of preterm cases and term controls. Shown are adjusted odds ratios for chemical groups where there were ≥5 cases exposed and for the exposure month closest to the time of delivery (e.g., for preterm cases 20–23 weeks at delivery the odds ratios shown are for month P5).

Chemical Class Gestation
Weeks at
Delivery		 Month of
Exposurea 		Case
Preterm
(exp/not-
exp)		 Control Term
(exp/not-exp)		 Adjusted ORb
(95%CI)
2,4 - Dichlorophenoxy acid or ester 20–23 P5 15/500 5792/191669 0.94 (0.54–1.64)
2,4 - Dichlorophenoxy acid or ester 24–27 P6 30/1762 5754/191707 0.60 (0.42–0.87)
2,4 - Dichlorophenoxy acid or ester 28–31 P7 63/3035 5683/191778 0.76 (0.59–0.97)
2,4 - Dichlorophenoxy acid or ester 32–36 P8 586/21922 5710/191751 0.92 (0.84–1.01)
2,6-Dinitroaniline 20–23 P5 15/500 8944/188517 0.65 (0.38–1.11)
2,6-Dinitroaniline 24–27 P6 66/1726 8657/188804 0.88 (0.68–1.13)
2,6-Dinitroaniline 28–31 P7 114/2984 8588/188873 0.89 (0.73–1.07)
2,6-Dinitroaniline 32–36 P8 909/21599 8442/189019 0.97 (0.90–1.04)
Alcohol/Ether 20–23 P5 12/503 6610/190851 0.70 (0.38–1.27)
Alcohol/Ether 24–27 P6 41/1751 6340/191121 0.72 (0.52–0.99)
Alcohol/Ether 28–31 P7 81/3017 6272/191189 0.86 (0.68–1.07)
Alcohol/Ether 32–36 P8 438/22070 6273/191188 0.63 (0.57–0.69)
Alkyl Phthalate 32–36 P8 11/22497 282/197179 0.33 (0.18–0.62)
Amide 24–27 P6 5/1787 1214/196247 0.51 (0.21–1.23)
Amide 28–31 P7 19/3079 1243/196218 1.13 (0.72–1.78)
Amide 32–36 P8 117/22391 1232/196229 0.83 (0.69–1.02)
Amine 28–31 P7 7/3091 698/196763 0.67 (0.32–1.41)
Amine 32–36 P8 46/22462 679/196782 0.62 (0.46–0.83)
Anthranilic diamide 24–27 P6 8/1784 547/196914 1.74 (0.86–3.52)
Anthranilic diamide 28–31 P7 11/3087 645/196816 1.25 (0.69–2.28)
Anthranilic diamide 32–36 P8 106/22402 675/196786 1.45 (1.17–1.78)
Antibiotic 32–36 P8 9/22499 44/197417 1.78 (0.84–3.80)
Aryloxyphenoxy propionic acid 28–31 P7 11/3087 301/197160 2.38 (1.26–4.48)
Aryloxyphenoxy propionic acid 32–36 P8 24/22484 296/197165 0.73 (0.48–1.12)
Avermectin 20–23 P5 11/504 5029/192432 0.83 (0.45–1.56)
Avermectin 24–27 P6 34/1758 5249/192212 0.77 (0.55–1.09)
Avermectin 28–31 P7 87/3011 5196/192265 1.14 (0.91–1.42)
Avermectin 32–36 P8 576/21932 5232/192229 0.97 (0.89–1.06)
Azole 20–23 P5 16/499 8873/188588 0.64 (0.38–1.09)
Azole 24–27 P6 54/1738 8914/188547 0.67 (0.51–0.89)
Azole 28–31 P7 128/2970 8554/188907 1.00 (0.84–1.20)
Azole 32–36 P8 945/21563 8588/188873 0.99 (0.92–1.06)
Benzoic acid 24–27 P6 6/1786 1453/196008 0.50 (0.22–1.11)
Benzoic acid 28–31 P7 20/3078 1425/196036 0.98 (0.63–1.52)
Benzoic acid 32–36 P8 125/22383 1425/196036 0.80 (0.66–0.96)
Bipyridylium 20–23 P5 23/492 9778/187683 0.90 (0.58–1.40)
Bipyridylium 24–27 P6 56/1736 9839/187622 0.65 (0.49–0.85)
Bipyridylium 28–31 P7 120/2978 9784/187677 0.83 (0.69–1.00)
Bipyridylium 32–36 P8 908/21600 9717/187744 0.84 (0.79–0.90)
Bis-Carbamate 32–36 P8 5/22503 52/197409 0.82 (0.33–2.07)
Botanical 20–23 P5 6/509 3408/194053 0.71 (0.32–1.58)
Botanical 24–27 P6 19/1773 3393/194068 0.61 (0.38–0.97)
Botanical 28–31 P7 54/3044 3315/194146 1.06 (0.80–1.40)
Botanical 32–36 P8 341/22167 3304/194157 0.91 (0.81–1.02)
Chloroacetanilide 24–27 P6 6/1786 953/196508 0.64 (0.27–1.55)
Chloroacetanilide 28–31 P7 13/3085 904/196557 0.92 (0.52–1.62)
Chloroacetanilide 32–36 P8 83/22425 890/196571 0.83 (0.66–1.05)
Copper compound 20–23 P5 21/494 11732/185729 0.71 (0.45–1.11)
Copper compound 24–27 P6 80/1712 11537/185924 0.80 (0.63–1.00)
Copper compound 28–31 P7 137/2961 11510/185951 0.78 (0.65–0.93)
Copper compound 32–36 P8 1158/21350 11486/185975 0.90 (0.84–0.96)
Cyclohexenone derivative 24–27 P6 6/1786 1357/196104 0.43 (0.18–1.05)
Cyclohexenone derivative 28–31 P7 17/3081 1335/196126 0.83 (0.51–1.36)
Cyclohexenone derivative 32–36 P8 120/22388 1375/196086 0.76 (0.63–0.92)
Diacylhydrazine 20–23 P5 6/509 2801/194660 0.88 (0.39–1.98)
Diacylhydrazine 24–27 P6 22/1770 2906/194555 0.88 (0.57–1.35)
Diacylhydrazine 28–31 P7 47/3051 2901/194560 1.11 (0.83–1.49)
Diacylhydrazine 32–36 P8 357/22151 2907/194554 1.12 (1.00–1.25)
Dicarboximide 20–23 P5 7/508 4047/193414 0.63 (0.28–1.41)
Dicarboximide 24–27 P6 18/1774 4085/193376 0.47 (0.29–0.77)
Dicarboximide 28–31 P7 44/3054 3868/193593 0.77 (0.57–1.04)
Dicarboximide 32–36 P8 316/22192 3825/193636 0.72 (0.63–0.81)
Dithiocarbamate-ETU 20–23 P5 13/502 4509/192952 1.21 (0.70–2.11)
Dithiocarbamate-ETU 24–27 P6 31/1761 4364/193097 0.80 (0.56–1.16)
Dithiocarbamate-ETU 28–31 P7 54/3044 4214/193247 0.85 (0.64–1.12)
Dithiocarbamate-ETU 32–36 P8 387/22121 4290/193171 0.79 (0.71–0.88)
Dithiocarbamate-MITC 24–27 P6 7/1785 1116/196345 0.78 (0.37–1.64)
Dithiocarbamate-MITC 28–31 P7 19/3079 1135/196326 1.18 (0.74–1.88)
Dithiocarbamate-MITC 32–36 P8 109/22399 1142/196319 0.85 (0.69–1.05)
Endothall 32–36 P8 16/22492 226/197235 0.67 (0.40–1.12)
Glyco Ether 32–36 P8 18/22490 205/197256 0.81 (0.50–1.32)
Glycol 20–23 P5 8/507 3276/194185 0.92 (0.44–1.94)
Glycol 24–27 P6 21/1771 3201/194260 0.75 (0.48–1.17)
Glycol 28–31 P7 54/3044 3219/194242 1.16 (0.88–1.52)
Glycol 32–36 P8 210/22298 3308/194153 0.57 (0.50–0.66)
Halogenated organic 24–27 P6 11/1781 2054/195407 0.65 (0.36–1.17)
Halogenated organic 28–31 P7 17/3081 1965/195496 0.58 (0.35–0.94)
Halogenated organic 32–36 P8 158/22350 1939/195522 0.73 (0.61–0.86)
Hydroxybenzonitrile 24–27 P6 7/1785 1186/196275 0.72 (0.34–1.52)
Hydroxybenzonitrile 28–31 P7 11/3087 1210/196251 0.65 (0.36–1.18)
Hydroxybenzonitrile 32–36 P8 116/22392 1117/196344 0.93 (0.76–1.13)
Imidazolinone 28–31 P7 6/3092 606/196855 0.69 (0.31–1.54)
Imidazolinone 32–36 P8 79/22429 664/196797 1.09 (0.86–1.38)
Insect growth regulator (Chitin) 20–23 P5 6/509 1433/196028 1.72 (0.77–3.86)
Insect growth regulator (Chitin) 24–27 P6 5/1787 1444/196017 0.42 (0.17–1.00)
Insect growth regulator (Chitin) 28–31 P7 20/3078 1477/195984 0.85 (0.54–1.36)
Insect growth regulator (Chitin) 32–36 P8 169/22339 1496/195965 1.01 (0.85–1.18)
Monochlorophenoxy acid or ester 24–27 P6 11/1781 1518/195943 0.89 (0.49–1.62)
Monochlorophenoxy acid or ester 28–31 P7 18/3080 1515/195946 0.85 (0.54–1.36)
Monochlorophenoxy acid or ester 32–36 P8 133/22375 1506/195955 0.78 (0.65–0.93)
N-Methyl Carbamate 20–23 P5 8/507 5496/191965 0.58 (0.29–1.17)
N-Methyl Carbamate 24–27 P6 39/1753 5436/192025 0.81 (0.59–1.12)
N-Methyl Carbamate 28–31 P7 80/3018 5428/192033 0.96 (0.76–1.20)
N-Methyl Carbamate 32–36 P8 526/21982 5382/192079 0.87 (0.79–0.95)
Naphthalene acetic acid derivative 32–36 P8 6/22502 45/197416 1.22 (0.52–2.87)
Neonicotinoid 20–23 P5 8/507 5141/192320 0.47 (0.21–1.06)
Neonicotinoid 24–27 P6 36/1756 5197/192264 0.77 (0.55–1.08)
Neonicotinoid 28–31 P7 83/3015 5342/192119 1.05 (0.84–1.32)
Neonicotinoid 32–36 P8 596/21912 5317/192144 1.01 (0.92–1.10)
Organoarsenic 32–36 P8 22/22486 310/197151 0.64 (0.42–0.99)
Organochlorine 24–27 P6 9/1783 1326/196135 0.80 (0.42–1.55)
Organochlorine 28–31 P7 18/3080 1310/196151 0.92 (0.58–1.47)
Organochlorine 32–36 P8 108/22400 1309/196152 0.74 (0.61–0.90)
Organophosphate 20–23 P5 41/474 16712/180749 0.91 (0.65–1.28)
Organophosphate 24–27 P6 123/1669 16763/180698 0.86 (0.71–1.03)
Organophosphate 28–31 P7 217/2881 16993/180468 0.86 (0.75–0.99)
Organophosphate 32–36 P8 1622/20886 17033/180428 0.85 (0.80–0.89)
Petroleum derivative-Aromatic 20–23 P5 31/484 11522/185939 1.02 (0.70–1.50)
Petroleum derivative-Aromatic 24–27 P6 84/1708 11398/186063 0.87 (0.70–1.08)
Petroleum derivative-Aromatic 28–31 P7 148/2950 11373/186088 0.90 (0.76–1.06)
Petroleum derivative-Aromatic 32–36 P8 1073/21435 11470/185991 0.83 (0.78–0.89)
Phosphine 24–27 P6 5/1787 997/196464 0.64 (0.26–1.53)
Phosphine 28–31 P7 8/3090 986/196475 0.51 (0.24–1.08)
Phosphine 32–36 P8 87/22421 974/196487 0.82 (0.66–1.03)
Phosphonoglycine 20–23 P5 53/462 25745/171716 0.79 (0.59–1.06)
Phosphonoglycine 24–27 P6 158/1634 25816/171645 0.68 (0.58–0.81)
Phosphonoglycine 28–31 P7 309/2789 25733/171728 0.78 (0.69–0.88)
Phosphonoglycine 32–36 P8 2612/19896 25416/172045 0.91 (0.87–0.95)
Piperonyl 32–36 P8 48/22460 465/196996 0.94 (0.69–1.28)
Polyalkyloxy Compound 20–23 P5 31/484 12148/185313 1.05 (0.73–1.53)
Polyalkyloxy Compound 24–27 P6 72/1720 11826/185635 0.68 (0.54–0.87)
Polyalkyloxy Compound 28–31 P7 154/2944 11677/185784 0.86 (0.73–1.02)
Polyalkyloxy Compound 32–36 P8 840/21668 11641/185820 0.64 (0.59–0.69)
Pyrethroid 20–23 P5 27/488 12509/184952 0.79 (0.52–1.19)
Pyrethroid 24–27 P6 91/1701 12452/185009 0.83 (0.66–1.03)
Pyrethroid 28–31 P7 161/2937 12582/184879 0.88 (0.75–1.03)
Pyrethroid 32–36 P8 1295/21213 12541/184920 0.91 (0.86–0.97)
Pyridazinone 20–23 P5 7/508 2053/195408 1.44 (0.68–3.05)
Pyridazinone 24–27 P6 6/1786 1994/195467 0.36 (0.16–0.81)
Pyridazinone 28–31 P7 22/3076 2012/195449 0.74 (0.48–1.14)
Pyridazinone 32–36 P8 148/22360 2029/195432 0.66 (0.56–0.78)
Quaternary Ammonium Compound 24–27 P6 13/1779 1522/195939 0.93 (0.53–1.65)
Quaternary Ammonium Compound 28–31 P7 22/3076 1560/195901 0.94 (0.62–1.44)
Quaternary Ammonium Compound 32–36 P8 164/22344 1570/195891 0.92 (0.78–1.08)
Silicone 20–23 P5 13/502 4358/193103 1.28 (0.74–2.23)
Silicone 24–27 P6 34/1758 4322/193139 0.88 (0.62–1.25)
Silicone 28–31 P7 61/3037 4297/193164 0.92 (0.71–1.20)
Silicone 32–36 P8 305/22203 4358/193103 0.62 (0.55–0.70)
Spinosyn 20–23 P5 8/507 4160/193301 0.78 (0.39–1.58)
Spinosyn 24–27 P6 44/1748 4304/193157 1.13 (0.83–1.55)
Spinosyn 28–31 P7 63/3035 4307/193154 1.01 (0.78–1.30)
Spinosyn 32–36 P8 503/22005 4287/193174 1.05 (0.95–1.15)
Streptomycin 32–36 P8 36/22472 473/196988 0.69 (0.49–0.98)
Strobin 20–23 P5 13/502 6184/191277 0.81 (0.46–1.44)
Strobin 24–27 P6 48/1744 6165/191296 0.86 (0.64–1.16)
Strobin 28–31 P7 90/3008 6140/191321 1.00 (0.80–1.24)
Strobin 32–36 P8 617/21891 6117/191344 0.89 (0.82–0.98)
Sulfonylurea 20–23 P5 5/510 1365/196096 1.59 (0.66–3.85)
Sulfonylurea 24–27 P6 7/1785 1468/195993 0.58 (0.27–1.21)
Sulfonylurea 28–31 P7 21/3077 1363/196098 1.07 (0.70–1.66)
Sulfonylurea 32–36 P8 145/22363 1346/196115 0.96 (0.80–1.14)
Thiocarbamate 24–27 P6 5/1787 756/196705 0.82 (0.34–1.97)
Thiocarbamate 28–31 P7 15/3083 761/196700 1.36 (0.80–2.30)
Thiocarbamate 32–36 P8 55/22453 776/196685 0.66 (0.50–0.87)
Thiophanate, benzimidazole precursor 28–31 P7 5/3093 761/196700 0.48 (0.20–1.15)
Thiophanate, benzimidazole precursor 32–36 P8 61/22447 783/196678 0.70 (0.53–0.91)
Thiophthalimide 28–31 P7 12/3086 1259/196202 0.69 (0.39–1.22)
Thiophthalimide 32–36 P8 100/22408 1203/196258 0.76 (0.62–0.94)
Triazine 20–23 P5 12/503 6948/190513 0.73 (0.41–1.29)
Triazine 24–27 P6 38/1754 6676/190785 0.65 (0.47–0.91)
Triazine 28–31 P7 87/3011 6831/190630 0.87 (0.70–1.08)
Triazine 32–36 P8 632/21876 6626/190835 0.86 (0.79–0.93)
Urea 20–23 P5 8/507 5284/192177 0.61 (0.31–1.24)
Urea 24–27 P6 31/1761 5243/192218 0.66 (0.46–0.96)
Urea 28–31 P7 71/3027 5201/192260 0.92 (0.72–1.17)
Urea 32–36 P8 507/22001 5139/192322 0.88 (0.80–0.96)
Xylylalanine 24–27 P6 10/1782 1664/195797 0.74 (0.40–1.38)
Xylylalanine 28–31 P7 26/3072 1597/195864 1.01 (0.67–1.54)
Xylylalanine 32–36 P8 147/22361 1591/195870 0.81 (0.68–0.97)
Zinc,inorganic 24–27 P6 6/1786 984/196477 0.74 (0.33–1.65)
Zinc,inorganic 28–31 P7 8/3090 981/196480 0.43 (0.19–0.97)
Zinc,inorganic 32–36 P8 80/22428 971/196490 0.75 (0.60–0.95)
a

B1=month before conception, P1–P8=each successive month from first to ninth month of pregnancy.

b

Odds ratio adjusted for maternal age (years), race/ethnicity(non-Hispanic white, U.S.-born Hispanic, foreign-born Hispanic, other), education (less than high school, high school, more than high school), parity (1 or ≥2), prenatal care initiated by fifth month (yes vs no), payer source for care (Medi-Cal, private, or other).