Abstract
Objective
This population-based cohort study investigated the risk of developing peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) in patients with Bell’s palsy.
Methods
We used longitudinal claims data of health insurance of Taiwan to identify 5,152 patients with Bell’s palsy newly diagnosed in 2000–2010 and a control cohort of 20,608 patients without Bell’s palsy matched by propensity score. Incidence and hazard ratio (HR) of PAOD were assessed by the end of 2013.
Results
The incidence of PAOD was approximately 1.5 times greater in the Bell’s palsy group than in the non-Bell’s palsy controls (7.75 vs. 4.99 per 1000 person-years). The Cox proportional hazards regression analysis measured adjusted HR was 1.54 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.35–1.76) for the Bell’s palsy group compared to the non-Bell’s palsy group, after adjusting for sex, age, occupation, income and comorbidities. Men were at higher risk of PAOD than women in the Bell’s palsy group, but not in the controls. The incidence of PAOD increased with age in both groups, but the Bell’s palsy group to control group HR of PAOD decreased as age increased. The systemic steroid treatment reduced 13% of PAOD hazard for Bell’s palsy patients, compared to those without the treatment, but not significant.
Conclusions
Bell’s palsy appears to be associated with an increased risk of developing PAOD. Further pathophysiologic, histopathology and immunologic research is required to explore the underlying biologic mechanism.
Introduction
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) is a circulation disease caused by atherosclerosis of peripheral vessels. It features with pain, pale, paresthesia and pulseless of limbs. The prevalence of PAOD ranges from 3.9%-26.2% among worldwide population.[1, 2] The increased risk of the disease has been associated with male gender, older age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia.[1, 3, 4] PAOD has attracted attentions recently for predicting morbidity of and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. A Californian study found a 2.8-fold increased mortality risk from cardiovascular diseases for patients with peripheral arterial disease after being tracked for 3 years.[5]
Bell’s palsy features with a sudden onset of unilateral facial paresis or paralysis. The symptom is caused by the inflammatory facial nerve, resulting from compression of the narrowest portion of the fallopian canal [6, 7]. The etiology is still unclear but viral and immunological hypothesis have been postulated to explain the potential pathophysiological mechanism. Latent virus reactivation from the geniculate ganglion may cause inflammation.[8] The most convincing evidence of pathogens is herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which has been detected in endoneurial fluid of facial nerve in patients with Bell’s palsy [9, 10], followed by varicella-zoster virus (VZV) as the second common pathogen[11, 12]. Other pathogens such as CMV, EBV, mumps and rubella have been reported as well.[8] Bell’s palsy is more common between the ages of 15 to 45 years, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 60. [12, 13] It’s more prevalent in patients with diabetes and pregnant women.[14] It is important clinically to distinguish the disorder from stroke. Bell’s palsy is regarded as a benign disease with up to 70% of patients recovered completely, although about 30% of patients with the neurological sequelae remained.[14]
A recent study reported that patients with Bell’s palsy had a 2-fold increased risk of stroke.[15] To explore whether Bell’s palsy plays a pathologic role in other cardiovascular diseases, this study used claims data of the National Health Insurance (NHI) program of Taiwan to investigate the risk of developing PAOD in patients with and without Bell’s palsy.
Materials and methods
Data sources
The insurance program of Taiwan is a universal insurance program, reformed from all 13 insurance systems in 1995, providing comprehensive coverage for 99% of all residents. This study used the longitudinal health insurance database (LHID 2000), consisting of claims data of 1,000,000 insured individuals randomly selected from all 23 million insured population. Information on demographic data, inpatient and outpatient cares, date of clinic visit or hospitalization and prescriptions were available in the database for the period from 1996 to 2013. Diagnoses were coded in the format of the International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). The authority had replaced the original identification numbers with surrogate numbers before the data were released to protect the people privacy. Our research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of China Medical University and Hospital (CMUH104-REC2-115).
Study population
From the LHID 2000 medical claims, we identified patients with Bell’s palsy (ICD-9-CM 351.0x), aged 20 years and older without the history of PAOD, newly diagnosed in 2000–2010, and included them in the Bell’s palsy group. The date with Bell’s palsy diagnosed was defined as the index date. Only patients who received systemic steroid treatment within 10 days after the date with Bell’s palsy diagnosed using anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) code (H02AB) were included in the present study. A non-Bell’s palsy controls were also selected from population without Bell’s palsy and PAOD, matched by propensity score to balance the two groups to augment their comparability.[16] We estimated the propensity score for every person using multivariate logistic regression, with Bell’s palsy as the dependent variable. We incorporated sex, age, year of index date, and comorbidities of diabetes mellitus (DM, ICD-9-CM 250), dyslipidemia (ICD-9-CM 272), hypertension (ICD-9-CM 401–405), CAD (ICD-9-CM 410–414), heart failure (ICD-9-CM 428), stroke (ICD-9-CM 430–438), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; ICD-9-CM 492, 494, and 496), and asthma (ICD-9-CM 493), and herpes simplex virus (HSV; ICD-9-CM 054) into analysis as independent variables (all baseline characteristics). For each patient with Bell’s palsy, we chose 4 persons without Bell’s palsy with nearest propensity score by greedy algorithm. The index date of patient with Bell’s palsy was assigned for the matched cases. We also considered occupation status (white collar, blue collar and other) and income (<15000, 15000–30000, and >30000) for social economic status.
Our primary outcome was PAOD (ICD-9-CM 440.2, 440.3, 440.8, 440.9, 443, 444.22, 444.8, 447.8, and 447.9). Both Bell’s palsy and control groups were followed from the index date until they had the diagnosis of PAOD, or were censored for deaths or withdrawal from the insurance system, or the end of 2013.
Statistics
The distribution of categorical variables (such as sex, age group, occupation, income, and history of comorbidity) were compared between Bell’s palsy and non-Bell’s palsy groups by the Chi-square test. The Student’s t-test was used to compare mean ages between the 2 cohorts. The incidence density rates of PAOD (per 1,000 person-years) were calculated for the Bell’s palsy and non-Bell’s palsy groups by potential risk factors, such as sex and age (20–44, 45–64, and ≥65 years old), and comorbidity (no/yes). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw cumulative incidence curves of PAOD for both groups and the curves were examined using log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess hazard ratios (HRs) of PAOD for Bell’s palsy patients compared to the non-Bell’s palsy group by PAOD-associated factors. The multivariate model included variable of sex, age, occupation, income, and comorbidities (DM, dyslipidemia, hypertension, CAD, heart failure, stroke, COPD, asthma, and HSV). HRs of PAOD were evaluated by sex, age group, and comorbidity. We further evaluated whether the systemic steroid treatment could reduce the development of PAOD for Bell’s palsy patients.
We deemed a two-tailed p value less than 0·05 significant. SAS 9.4 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) was performed data management and statistical analysis.
Results
Demographic characteristics
After matching participants in a 1:4 ratio by the propensity score, 5152 patients with Bell’s palsy and 20608 individuals without Bell’s palsy were included. Table 1 shows the study groups with and without Bell’s palsy were similar with respect to sex, age and all comorbidities. Patients with Bell’s palsy were more prevalent with white-collar and blue collar occupations and had higher income.
Table 1. Baseline demographic factors and comorbidity compared between Bell’s palsy group and non- Bell’s palsy group.
| Bell’s palsy | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||||
| (N = 20608) | (N = 5152) | ||||
| Characteristics | n | % | n | % | p-value |
| Sex | 0.93 | ||||
| Women | 10010 | 48.6 | 2499 | 48.5 | |
| Men | 10598 | 51.4 | 2653 | 51.5 | |
| Age, years | 0.99 | ||||
| 20–44 | 8122 | 39.4 | 2037 | 39.5 | |
| 45–64 | 8091 | 39.3 | 2020 | 39.2 | |
| ≥ 65 | 4395 | 21.3 | 1095 | 21.3 | |
| Mean (SD) | 49.9 | (17.0) | 50.1 | (16.4) | 0.39 |
| Occupation | 0.03 | ||||
| White collar | 10698 | 51.9 | 2700 | 52.4 | |
| Blue collar | 7917 | 38.4 | 2016 | 39.1 | |
| Other | 1993 | 9.67 | 436 | 8.46 | |
| Income | 0.005 | ||||
| <15000 | 7443 | 36.1 | 1738 | 33.7 | |
| 15000–30000 | 9670 | 46.9 | 2526 | 49.0 | |
| >30000 | 3495 | 17.0 | 888 | 17.2 | |
| Comorbidity | |||||
| Diabetes | 3607 | 17.5 | 903 | 17.5 | 0.98 |
| Dyslipidemia | 5823 | 28.3 | 1460 | 28.3 | 0.92 |
| Hypertension | 7695 | 37.3 | 1917 | 37.2 | 0.87 |
| CAD | 3890 | 18.9 | 981 | 19.0 | 0.80 |
| Heart failure | 536 | 2.60 | 153 | 2.97 | 0.16 |
| Stroke | 893 | 4.33 | 238 | 4.62 | 0.39 |
| COPD | 2580 | 12.5 | 653 | 12.7 | 0.78 |
| Asthma | 1673 | 8.12 | 425 | 8.25 | 0.78 |
| HSV | 411 | 1.99 | 111 | 2.15 | 0.50 |
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HSV, herpes simplex virus.
Risk of developing PAOD
During the mean follow-up period of 7.66 years, there were 303 patients diagnosed with PAOD in the Bell’s palsy group, with an incidence density rate of 7.75 per 1000 person-years, and 790 patients diagnosed with PAOD in the non-Bell’s palsy group, with an incidence density rate of 4.99 per 1000 person-years. Cumulative incidence curves of PAOD in patients with and without Bell’s palsy were shown in Fig 1. We found the cumulative incidence of PAOD was 2.8% higher in patients with Bell’s palsy than in subjects without Bell’s palsy (log-rank test, p < 0.001). After adjusting for sex, age, occupation, income, and comorbidity, Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that the Bell’s palsy group had an adjusted HR of 1.54 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.35–1.76) developing PAOD, compared to the non-Bell’s palsy group (Table 2). The incidence in the Bell’s palsy group was higher in men than in women, and the adjusted HR was greater for men than for women, compared with controls. The incidence increased with age, but the relative adjusted HR decreased with age. Comorbidity increased the risk of PAOD. For population without comorbidity, the Bell’s palsy group to the control group adjusted HR was 2.29 (95% CI = 1.67–3.16). Table 3 shows the incidence of PAOD was the highest in patients with comorbid heart failure based on the data by pooling both cohorts. However, the adjusted HR was the greatest for Bell’s palsy patients with hypertension.
Fig 1. Cumulative incidence curves of peripheral arterial occlusive disease for groups with and without Bell’s palsy Abbreviation: PAOD, peripheral arterial occlusive disease.
Table 2. Incidence rates and Bell’s palsy group to controls hazard ratios of peripheral arterial occlusive disease measured by sex, age, and comorbidity.
| Without Bell’s palsy | With Bell’s palsy | HR (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Event no. | Person-years | IR | Event no. | Person-years | IR | Crude | Adjusted ‡ |
| Overall | 790 | 158254 | 4.99 | 303 | 39102 | 7.75 | 1.55 (1.36–1.77) | 1.54 (1.35–1.76) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Women | 422 | 77639 | 5.44 | 143 | 19173 | 7.46 | 1.37 (1.13–1.66) | 1.36 (1.12–1.64) |
| Men | 368 | 80615 | 4.56 | 160 | 19928 | 8.03 | 1.75 (1.46–2.11) | 1.74 (1.45–2.10) |
| Age, years | ||||||||
| 20–44 | 74 | 67077 | 1.10 | 39 | 16748 | 2.33 | 2.13 (1.44–3.14) | 2.10 (1.42–3.10) |
| 45–64 | 342 | 62979 | 5.43 | 149 | 15210 | 9.80 | 1.80 (1.48–2.18) | 1.79 (1.48–2.17) |
| ≥ 65 | 374 | 28198 | 13.3 | 115 | 7144 | 16.1 | 1.21 (0.98–1.50) | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) |
| Comorbidity status † | ||||||||
| No | 106 | 78064 | 1.36 | 59 | 19207 | 3.07 | 2.31 (1.68–3.18) | 2.29 (1.67–3.16) |
| Yes | 684 | 80190 | 8.53 | 244 | 19894 | 12.3 | 1.43 (1.24–1.66) | 1.43 (1.24–1.66) |
Abbreviation: IR, incidence density rate, per 1,000 person-years; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
† Patients with any one of diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, heart failure, stroke, COPD, asthma, and HSV were classified as the comorbidity group.
‡ Model mutually adjusting for sex, age (continuous), occupation, income, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, CAD, heart failure, stroke, COPD, asthma, and HSV.
Table 3. Cox model measured hazard ratios and 95% confidence interval of peripheral arterial occlusive disease by comorbidity.
| Variable | Event no. | Person-years | IR | HR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusted † | ||||
| Comorbidity | |||||
| DM | |||||
| No | 714 | 167092 | 4.27 | ref | ref |
| Yes | 379 | 30263 | 12.5 | 2.90 (2.56–3.29) | 1.34 (1.17–1.54) |
| Dyslipidemia | |||||
| No | 558 | 146898 | 3.80 | ref | ref |
| Yes | 535 | 50458 | 10.6 | 2.77 (2.46–3.12) | 1.26 (1.10–1.44) |
| Hypertension | |||||
| No | 331 | 130082 | 2.54 | ref | ref |
| Yes | 762 | 67274 | 11.3 | 4.42 (3.89–5.03) | 1.73 (1.47–2.04) |
| CAD | |||||
| No | 636 | 164806 | 3.86 | ref | ref |
| Yes | 457 | 32549 | 14.0 | 3.61 (3.20–4.07) | 1.48 (1.29–1.70) |
| Heart failure | |||||
| No | 1033 | 193781 | 5.33 | ref | ref |
| Yes | 60 | 3574 | 17.0 | 3.04 (2.34–3.95) | 0.95 (0.72–1.25) |
| Stroke | |||||
| No | 1013 | 190701 | 5.31 | ref | ref |
| Yes | 80 | 9954 | 12.0 | 2.22 (1.76–2.78) | 0.90 (0.71–1.14) |
| COPD | |||||
| No | 856 | 176766 | 4.84 | ref | ref |
| Yes | 237 | 20589 | 11.5 | 2.34 (2.03–2.71) | 1.06 (0.91–1.25) |
| Asthma | |||||
| No | 955 | 183875 | 5.19 | ref | ref |
| Yes | 138 | 13480 | 10.2 | 1.93 (1.62–2.32) | 1.08 (0.89–1.31) |
| HSV | |||||
| No | 1071 | 193954 | 5.52 | ref | ref |
| Yes | 22 | 3401 | 6.47 | 1.15 (0.75–1.76) | 1.22 (0.80–1.57) |
Abbreviation: IR, incidence density rate, per 1,000 person-years; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HSV, herpes simplex virus.
† Model including Bell’s palsy, sex, age (continuous), occupation, income, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, CAD, heart failure, stroke, COPD, asthma, and HSV.
Further data analysis evaluating treatment effectiveness of systemic steroid showed that the non-users were at 1.4-fold greater PAOD risk than users (9.45 vs. 6.81 per per 1000 person-years) (Table 4). Bell’s palsy patients with systemic steroid treatment had the adjusted HR reduced to 0.87 (95% CI = 0.69–1.09), compared with non-users.
Table 4. Incidence rates and Cox method estimated hazard ratios of peripheral arterial occlusive disease by steroid therapy for Bell’s palsy.
| N | Event no. | Person-years | IR | HR (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusted‡ | |||||||
| Without Bell’s palsy | 20608 | 790 | 158254 | 4.99 | ref | ref | ||
| With Bell’s palsy | ||||||||
| Systemic steroid non-users | 1844 | 131 | 13857 | 9.45 | 1.89 (1.57–2.27) | ref | 1.63 (1.35–1.96) | ref |
| Systemic steroid† users | 3308 | 172 | 25245 | 6.81 | 1.36 (1.15–1.61) | 0.72 (0.58–0.91) | 1.48 (1.26–1.75) | 0.87 (0.69–1.09) |
Abbreviation: IR, incidence density rate, per 1,000 person-years; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
† Systemic steroid including oral steroid and IV steroid
‡ Model adjusting for sex, age (continuous), occupation, income, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, CAD, heart failure, stroke, COPD, asthma, and HSV.
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first retrospective cohort study using population data to investigate the risk of developing PAOD following the Bell’s palsy occurrence. We demonstrated a 54% increased hazard of subsequent PAOD in Bell’s palsy cohort compared with controls. Besides, the effect is more prominent in young patients and patients without comorbidity.
Several studies have investigated mechanisms to explain the association between PAOD and Bell’s palsy. Bell’s palsy is acknowledged widely as reactivation of latency virus of geniculate ganglion, with HSV-1 and VZV are known more common pathogens [11, 17]. Virus infection could lead to inflammation and subsequently result in atherosclerosis [18]. Animal study have linked Marek’s disease and herpesvirus to atherosclerosis in both hypercholeterolemic and normocholeterolemic chickens.[19] In situ hybridization of human aortic wall, herpesvirus (included HSV-1, EBV, and CMV) was found to be associated with atherosclerotic plaque.[20] Through pathophysiologic studies by the artery biopsy of human, HSV was found in patients with an early atherosclerotic lesion[18, 21] and in patients prevalent with temporal arteritis.[22] Furthermore, pathologic and virological evidence show that VZV DNA and antigen are compatible with ischemia and infarction in stroke cases.[23] The immunohistochemistry evidence shows that VZV can emerge in vascular adventitia early and in media and intimal later. Thus, the latent virus spreads transaxonally from ganglion to arteries, leading to the development of arteriosclerosis.[24] Epidemiologic studies have shown dose-response relationships between seropositive infections, including HSV-1 (primarily IgG), and progression of atherosclerosis and CAD.[18, 25, 26] Furthermore, in a population-based study, Lee et al. found an increased risk of stroke in patients with Bell’s palsy during a 3-year follow-up period.[15]
However, the diagnosis accuracy is a common concern of using medical registry database, especially for Bell’s palsy and stroke because the sudden onset of unilateral facial palsy of both disorders may receive more attention from physicians. In this aspect, our study outcome of increased risk of PAOD in Bell’s palsy cohort supported that Bell’s palsy played the pathologic role in cardiovascular disease risk and contained vascular risk components in this idiopathic neurologic inflammation disease.
Our study showed that the PAOD risk in patients with Bell’s palsy increased for those with older ages, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Our findings are compatible with previous study.[1, 3, 4, 27] In considering of gender, men are generally considered at a higher risk than women for PAOD.[3] However, recent epidemiologic studies showed conflicting results.[28, 29] A life line screening program enrolled about 200,000 citizens in the US showed that women were more prevalent with peripheral artery disease than men, but the conventional CVD risk could not explain this gender difference.[27] A systemic review based on 34 studies showed that the prevalence of PAOD is higher in women than in men in low- and middle- income countries, but no significant difference between women and men in high income countries.[30] Our study findings in gender difference showed that the incident PAOD was slightly higher in men than in women in the Bell’s palsy group, which is compatible with findings in high income countries. However, the incident PAOD was lower in men than in women in the non-Bell’s palsy group. Therefore, the Bell’s palsy group to the non-Bell’s palsy group HR was greater for men than for women.
It is interesting to note that the incidence of PAOD increased with age in both cohorts with and without Bell’s palsy. But, the Bell’s palsy group to non-Bell’s palsy group HR was greater in younger than in the elderly, indicating the impact of Bell’s palsy is relatively greater for younger Bell’s palsy patients. On the other hand, the corresponding relative adjusted HR for the elderly was 1.21 (95% CI = 0.98–1.49). Our data analysis by comorbidity showed that patients with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes have increased PAOD risk in both Bell’s palsy and control cohorts. Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes were more prevalent in the elderly in both cohorts. This is why the relative adjusted HR for the elderly was lower than that for the younger. The effect of Bell’s palsy is particularly prominent in the youngest subgroup and the subgroup without comorbidity. These findings support that Bell’s palsy is an independent risk factor for PAOD.
It is important to note the treatment effectiveness of systemic steroid treatment for Bell’s palsy patients. A recent study found a beneficial effect for Bell’s palsy patients in reducing stroke risk.15 Our further data analysis compared the PAOD risk between Bell’s palsy patients with and without systemic steroid treatment. Results showed that Bell’s palsy patients with and without systemic steroid treatment consistently had a significantly higher risk of PAOD than in subjects without Bell’s palsy. Our result also revealed that the systemic steroid treatment had a moderate effect in reducing the risk of the long term PAOD risk for patient with Bell’s palsy, but not significant. In an earlier study, Gilden reported that Bell’s palsy treatment only supported a short course of prednisone medication within 2 to 14 days after the onset of symptoms.[10] A short course of steroid medication might not able to alter virus vasculopathy or systemic inflammation condition in the long term follow-up. Our study highlights clinicians to remind the risk of PAOD in patients with Bell’s palsy. Further evaluation on preventive medication as anti-plate agents, antiviral medication, or even long-term steroid treatment is warranted.
Our study had some potential limitations. First, diagnosis accuracy was always concerned in using medical registry database. However, in addition to verification coding by licensed medical record technician after physician competing discharge chart, routine sampling of charts to cross-over exam by specialists at the NHI Bureau to ensure the validity and accuracy of disease coding. Second, there’s some meaningful information not available in NHIRD, such as smoking, daily activity and obesity. However, we minimized the effect of these confounding factors using COPD, CAD and stroke as proxy in the data analysis. Third, information on histopathology of diseases is unavailable in the claims data, the histopathology relationship could not confirmed between Bell's palsy and PAOD. Finally, the patient with asymptomatic PAOD may not seek medical assistance and may not identified in our study. Therefore, it led to underestimate incidence of PAOD in both Bell’s palsy and control cohorts. Despite these limitations, our nationwide population-based study using information from the compulsory health insurance database over a 14-year period provided a sufficient sample size to investigate the association between Bell’s palsy and PAOD risk.
Conclusion
The findings from this large-scale follow-up study could conclude that Bell’s palsy was associated with 49% increased risk of developing PAOD. Low-dose maintenance systemic steroid therapy for a longer period would be an option to reduce the risk and deserve study. Further research focused on pathophysiologic, histopathology and immunologic issues is also warranted to clarify the underlying biologic mechanism.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. Jih-I Yeh, Dr. Shinn-Zong Lin, and Professor Jon-Son Kuo for their feedback regarding the manuscript drafts. This study is supported in part by Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial and Research Center of Excellence (MOHW106-TDU-B-212-113004), China Medical University Hospital, Academia Sinica Taiwan Biobank Stroke Biosignature Project (BM10501010037), NRPB Stroke Clinical Trial Consortium (MOST 105-2325-B-039-003), Tseng-Lien Lin Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan Brain Disease Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan, and Katsuzo and Kiyo Aoshima Memorial Funds, Japan.
Data Availability
Data are available from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) published by Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) Bureau. The data utilized in this study cannot be made available in the manuscript, the supplemental files, or in a public repository due to the “Personal Information Protection Act” executed by Taiwan’s government, starting from 2012. Requests for data can be sent as a formal proposal to the NHIRD (http://nhird.nhri.org.tw) or by email to nhird@nhri.org.tw.
Funding Statement
Financial Disclosure This study is supported in part by Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial and Research Center of Excellence (MOHW106-TDU-B-212-113004), China Medical University Hospital, Academia Sinica Taiwan Biobank Stroke Biosignature Project (BM10501010037), NRPB Stroke Clinical Trial Consortium (MOST 105-2325-B-039-003), Tseng-Lien Lin Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan Brain Disease Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan, and Katsuzo and Kiyo Aoshima Memorial Funds, Japan.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
Data are available from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) published by Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) Bureau. The data utilized in this study cannot be made available in the manuscript, the supplemental files, or in a public repository due to the “Personal Information Protection Act” executed by Taiwan’s government, starting from 2012. Requests for data can be sent as a formal proposal to the NHIRD (http://nhird.nhri.org.tw) or by email to nhird@nhri.org.tw.