Abstract
Background
Blue laser imaging (BLI) and linked color imaging (LCI) are the color enhancement features of the LASEREO endoscopic system, which provide a narrow band light observation function and expansion and reduction of the color information, respectively.
Methods
We examined 82 patients with early gastric cancer (EGC) diagnosed between April 2014 and August 2015. Five expert and 5 non-expert endoscopists retrospectively compared images obtained on non-magnifying BLI bright mode (BLI-BRT) and LCI with those obtained via conventional white light imaging (WLI). Interobserver agreement was also assessed.
Results
In experts’ evaluation of the images, an improvement in visibility was observed in 73% (60/82) and 20% (16/82) of cases under LCI and BLI-BRT, respectively. In non-experts’ evaluation of the images, an improvement in visibility was observed in 76.8% (63/82) and 24.3% (20/82) of cases under LCI and BLI-BRT, respectively. There were no significant differences between experts and non-experts in the evaluation of the images. The improvement in visibility was significantly higher with LCI than with BLI-BRT in experts and non-experts (p < 0.01). With regard to tumor color on WLI, the improvement in the visibility of reddish and whitish tumors was significantly higher than that of isochromatic tumors when LCI was used. The improvement in visibility with LCI was observed in 71% (12/17) and 74% (48/65) of patients with and without Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication, respectively; no significant difference in improvement was observed between these groups. The interobserver agreement was good to satisfactory at ≥ 0.62.
Conclusions
In conclusion, our study showed that LCI improved the visibility of EGC, regardless of the level of endoscopists’ experience or Hp eradication in patients, particularly for EGCs with a reddish or whitish color. The improvement in visibility was significantly higher with LCI than that with BLI.
Keywords: Early gastric cancer, Linked color imaging, Blue laser imaging, Visibility
Background
Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers, and is also a common cause of cancer-related death. [1] With the development of endoscopic treatments, such as endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), patients with early gastric cancer (EGC) can now undergo curative resection with minimal invasiveness, compared with surgery. [2, 3] Therefore, the detection of the cancer at an early stage is very important to obtain good outcomes. However, it is occasionally difficult to achieve an early diagnosis of patients with EGC using conventional white-light imaging (WLI). Superficial EGCs in particular tend to be missed during conventional gastrointestinal endoscopy. Chromoendoscopy with indigo carmine or acetic acid-indigo carmine mixture offers advantages over conventional gastrointestinal endoscopy [4–9]; however, with this technique the procedure is more complex and time-consuming.
Various image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) techniques have been developed to enhance microvascular contrast and facilitate the resolution of minute superficial patterns and color differences, including the image processing from the image illuminated by the short wavelength light such as narrow band imaging (NBI) or blue laser imaging (BLI), and post image processing such as flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (FICE) or i-scan. [10–15] These IEE images are simple and easy to obtain, as the procedure only involves pushing a button, without the need for a dye solution.
Fujifilm have developed an endoscopic system, “LASEREO” which quips two lasers as the illumination light source instead of a conventional Xenon lamp. One of them is for the white light illumination by stimulating the phosphor on the tip of the endoscope, and the other one produces short wavelength light for BLI. The BLI light is made from the combination of a strong laser light with a 410 nm wavelength, weak laser light with a 450 nm wavelength, and fluorescent light. The lighting provides three observation modes by changing the intensity of the two lasers: BLI mode, BLI bright mode (BLI-BRT), and white light mode. The BLI-BRT mode is brighter than the BLI mode and is intended to improve the detection of gastrointestinal neoplastic lesions. [15] Recently, linked color imaging (LCI)—a color enhancement feature of the LASEREO system—was developed, which ensures the simultaneous expansion and reduction of color information. By using LCI, a reddish mucosa becomes redder in color, whereas a whitish mucosa becomes whiter in color. Each imaging mode, WLI, BLI, BLI- BRT, LCI, is generated by changing the power balance of these two lasers electronically and the specific digital image processing. Therefore, white light mode, BLI mode, BLI-BRT, and LCI can be easily changed by pushing a button. However, to our knowledge, no detailed reports have been published on the improvement of visibility of EGC using LCI and BLI. If LCI improves the visibility of EGC in this study, the result can provide the bridge between an idea that LCI can be used as a screening tool and the study that reveal the true efficacy of LCI for detecting an EGC in screening endoscopy. In the present study, we aimed to assess the change in visibility of EGC using LCI and BLI compared with WLI.
Patients and Methods
Patients
We enrolled 82 consecutive patients (82 EGCs) who were diagnosed with EGC using LCI and BLI, and who underwent ESD at Hiroshima University Hospital between April 2014 and August 2015. Endoscopic images of the tumor were obtained with WLI, BLI, and LCI. While using BLI, we opted for the BLI-BRT mode to maintain brightness. These images were obtained from the same distance and angle as the non-magnified images.
Setting of endoscopic equipment
The following equipment was used for the study: WLI, BLI, and LCI endoscopes (EG-L590ZW; FUJIFILM Co, Tokyo, Japan), light sources (LASEREO LL-4450; Fujifilm Co), and video processors (AdvanciaHD VP-4450HD; FUJIFILM Co). In the WLI, the structure enhancement function and color mode were set at H + 2 + 4 and C1. BLI and BLI-BRT as delicate as possible in clinical setting level, not complicated engineering. In the BLI-BRT and LCI, the structure enhancement function and color mode were set at the B8 level and level 1.
Imaging technique with the LCI system
In the LCI mode, information of the blood vessels on the mucous surface, the mucosal pattern, and the information acquired by WLI are obtained together by simultaneously irradiating light with a short wavelength (narrow band) and white light in appropriate balance. To easily recognize the differences in colors similar to the mucosal color, the acquired color information is reallocated. Thus, LCI ensures expansion of the color information around the typical mucosal color so that a reddish color appears redder in color, whereas a whitish color appears whiter in color (Fig. 1) However, since LCI keeps the color balance of the blue or green color from conventional white light imaging, the observer doesn’t feel discomfort to the image so much. LCI image can be distinguished the slight color changes on the mucosa such as Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-associated gastritis or intestinal metaplasia those are sometimes difficult to see by the conventional white light imaging [16–18].
Fig. 1.
Principle of linked color imaging
Methods
Five expert endoscopists, who performed > 5000 esophagogastroduodenoscopies, and 5 non-expert endoscopists, who performed ≤ 5000 esophagogastroduodenoscopies, evaluated the images retrospectively. The endoscopic images were presented to each of the endoscopists in a random order for comparison with the images obtained via WLI. Endoscopists scored each of the images obtained via LCI and BLI-BRT for visibility of the tumors according to the following scale: +2 (improved visibility), +1 (somewhat improved visibility), 0 (visibility equivalent to that of WLI), −1 (somewhat worsened visibility), and −2 (worsened visibility), as previously reported. [12] The 10 endoscopists’ scores for each image were tallied. The maximum possible score for any image was +10 and the minimum possible score was −10. A total score of ≥ +5 indicated that the image had an improved visibility, a score between +4 and −4 indicated equivalent visibility, and a score of ≤ −5 indicated worsened visibility (Fig. 2). We also examined the interobserver agreement in relation to the evaluation of the images obtained via LCI and BLI-BRT between the two groups of endoscopists. The interobserver agreement was calculated at 3 levels: improved (+2), equivalent (−1 to +1), and worsened (−2). The patient and tumor characteristics of this study are shown in Table 1.
Fig. 2.
Endoscopic images obtained using linked color imaging (LCI) and blue laser imaging (BLI). A (a) White-light imaging (WLI). (b) LCI. The experts scored this LCI image +8 points, and classified as improved visibility. The non-experts scored this LCI image +9 points, and classified as improved visibility. (c) BLI. The experts scored this BLI image +4 points, and classified as equivalent visibility. The non-experts scored this BLI image +2 points, and classified as equivalent visibility. B (a) White-light imaging (WLI). (b) LCI. The experts scored this LCI image +5 points, and classified as improved visibility. The non-experts scored this LCI image +7 points, and classified as improved visibility. (c) BLI. The experts scored this BLI image −5 points, and classified as worsened visibility. The non-experts scored this BLI image −7 points, and classified as worsened visibility
Table 1.
Characteristics of the patients and tumors
| Factors | No. of patients or tumors (n = 82) |
|---|---|
| Sex ratio (M/F) | 53/29 |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 69.6 ± 11.4 |
| Infection with Hp | |
| Positive | 65 (79) |
| Negative | 0 (0) |
| Eradicated | 17 (21) |
| Tumor size, mm, mean ± SD | 15.5 ± 11.1 |
| Location of tumor | |
| Upper | 25 (30) |
| Middle | 31 (38) |
| Lower | 26 (32) |
| Color | |
| Red | 40 (49) |
| Isochromatic | 20 (24) |
| White | 22 (27) |
| Macroscopic type | |
| 0-IIa | 26 (32) |
| 0-IIc | 56 (68) |
| Histological type | |
| Differentiated | 72 (88) |
| Undifferentiated | 10 (12) |
| Depth | |
| Mucosa | 74 (95) |
| Submucosa | 8 (5) |
| (%) | |
Hp, Helicobacter pylori
All patients provided written informed consent to undergo ESD and be enrolled in the study. The study was approved by the institutional review board and the ethics committees of Hiroshima University (No. 156). In addition, this study was performed in accordance with the World Medical Association Helsinki Declaration.
Statistical analysis
Quantitative data are expressed as a mean and standard deviation (SD) or percentages. Rate of improvement between modalities, endoscopists, and clinicopathological features were compared by using the Chi-square test with Yates correction. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The interobserver agreement was measured using the kappa statistic. All statistical analysis was performed using JMP software (SAS International Inc., Cary, NC).
Results
The findings of LCI and BLI-BRT are shown in Table 2. The evaluation of the images by the experts showed that with LCI, improved visibility was observed in 73.1% (60/82) of cases and equivalent visibility was observed in 26.9% (22/82) of cases; none of the cases showed decreased visibility. With BLI-BRT, improved visibility was observed in 19.5% (16/82) of cases, equivalent visibility was observed in 67.0% (55/82) of cases, and worsened visibility was observed in 13.5% (11/82) of cases. The evaluation of the images by the non-experts showed that with LCI, improved visibility was observed in 76.8% (63/82) of cases and equivalent visibility was observed in 23.2% (19/82) of cases; none of the cases showed decreased visibility. With BLI-BRT, improved visibility was observed in 24.3% (20/82) of cases, equivalent visibility was observed in 59.8% (49/82) of cases, and worsened visibility was observed in 15.9% (13/82) of cases. There were no significant differences between experts and non-experts with the evaluation of the images. The improvement in visibility was significantly higher with LCI than that with BLI (p < 0.01), and there were no cases where LCI worsened visibility in experts and non-experts.
Table 2.
Evaluation of the visibility of early gastric cancer with LCI and BLI-BRT, compared to that with white light imaging
| Factors | Expert | Non-expert | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LCI | BLI-BRT | LCI | BLI-BRT | |
| Improved | 73.1% (60/82)a | 19.5% (16/82)b | 76.8% (63/82)c | 24.3% (20/82)d |
| Unchanged | 26.8% (22/82) | 67.0% (55/82) | 23.2% (19/82) | 59.8% (49/82) |
| Worsened | 0% (0/82) | 13.4% (11/82) | 0% (0/82) | 15.9% (13/82) |
LCI linked color imaging, BLI-BRT blue laser imaging bright mode
a vs b: p < 0.01, c vs d: p < 0.01
The rate of improvement in visibility using LCI and BLI-BRT according to each clinicopathological feature in experts’ evaluation of images is shown in Table 3. With regard to tumor color using WLI, the rate of improvement in visibility with LCI was 85% (34/40) for reddish tumors, 45% (10/22) for isochromatic tumors, and 80% (16/20) for whitish tumors. The rate of improvement in visibility with LCI was significantly higher for reddish and whitish tumors than for isochromatic tumors. With regard to Hp infection, the rates of improvement in visibility with LCI were 74% (48/65) and 71% (12/17) in patients without and with Hp eradication, respectively. The improvement in visibility was not significantly different in these groups, regardless of Hp eradication. With BLI-BRT, no significant difference in improvement in visibility was observed according to each clinicopathological feature. We also analyzed which clinicopathological features of the lesion had the worse effect on visibility with BLI-BRT; there were no significant differences (Table 4).
Table 3.
Rate of improvement in visibility of early gastric cancer with LCI and BLI-BRT according to the characteristics of early gastric cancer in experts’ evaluation of the images
| Factors | Rate of improvement in visibility | |
|---|---|---|
| LCI | BLI-BRT | |
| Infection with Hp | ||
| Positive | 74% (48/65) | 18% (12/65) |
| Negative | 0% (0/0) | 0% (0/0) |
| Eradicated | 71% (12/17) | 24% (4/17) |
| Tumor size, mm | ||
| < 20 | 70% (40/57) | 18% (10/57) |
| ≥ 20 | 80% (20/25) | 24% (6/25) |
| Location of tumor | ||
| Upper | 76% (19/25) | 12% (3/25) |
| Middle | 74% (23/31) | 23% (7/31) |
| Lower | 69% (18/26) | 23% (6/26) |
| Color | ||
| Red | 85% (34/40)a | 28% (11/40) |
| Isochromatic | 45% (10/22)b | 18% (4/22) |
| White | 80% (16/20)c | 5% (1/20) |
| Macroscopic type | ||
| 0-IIa | 69% (18/26) | 19% (5/26) |
| 0-IIc | 75% (42/56) | 20% (11/56) |
| Histological type | ||
| Differentiated | 71% (51/72) | 19% (14/72) |
| Undifferentiated | 90% (9/10) | 20% (2/10) |
| Depth | ||
| Mucosa | 74% (55/74) | 22% (16/74) |
| Submucosa | 63% (5/8) | 0% (0/8) |
LCI linked color imaging, BLI blue laser imaging bright mode, Hp Helicobacter pylori
a vs b, b vs c: p < 0.05
Table 4.
Rate of worse in visibility of early gastric cancer with BLI-BRT according to the characteristics of early gastric cancer in experts’ evaluation of the images
| Factors | Rate of worse in visibility with BLI-BRT |
|---|---|
| Infection with Hp | |
| Positive | 11% (7/65) |
| Negative | 0% (0/0) |
| Eradicated | 24% (4/17) |
| Tumor size, mm | |
| < 20 | 16% (9/57) |
| ≥ 20 | 8% (2/25) |
| Location of tumor | |
| Upper | 16% (4/25) |
| Middle | 13% (4/31) |
| Lower | 12% (3/26) |
| Color | |
| Red | 8% (3/40) |
| Isochromatic | 23% (5/22) |
| White | 15% (3/20) |
| Macroscopic type | |
| 0-IIa | 8% (2/26) |
| 0-IIc | 16% (9/56) |
| Histological type | |
| Differentiated | 11% (8/72) |
| Undifferentiated | 30% (3/10) |
| Depth | |
| Mucosa | 14% (10/74) |
| Submucosa | 13% (1/8) |
LCI linked color imaging, BLI-BRT blue laser imaging bright mode, Hp, Helicobacter pylori
Interobserver agreements for LCI and BLI-BRT were 0.68 and 0.62 and 0.72 and 0.65 for experts and non-experts, respectively. The interobserver agreement was good to satisfactory, and did not significantly differ between LCI and BLI-BRT (Table 5).
Table 5.
Interobserver agreements for evaluation of visibility in expert and non-expert
| Modality | Interobserver agreement (kappa value) | |
|---|---|---|
| Expert | Non-expert | |
| LCI | 0.68 | 0.72 |
| BLI-BRT | 0.62 | 0.65 |
LCI linked color imaging, BLI-BRT blue laser imaging bright mode
Discussion
In this study, the visibility of EGC with non-magnifying BLI was not significantly improved. By using BLI, the color of the tumor and the surrounding mucosa tend to both be dark because BLI is based on a narrow-band observation function. In the esophagus or colon, we can obtain bright endoscopic images by using BLI-BRT. However, the luminal area of the stomach is much larger than that of the esophagus and colon; hence, this study suggested that non-magnifying BLI may not suitable for detection of EGC. On the other hand, LCI improved the visibility of EGC by 70% or more in experts and non-experts. This result suggests that LCI may be useful in screening or surveillance endoscopy to identify EGC. Moreover, there were no significant differences between the experts and non-experts on the evaluation of images, which suggests that LCI improves the visibility of EGC regardless of the level of the endoscopists’ experience. One major difference between LCI and the other IEE methods is the brightness. For instance, NBI is very reliable and commonly used to diagnose EGC via magnification. [10] However, it is difficult to identify EGCs from a distance as the endoscopic images obtained via NBI are relatively dark. Moreover, meta-analyses have indicated that NBI in conjunction with the previous endoscopy system is not effective for detecting colorectal neoplasia, and that a new generation of NBI devices is needed to improve the brightness. [19, 20] In contrast, LCI images are very bright, and hence, the entire stomach can be clearly observed. Fukuda et al. [18] reported that using LCI, they detected two synchronous flat EGCs that were missed by WLI in a patient who was to undergo ESD for another depressed tumor.
LCI ensures the simultaneous expansion and reduction of color information, and hence, a reddish color would appear to be redder and a whitish color would appear to be whiter; thus, EGC can be more easily detected. Although the visibility of isochromatic tumors did not markedly improve with LCI, as there is only a minor difference in color between these tumors and the surrounding mucosa, most EGCs are reddish or whitish in color, and would be more visible under LCI.
The association between Hp infection and gastric cancer development is well established, based on evidence from both epidemiological [21, 22] and experimental studies. [23, 24] Compared to individuals not infected with Hp, the odds ratio for gastric cancer is more than 20-fold among individuals infected with Hp. [25] A recent prospective study in Japan indicated that the incidence of metachronous gastric cancer is reduced in cases where Hp eradication therapy is provided following the endoscopic resection of EGC. [26] Moreover, several studies have indicated that the visibility of EGC after successful Hp eradication therapy worsens with WLI as the height of the tumors decrease and the tumor surface becomes unclear due to coverage with low-grade atypia. [27–29] In the present study, we assessed the improvement in the visibility of EGC in cases with and without successful Hp eradication therapy. Although no significant difference was observed between these 2 groups, the visibility improvement rate was high even in patients with eradicated Hp infection. This result suggests that LCI could improve the visibility of EGC after successful Hp eradication therapy.
The present study is the first detailed report that evaluates the visibility of EGC with LCI and BLI. However, this study has some limitations. First, this study is retrospective in nature, and involved a review of endoscopic images. Hence, it may not reflect real-time prospective detection during surveillance endoscopy, and may have some bias. A prospective study should be performed to investigate the detectability of EGC by dividing patients into two groups such that one group is examined by WLI, while the other group is examined by LCI. Second, the study was conducted only in a single academic center in Japan and may lack the generalizability to other practices worldwide.
Conclusion
In conclusion, our study showed LCI improved the visibility of EGC, regardless of the level of endoscopists’ experience or Hp eradication in patients, particularly for EGCs with a reddish or whitish color. The improvement in visibility was significantly higher with LCI than that with BLI.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable
Funding
Not applicable
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- BLI
Blue laser imaging
- EGC
Early gastric cancer
- ESD
Endoscopic submucosal dissection
- FICE
Flexible spectral imaging color enhancement
- Hp
Helicobacter pylori
- IEE
Image-enhanced endoscopy
- LCI
Linked color imaging
- NBI
Narrow band imaging
- WLI
White light imaging
Authors’ contributions
YY designed this study, collected the clinical data, wrote the manuscript and performed the statistical analyses, with contributions from YS, ST and KC. SO, MK, TM, TM, YU and TH participated in the study as physicians who treated and performed follow-up of the patients. All authors read and approved the submission of the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and later versions. The study was approved by the institutional review board and the ethics committees of Hiroshima University. All patients provided written informed consent to undergo ESD and be enrolled in the study.
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Yoshikazu Yoshifuku, Email: yoshifuk@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
Yoji Sanomura, Phone: +81-82-257-5939, Email: y-sanomura@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
Shiro Oka, Email: oka4683@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
Mio Kurihara, Email: sskmio@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
Takeshi Mizumoto, Email: mizumoto@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
Tomohiro Miwata, Email: tmiwata@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
Yuji Urabe, Email: beyan13@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
Toru Hiyama, Email: tohiyama@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
Shinji Tanaka, Email: colon@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
Kazuaki Chayama, Email: chayama@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.