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. 2017 Dec 8;19:272. doi: 10.1186/s13075-017-1481-z

Angiogenesis and VEGF-expressing cells are identified predominantly in the fascia rather than in the muscle during the early phase of dermatomyositis

Ken Yoshida 1,✉, Haruyasu Ito 1, Kazuhiro Furuya 1, Taro Ukichi 1, Kentaro Noda 1, Daitaro Kurosaka 1
PMCID: PMC5721588  PMID: 29216907

Abstract

Background

We previously demonstrated that fasciitis is a common lesion in dermatomyositis (DM) and that DM-associated fasciitis is detectable, as the result of the increased vascularity in the fascia, by power Doppler ultrasonography. We aimed to investigate whether angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-expressing cells in the fascia are histologically demonstrated during the early phase of DM, and whether inflammation is involved in angiogenesis and an increased number of VEGF-expressing cells.

Methods

We prospectively evaluated 22 patients with DM and 11 patients with polymyositis (PM). Immunohistochemical staining for CD31, VEGF, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were performed on paraffin-embedded sections. The total vascular inflammation score (TVIS), angiogenesis score (AS), and numbers of VEGF-expressing and TNF-α-expressing cells were analyzed in the fascia and muscle.

Results

Significant fasciitis was detected in most of the patients DM with or without myositis-specific/associated antibodies, while mild fasciitis was detected in four patients with PM, two of whom were positive for anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (anti-ARS) antibodies. The AS and the number of VEGF-expressing cells in the fascia of patients with DM were significantly greater than those of patients with PM; no significant difference was observed in muscle in patients with DM and PM. The number of VEGF-expressing cells in the fascia correlated with the AS of DM patients. In early-phase DM, the AS, the number of VEGF-expressing cells, and the TVIS in the fascia were significantly higher than in muscle. However, no significant differences were observed in these scores excluding the TVIS between muscle and the fascia in late-phase DM. In DM patients, the TVIS correlated with the AS in the fascia, while the number of TNF-α-expressing cells correlated with the TVIS and the number of VEGF-expressing cells in the fascia.

Conclusion

Angiogenesis, the number of VEGF-expressing cells, and the degree of inflammation were higher in the fascia in DM than in PM, and were increased predominantly in the fascia rather than in the muscle in early-phase DM. The degree of inflammation correlated with that of angiogenesis in the fascia of DM. The fascia can therefore be a primary site of inflammation and angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of DM.

Keywords: Angiogenesis, Vascular endothelial growth factor, Fasciitis, Fascia, Muscle, Dermatomyositis, Polymyositis, Tumor necrosis factor-α

Background

Dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM) are characterized by idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) with and without characteristic cutaneous findings, respectively [1]. Both are heterogeneous autoimmune disorders, the pathogeneses of which remain unclear. The perivascular areas and the interfascicular septa in the muscle are typically considered to be the primary inflammatory sites in DM, while the endomysium of the muscle fibers within the fascicles are considered to be the primary inflammatory sites in PM [2, 3]. We previously provided histological evidence to show that fasciitis, which is a less frequently occurring and milder complication in PM, is a common lesion in early-phase DM (< 2 months) after the onset of muscle symptoms [4, 5]. Thus, the fascia is a crucial site for the initiation of inflammatory cell infiltration in DM. We recently reported that DM-associated fasciitis is detectable by power Doppler ultrasonography (PDUS) due to the increased vascularity in the fascia in patients with DM [6].

Some researchers have investigated whether the proliferation of capillaries is present in the muscle tissue of patients with IIM [7, 8]. Although the expression of an angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), was increased in muscle in patients with DM and PM in comparison to normal healthy controls, there were no differences between the DM and PM groups in VEGF expression, or among the three groups with regard to the number of capillaries in the muscle [7]. Intensive investigations of muscle tissue were undertaken to elucidate the pathogenesis of IIM; however, the fascia remained largely unexplored in patients with IIM. We therefore focused on the fascia in patients with DM and PM, especially those with DM, and undertook this study to examine whether angiogenesis and the number of VEGF-expressing cells were predominantly detected in the fascia rather than the muscle during the early phase of DM.

Methods

Patients

The study population included 54 patients who were newly diagnosed with definite or probable DM or PM according to the Bohan and Peter criteria, between June 2006 and January 2011 and between October 2013 and June 2015 at the Division of Rheumatology of Jikei University Hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Among these 54 patients, 33 patients pretreatment, consisting of 22 with DM (male, n = 10; female, n = 12; mean age, 55.3 years; range 30–73 years) and 11 with PM (male, n = 5; female, n = 6; mean age, 65.1 years; range 54–84 years), who received en bloc biopsy, were prospectively analyzed in the present study. Among the 22 patients with DM, 13 patients had interstitial lung disease (ILD), 5 patients had cancer, and 8 patients had myositis-specific/associated antibodies such as anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (anti-ARS) antibodies including anti-Jo-1 antibodies, anti-Mi-2 antibodies, anti-MDA-5 antibodies, anti-SRP antibodies, or anti-Ku antibodies. In contrast, among the 11 patients with PM, 3 patients had ILD, 1 patient had cancer, and 4 patients had myositis-specific/associated antibodies. The mean levels of serum creatine kinase (CK) in patients with DM and PM were 1052.1 U/ml (range 35–6530 U/ml) and 1409.9 U/ml (range 156–4304 U/ml), respectively. The disease duration is defined as the period from the onset of muscle symptoms (including muscle pain, weakness, and a stretched feeling) at the site of the en bloc biopsy until biopsy. The mean disease duration in patients with DM and PM was 10 weeks (range 1–52 weeks) and 73.5 weeks (range 5–312 weeks), respectively (Table 1). We previously showed that histological fasciitis was less frequently detected in patients with PM than with DM [4–6]. Thus, in the present study, patients with PM were assigned to a comparison group. None of the PM patients had finger flexion weakness, which is a component in the European Neuromuscular Centre criteria for inclusion body myositis [9]. This study did not include patients who had been receiving immunosuppressive agents or prednisolone (> 10 mg/day) before en bloc muscle biopsy and those who had already gotten general muscle biopsy without the fascia. The study design was approved by the ethics committee of The Jikei University School of Medicine, and informed consent was obtained from all of the patients.

Table 1.

The clinical characteristics of the patients DM (n = 22) and PM (n = 11)

Number Diagnosis ILD Cancer CK Jo1 ARS Othera Fasciitisb Durationc Biopsy site
DM
 1 Definite No Yes 249 N NA NA + 1 week Sartorius
 2 Definite Yes Yes 303 N NA NA +/– 2 weeks Biceps brachii
 3 Definite Yes No 1491 N N Ku + 2 weeks Biceps brachii
 4 Definite Yes No 470 N N MDA5 +/– 2 weeks Deltoid
 5 Probable Yes No 480 N NA NA +/– 3 weeks Deltoid
 6 Definite Yes No 176 N N N +/– 3 weeks Deltoid
 7 Definite Yes No 1823 N N N +/– 4 weeks Biceps brachii
 8 Definite No No 363 N N N + 4 weeks Rectus femoris
 9 Probable Yes No 229 N NA NA + 5 weeks Biceps brachii
 10 Definite Yes No 2833 P P NA + 6 weeks Biceps brachii
 11 Probable Yes No 751 P NA NA + 6 weeks Biceps brachii
 12 Definite No No 77 N NA NA + 7 weeks Biceps brachii
 13 Definite Yes Yes 246 N N N + 2 months Triceps brachii
 14 Definite No No 6530 N N Mi-2 + 2 months Biceps brachii
 15 Definite No No 895 N N Mi-2 + 2 months Biceps brachii
 16 Definite No Yes 246 N NA NA + 3 months Biceps brachii
 17 Definite No Yes 1342 N NA NA + 3 months Deltoid
 18 Probable Yes No 2428 P P N + 4 months Biceps brachii
 19 Definite Yes No 35 N NA NA + 4 months Deltoid
 20 Definite No No 415 N N Mi-2 + 5 months Biceps brachii
 21 Definite Yes No 1683 N P N + 6 months Biceps brachii
 22 Definite No No 82 N N N + 1 year Sartorius
PM
 23 Probable Yes No 615 N N NA +/– 5 weeks Pectoralis major
 24 Probable No No 1387 N N NA – 3 months Vastus medialis
 25 Probable No No 1681 N N NA – 3.5 months Triceps brachii
 26 Probable Yes No 1691 N N SRP – 5 months Semimembranous
 27 Probable No No 4304 N N NA – 6 months Triceps brachii
 28 Probable No No 1323 N N NA – 9 months Biceps brachii
 29 Probable No Yes 2029 N NA NA – 1 year Sartorius
 30 Probable No No 156 N P NA +/– 2 years Vastus lateralis
 31 Definite No No 486 P NA NA – 3 years Vastus medialis
 32 Definite No No 1583 N N N +/– 6 years Vastus lateralis
 33 Probable Yes No 254 N P N +/– NA Semimembranous
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DM dermatomyositis, PM polymyositis, ILD interstitial lung disease, CK creatine kinase, Jo1 anti-Jo-1 antibodies, ARS anti-ARS antibodies including anti-Jo-1 antibodies detected by EUROLINE or MESACUPTM, N negative, P positive, NA not available

aOther myositis-specific/associated antibodies detected by EUROLINE or MESACUPTM (anti-Mi-2, anti-MDA5, anti-SRP, or anti-Ku antibodies), Ku anti-Ku antibodies, MDA5 anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibodies, Mi-2 anti-Mi-2 antibodies, SRP anti-signal recognition particle antibodies

bPlus symbol (+) represents histological significant fasciitis (TVIS ≥ 3), Plus or minus symbol (+/–) represents histological mild fasciitis (0 < TVIS < 3), minus symbol (–) represents no inflammatory cell infiltration in the fascia (TVIS = 0)

cDuration is the period from the onset of muscle symptoms at the site of en bloc biopsy up to the biopsy

En bloc biopsy

For all patients, axial gadolinium-enhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted (Gd-T1W) magnetic resonance (MR) images of the upper arms and femurs were obtained in addition to coronal and axial short tau inversion recovery (STIR) and axial T1-weighted MR images before en bloc biopsy. In en bloc biopsy, after marking the site where the patients were conscious of muscle symptoms (even mild muscle pain, weakness, or a stretched feeling) and/or where magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed abnormal findings, which included high signal intensity on STIR and abnormal enhancement on Gd-T1W as previously described, the skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and muscle were resected to obtain a biopsy specimen of approximately 2 cm in size [4]. The biceps brachii muscle was selected as the first choice of the biopsy site. When muscle symptoms and abnormal MRI findings were not detected in the biceps brachii muscle, the biopsy was performed at another site with muscle symptoms and/or abnormal findings on MRI. When it was difficult to perform en bloc biopsy (e.g. at sites with thick subcutaneous tissue), a myofascial biopsy, in which only the fascia and muscle were resected, was performed.

Immunohistochemical staining and histological analysis

All of the biopsy samples were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. For each biopsy, 3-μm-thick paraffin-embedded sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Elastica van Gieson. The total vascular inflammation score (TVIS) was defined as the total number of aggregates of ≥ 50 perivascular inflammatory cells per 4-mm2 area of the fascia or muscle in the three fields with the most remarkable infiltration of perivascular inflammatory cells to quantify the degree of inflammation, as previously described [4]. In addition, our previous scoring system was modified as follows: the TVIS was defined as 1 if the total number of aggregates of 1–49 perivascular inflammatory cells per 4-mm2 area in three fields was ≥ 2. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on paraffin-embedded sections using mouse anti-human CD31 monoclonal antibodies (Dako, dilution rate 1:500), mouse anti-human VEGF monoclonal antibodies (Millipore, dilution rate 1:500), rabbit anti-human tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) polyclonal antibodies (abcam, dilution rate 1:2500). The angiogenesis score (AS) was defined as the total number of CD31-expressing blood vessels with a recognizable luminal structure in the three high-power fields (× 200) that showed the most remarkable proliferation of the vessels in the fascia or muscle [6]. The numbers of VEGF-expressing and TNF-α-expressing cells were counted in the three high-power fields (× 400) that showed the largest accumulation of these cells in the fascia or muscle. The TVIS, AS, and the numbers of VEGF-expressing and TNF-α-expressing cells were counted by two investigators (KY and HI) who were blinded to the clinical data. These scores in the fascial and muscular areas were counted separately. The mean value of the two measurements was used for the statistical analysis, as previously described [4]. Histologically significant fasciitis was defined as a TVIS ≥3. Mild fasciitis was defined as a TVIS > 0 and < 3.

Statistical analysis

The TVIS was compared between the fascial areas of the DM group and those of the PM group. The AS and number of VEGF-expressing cells in the DM group were compared with the respective scores in the PM group in the fascial and muscular areas. The early and late phases were defined as phases in which en bloc biopsy was performed earlier and later than 2 months after the appearance of muscle symptoms, respectively. The AS, number of VEGF-expressing cells, and TVIS in the fascial area were also compared with the respective scores in the muscular area in the patients with early-phase and late-phase DM. The number of TNF-α-expressing cells was compared between the DM and PM groups. The differences in the scores between two unpaired groups were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, while the differences in the scores between two paired groups were analyzed using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. The correlation between the scores was assessed by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism software program (version 4.0, GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). The results are expressed as the mean ± SEM. P values < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.

Results

Angiogenesis and an increased number of VEGF-expressing cells in the fascia of patients with DM

Angiogenesis and the number of VEGF-expressing cells were separately evaluated in the fascia and the muscle. Elastica van Gieson (data not shown), H&E, and immunohistochemical staining for CD31 showed the abnormal proliferation of capillaries and venules, but not arteries, in the fascia of the DM group, while abnormal proliferation was rarely observed in the fascia of the PM group (Fig. 1a, b, d and e). In the DM group, the proliferation of capillaries and venules was predominantly observed in the fascia rather than the muscle. The AS in the fascia in the DM group (mean ± SEM, 67.9 ± 4.5) was significantly higher compared with that in the PM group (mean ± SEM, 31.5 ± 2.6) (p < 0.0001) (Fig. 2a). Conversely, the AS in the muscle of the DM (mean ± SEM, 51.3 ± 7.0) and PM groups (mean ± SEM, 51.6 ± 5.4) did not differ to a statistically significant extent (p = 0.5286) (Fig. 2b). However, the AS in the muscle of DM patients who had no or mild inflammatory cell infiltration in the muscle (TVIS in the muscle < 3) was lower than that of all 11 patients with PM (data not shown). Immunohistochemical staining showed that VEGF was mainly expressed on inflammatory mononuclear cells and slightly expressed on endothelial cells (Fig. 1c and f). The number of VEGF-expressing cells in the fascia of the DM group (mean ± SEM, 47.7 ± 7.8) was also significantly greater compared with that of the PM group (mean ± SEM, 5.9 ± 1.3) (p < 0.0001); whereas the number of VEGF-expressing cells in the muscle of the DM (mean ± SEM, 24.3 ± 6.7) and PM (mean ± SEM, 17.8 ± 5.9) groups did not differ to a statistically significant extent (p = 0.9088) (Fig. 2c and d). Although the disease duration in the PM group was significantly longer than that in the DM group, the disease duration in the PM group was not correlated with any of the analyzed values (AS, number of VEGF-expression cells, number of TNF-α-expressing cells, or TVIS) (data not shown). These results suggest that the disease duration did not affect any of the score values in this PM group.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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The histological images of fasciitis, CD31-expressing blood vessels and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-expressing cells in the fascia of patients with dermatomyositis (DM) or polymyositis (PM). a Fasciitis in a patient with DM. H&E staining shows massive inflammatory cell infiltration around the small blood vessels and hyperplasia of the fascia (original magnification × 50). b Immunohistochemical staining shows the proliferation of CD31-expressing capillaries and venules (brown) in the fascia of a patient with DM (original magnification × 200). c Immunohistochemical staining shows the accumulation of VEGF-expressing cells (brown) around the blood vessels in the fascia of a patient with DM (original magnification × 400). d No fasciitis is observed in a patient with PM (original magnification × 50). e Immunohistochemical staining for CD31 (brown) shows no angiogenesis in the fascia of a patient with PM (original magnification × 200). f Immunohistochemical staining shows a small number of VEGF-expressing cells (brown) in the fascia of a patient with PM (original magnification × 400)

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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Comparison of the angiogenesis score (AS) and the number of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-expressing cells in the dermatomyositis (DM) group with the respective scores in the polymyositis (PM) group in the fascia and muscle. a The AS in the fascia of patients with DM or PM. b The AS in the muscle of patients with DM or PM. c The number of VEGF-expressing cells in the fascia of patients with DM or PM. d The number of VEGF-expressing cells in the muscle of patients with DM or PM. The results are expressed as the mean ± SEM. P values < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance

Positive correlation between the number of VEGF-expressing cells and angiogenesis in patients with DM

We next investigated the relationship between angiogenesis and one of the factors that most strongly induced angiogenesis (VEGF). VEGF-expressing cells and angiogenesis were primarily found in the fascia of the DM group. The number of VEGF-expressing cells was positively correlated with the AS of the fascia (r = 0.6337, p = 0.0015) and the muscle (r = 0.547, p = 0.0084) in the DM group (Fig. 3a and b). The number of VEGF-expressing cells in the muscle was also positively correlated with the AS in the PM group (data not shown).

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

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The relationships between angiogenesis and the number of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-expressing cells in patients with dermatomyositis (DM). a The positive correlation between the number of VEGF-expressing cells and the angiogenesis score (AS) in the fascia in patients with DM. b The positive correlation between the number of VEGF-expressing cells and the AS in muscle in patients with DM. P values < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance

Angiogenesis, an increased number of VEGF-expressing cells, and inflammation in the fascia in patients with early-phase DM

The AS, number of VEGF-expressing cells, and TVIS in the fascia in the DM group were compared with the respective scores in muscle in the early and the late phases after the onset of muscle symptoms. There were 12 patients with early-phase DM and 10 patients with late-phase DM. In early-phase DM, the AS in the fascia (mean ± SEM, 64.1 ± 7.4) was significantly higher compared with that in muscle (mean ± SEM, 35.9 ± 5.0) (p = 0.0122); in contrast, in late-phase DM, the AS in the fascia (mean ± SEM, 72.6 ± 4.4) and in muscle (mean ± SEM, 69.9 ± 12.0) did not differ to a statistically significant extent (p = 0.625) (Fig. 4a and d). Similarly, in early-phase DM, the number of VEGF-expressing cells in the fascia (mean ± SEM, 41.2 ± 3.2) was significantly greater compared with that in muscle (mean ± SEM, 14.1 ± 4.7) (p = 0.0093). In contrast, in late-phase DM, the number of VEGF-expressing cells in the fascia (mean ± SEM, 55.5 ± 12.9) and in muscle (mean ± SEM, 36.4 ± 12.8) did not differ to a statistically significant extent (p = 0.0645) (Fig. 4b and e). The TVIS in the fascia (mean ± SEM, 4.5 ± 1.1) was significantly higher in early-phase DM than that in muscle (mean ± SEM, 1.2 ± 0.4) (p = 0.0098), and also in late-phase DM, the TVIS in the fascia (mean ± SEM, 6.0 ± 0.8) was significantly higher than that in muscle (mean ± SEM, 4.4 ± 0.5) (p = 0.0195) (Fig. 4c and f).

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

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The comparison of the angiogenesis score (AS), number of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-expressing cells, and total vascular inflammation score (TVIS) in the fascia with the respective scores in muscle during the early and late phases of dermatomyositis (DM). a The AS in the muscle and fascia of patients with early-phase DM. b The number of VEGF-expressing cells in the muscle and fascia in patients with early-phase DM. c The TVIS in the muscle and fascia of patients with early-phase DM. d The AS in the muscle and fascia of patients with late-phase DM. e The number of VEGF-expressing cells in the muscle and fascia of patients with late-phase DM. f The TVIS in the muscle and fascia of patients with late-phase DM. P values < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance

Positive correlation between inflammation and angiogenesis in the fascia of patients with DM

In the following analysis, we examined the relationship between angiogenesis and inflammation, especially the number of TNF-α-expressing cells in the fascia of patients with DM. Histologically significant fasciitis, which was defined by a TVIS ≥3, was detected in 17 of 22 patients with DM and none of the 11 patients with PM. Mild fasciitis, which was defined by a TVIS > 0 and < 3, was detected in 5 of the 22 patients with DM and 4 of the 11 patients with PM (Table 1). Fasciitis, including mild fasciitis, was histologically detected in all patients with or without myositis-specific/associated antibodies in the DM group, while mild fasciitis, which had perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration, was detected in four patients with PM, two of whom had anti-ARS antibodies (Table 1). Fasciitis was not observed in patients with PM in whom inflammatory infiltrates predominantly surrounded the endomysium within the fascicles, and were not present at perivascular sites or in the interfascicular septa. The TVIS in the fascia in the DM group (mean ± SEM, 5.2 ± 0.7) was significantly higher in comparison to the PM group (mean ± SEM, 0.4 ± 0.2) (p < 0.0001) (Fig. 5a). The proliferation of capillaries and venules and hyperplasia of the fascia was predominantly found in the area infiltrated by inflammatory cells (Fig. 1a). In the DM group, the TVIS was correlated with the AS in the fascia (r = 0.6181, p = 0.0022) (Fig. 5b).

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

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The relationship between inflammation and angiogenesis in the fascia in patients with dermatomyositis (DM). a The total vascular inflammation score (TVIS) of the fascia of patients with polymyositis (PM) or DM. b The positive correlation between the TVIS and AS in the fascia in patients with DM. c Immunohistochemical staining of the fascia for TNF-α (brown) in patients with DM or PM (original magnification × 400). d The number of TNF-α-expressing cells in the fascia of patients with PM or DM. e The number of TNF-α-expressing cells in the fascia of patients with DM was positively correlated with the TVIS f The number of TNF-α-expressing cells in the fascia of patients with DM was positively correlated with the number of VEGF-expressing cells. The results are expressed as the mean ± SEM. P values < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance

TNF-α is a proinflammatory cytokine that has been shown to be a pivotal factor early in the inflammatory cascade and to play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammation [10]. It is involved in various rheumatic diseases, including DM. Immunohistochemical staining showed that TNF-α was predominantly expressed on endothelial cells and inflammatory mononuclear cells in the fascia in the DM group (Fig. 5c). The number of TNF-α-expressing cells in the fascia in the DM group (mean ± SEM, 90.1 ± 10) was significantly higher compared with that in the PM group (mean ± SEM, 17.9 ± 2.1) (p < 0.0001) (Fig. 5d), while the number of TNF-α-expressing cells in muscle in the DM and PM groups did not differ to a statistically significant extent (data not shown). In the fascia of the DM group, the number of TNF-α-expressing cells was correlated with the TVIS (r = 0.7069, p = 0.0002) (Fig. 5e) and with the number of VEGF-expressing cells (r = 0.7177, p = 0.0002) (Fig. 5f).

Discussion

We found angiogenesis in the fascia in patients with DM but not in patients with PM. Although some researchers have provided data on the number of blood vessels or neovascularization in the muscle of patients with DM and PM, they did not report the data on the fascia [7, 8, 11]. Grundtman et al. reported that there was no significant difference in the number of CD31-expressing capillaries in muscle among patients with PM and DM and healthy controls. Similarly, in the present study, there was also no significant difference in the number of CD31-expressing vessels in muscle in the DM and PM groups. However, our previous study [6] and our present study showed that the number of CD31-expressing blood vessels in the fascia in patients with DM was significantly greater than in patients with PM, regardless of the number of CD31-expressing blood vessels in muscle. This suggests that the pathogenesis of the fascia differs markedly between DM and PM.

In the present study, immunohistochemical staining showed that the number of VEGF-expressing cells in the fascia in patients with DM was greater compared with that in patients with PM. In contrast, the number of VEGF-expressing cells within muscle in patients in the PM and DM groups did not differ to a statistically significant extent. Grundtman et al. showed that the total protein expression of VEGF in muscle in patients with PM and DM was significantly increased in comparison to healthy control subjects. However, there was no difference in the expression of VEGF within muscle in patients in the PM and DM groups [7]. This finding is in line with our results. VEGF, which is a major mediator of pathological angiogenesis [12], has a predominant role in both tumor-induced and inflammation-induced angiogenesis [13]. In the present study, the number of VEGF-expressing cells in the fascia was positively correlated with the AS, suggesting that VEGF is a principal angiogenic factor in DM-associated fasciitis.

In the early-phase DM, increased AS and number of VEGF-expressing cells were found in the fascia rather than in muscle. Conversely, in the late phase, the AS and the number of VEGF-expressing cells in the fascia and muscle did not differ to a statistically significant extent. We previously showed the possibility that inflammatory cell infiltration progressed from the fascia into muscle in patients with DM [4]. Moreover, PDUS predominantly detected increased blood flow signals in the fascia rather than in muscle [6]. Our data suggest that the angiogenesis induced by VEGF may progress from the fascia into muscle in patients with DM. Any lack of findings of inflammation and angiogenesis histologically detected in the muscle tissue at a site with muscle symptoms, such as myalgia, may be due in part to DM-associated fasciitis in the early phase before the progression of inflammation and angiogenesis to muscle.

We previously showed that DM is frequently associated with fasciitis, whereas no such association is noted with PM [4–6]. In the present study, fasciitis, including mild fasciitis, was detected in all patients with DM regardless of the presence of myositis-specific/associated antibodies, suggesting that fasciitis results from the properties of DM. In contrast, mild fasciitis, which had perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration, was detected in four patients with PM, two of whom were positive for anti-ARS antibodies, but not in patients with PM in whom inflammatory infiltrates predominantly surrounded the endomysium within the fascicles. In general, inflammatory infiltrates are predominantly found at perivascular sites or in the interfascicular septa in DM, while they surround and invade non-necrotic muscle fibers expressing major histocompatibility class I antigens within the fascicles in PM [2, 3]. Noguchi et al. showed that in antisynthetase syndrome, inflammatory infiltrates were present at perimysial sites, normally perivascular sites, but that they did not surround the endomysium or invade into non-necrotic muscle fibers within the fascicles, as typically observed in PM [14]. Their study suggests that the sites of inflammatory cell infiltration in antisynthetase syndrome are similar to those in DM. We therefore believe that fasciitis can be frequently detected in anti-ARS antibody-positive patients without typical skin rash who are diagnosed with PM according to the Bohan and Peter criteria; however, fasciitis is rarely detected in patients who are diagnosed with PM based on the typical histological findings of PM.

In the patients with DM in the present study, angiogenesis was accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration. The TVIS in the fascia in the DM group was significantly greater compared with the PM group, which included a larger number of patients than in our previous report. [4] The degree of inflammation (TVIS) and angiogenesis in the fascia were both significantly increased during early-phase DM compared with those in muscle. Furthermore, there was significant positive correlation between the TVIS and the AS in the fascia in patients with DM. Grundtman et al. also showed that the number of capillaries expressing CD31 in muscle was significantly higher in patients with PM/DM with inflammatory cell infiltrates before treatment than in those without inflammatory cell infiltrates. In chronic inflammatory disorders, hypoxia is associated with the accumulation of inflammatory cells and the overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor, which promotes the transcription of several angiogenic genes, including VEGF, and consequently induces angiogenesis [15–18]. For instance, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, hypoxia mainly occurs due to hyperplasia of the synovial lining and the augmented infiltration of immune cells [19–21]. In our study, the marked proliferation of blood vessels in the fascia and hyperplasia of the fascia were present at the sites of intense inflammatory cell infiltration in patients with DM. Local inflammatory processes are considered a potential source of angiogenesis in DM-associated fasciitis.

TNF-α is generally considered to be a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a principal role in initiating the cascade of activation of other cytokines and growth factors in the inflammatory response. VEGF is produced in response to stimulation by proinflammatory cytokines [22]. Although Kuru et al. and Lundberg et al. previously reported that TNF-α was expressed in muscle in patients both with PM and with DM, the expression levels in patients with PM and DM did not differ to a significant extent [23, 24]. In the present study, the number of TNF-α-expressing cells in the fascia in patients with DM was significantly higher than in patients with PM, whereas the number in muscle in patients with PM and DM did not differ to a statistically significant extent as they previously reported. Furthermore, the number of TNF-α-expressing cells was positively correlated with the TVIS and the number of VEGF-expressing cells in the fascia of patients with DM. TNF-α enhanced the expression of angiogenic ligands, such as VEGF, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and IL-8 [25]. Anti-VEGF antibodies inhibit TNF-α-induced angiogenesis in the rabbit cornea [25]. These reports and our data suggest that TNF-α is a potential angiogenesis factor in the fascia of patients with DM, which increases the expression of VEGF.

With regard to patients with IIM, there are conflicting reports about the responses to TNF-α blocking agents. Datmalchi et al. reported that infliximab treatment was not effective in treating refractory inflammatory myopathies in an open pilot study [26]. Brunasso et al. concluded in their systematic literature review that the use of the TNF-α blocking agents had the potential to trigger the onset of PM, DM, and antisynthetase syndrome in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases [27]. However, several case reports and case series have suggested the beneficial effects of TNF-α blocking agents such as infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab in patients with DM or PM [28–32]. It appears that anti-TNF-α treatment could be of benefit to a subset of patients with IIM, especially those with early-stage DM with interstitial lung disease [30–32]. A further study would be needed to clarify the effects of anti-TNF-α therapy in the different subsets of DM.

The present study had the limitation of having a small study population. A further study of a larger cohort of patients with PM and DM is needed to clarify the findings.

Conclusions

Angiogenesis, an increased number of VEGF-expressing cells, and intense inflammation were demonstrated predominantly in the fascia rather than in muscle in patients with DM during the early phase after the onset of muscle symptoms. The inflammation induced by TNF-α is involved in angiogenesis in the fascia of patients with DM. These data suggest that the fascia can be a primary site of inflammation and angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of DM.

Acknowledgements

We thank the doctors at the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine for their assistance in performing en bloc biopsy and the doctors and staff at the Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine for their assistance with immunohistochemical staining.

Funding

This research was supported by funding from The Jikei University School of Medicine.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ARS

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

AS

Angiogenesis score

CK

Creatine kinase

DM

Dermatomyositis

Gd-T1W

Gadolinium-enhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted

H&E

Hematoxylin and eosin

IIM

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

IL

Interleukin

ILD

Interstitial lung disease

MDA5

Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5

MR

Magnetic resonance

PDUS

Power Doppler ultrasonography

PM

Polymyositis

SRP

Signal recognition particle

STIR

Short tau inversion recovery

TNF-α

Tumor necrosis factor-α

TVIS

Total vascular inflammation score

VEGF

Vascular endothelial growth factor

Authors’ contributions

KY contributed to the study design, recruitment of patients, data acquisition, analysis and interpretation of the data, drafting the article, and critical revision of the article. HI contributed to the data acquisition and critical revision of the article. TU, KF, KN, and DK contributed to the recruitment of patients and critical revision of the article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Jikei University School of Medicine (21-155). All participants provided written informed consent.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Contributor Information

Ken Yoshida, Phone: +81-3-34331111, Email: k.yoshida@jikei.ac.jp.

Haruyasu Ito, Email: ms.04.itoha@jikei.ac.jp.

Kazuhiro Furuya, Email: frykzhr@jikei.ac.jp.

Taro Ukichi, Email: ukichi@jikei.ac.jp.

Kentaro Noda, Email: knoda3353@jikei.ac.jp.

Daitaro Kurosaka, Email: d_kurosaka@jikei.ac.jp.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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