Abstract
Background
The pain of childbirth is arguably the most severe pain that most women will endure in their lifetime. Epidural analgesia is widely used as an effective method of pain relief in labor. It provides almost complete relief of pain if administered timely, and does not affect the progress of the first stage labor.
Objectives
The objective of this study was to determine the awareness and utilization of epidural analgesia in labor in pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki (FETHA).
Methodology
This is a cross-sectional study involving 350 women attending the antenatal clinic between April 2016 and July 2016. A total of 335 questionnaires were correctly completed, and used for analysis.
Results
The average age and parity of the respondents were 27.6±8.2 years and 2.4±1.8, respectively. About 58.2% of respondents were civil servants, 98.5% were married, and 74.6% had a tertiary level of education. About 43.3% of the respondents are aware of the use of epidural analgesia in labor, but only 7.5% had used it; 95% of these were satisfied and desired to use it again. The reasons responsible for the poor uptake were desire to experience natural labor, cost, and fear of side effects. However, 70% of those who had not used it expressed the desire to use it.
Conclusion
Epidural analgesia is one of the most effective methods of pain relief in labor. However, the present study indicates that knowledge and practice of epidural analgesia among parturients are low. Efforts should be made to raise awareness, dispel misconceptions, and subsidize the cost of providing this invaluable care in modern day obstetrics.
Keywords: epidural, labor pain, practice, obstetric analgesia, perception
Introduction
The labor pain is probably the most severe pain that most women endure in their lifetime.1,2 Since pain relief in labor has always been surrounded by myths and controversies, providing effective and safe analgesia in labor have remained a perennial challenge.1 In some cultures, women are taught that labor pain is natural and the ability to accept and endure labor pain is a sign of womanhood.3 The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) rightly observed that labor is associated with severe pain for many women and that under no circumstance should a woman be allowed to bear pain which is amenable to safe intervention while under the care of a physician.4 It is therefore recommended that in the absence of any contraindication, pain relief should be provided in labor on maternal request.4,5 The National Institute for Clinical Excellence also recommends the education of pregnant women on the options and availability of effective analgesia in labor as a means of ensuring that they receive optimal pain management during childbirth.6
Epidural analgesia is widely recognized and used as an effective method of pain relief in labour.3–6 It provides almost complete labor pain relief (in 90%–95% of cases) if administered early and has been shown not to impede the progress of the first stage of labour.7 Epidural analgesia for labor and delivery involves the injection of a local anesthetic agent (lidocaine or bupivacaine) and/or an opioid (morphine or fentanyl) into the lumbar epidural space. The injected agent diffuses across the dura into the subarachnoid space where it acts primarily on the spinal nerve roots and to a lesser extent on the spinal cord and the paravertebral nerves to inhibit transmission of pain impulses.8–10
The use of epidural analgesia for relief of labor pain has increased globally in recent time.11,12 There is a wide disparity in its use among countries, and intra-country variation also exits. The practice of epidural analgesia is higher in high-income countries where it is considered as the mainstay of labor analgesia in 50%–90% of obstetric units.4,5,7,11,12 This is in sharp contrast to what is obtained in low-income countries with only between 1.3% and 12% of parturients benefitting from epidural analgesia.12,13
Neuraxial analgesia such as epidural analgesia is an effective method of pain control in labor. It provides effective relief of labor pain with little or no neonatal respiratory depressant effect.4,9,10,13 Despite these benefits, patient’s refusal, bleeding dyscrasia (coagulopathy), infection at the site for needle insertion, raised intracranial pressure, poor skills on the part of the anesthetist, severe maternal hemorrhage, and maternal septicemia are contraindications to its use.9,14 It may be associated with some complications such as severe hypotension, prolonged second stage of labor, and increased risk of operative deliveries, urinary retention, postural puncture headache, epidural abscess, or meningitis.4,5,10
Despite the effectiveness of epidural analgesia in labor, it is not practiced in many obstetric units in Nigeria.14 Lack of the requisite skills for the administration of epidural analgesia, ignorance on the part of the parturient, and the extra cost for providing epidural analgesia in labor may all have contributed to low utilization of this effective method of labor pain relief, especially in low-resource settings.12,14
There are currently no local studies that have assessed patients’ knowledge and the practice of epidural analgesia in labor in Abakaliki, Southeast Nigeria; hence, we set out to investigate the level of knowledge of our parturients on the subject and their labor pain management preference.
Methodology
Study area
Ebonyi State is one of the five states in the South-East Geopolitical zone of Nigeria. It was created in 1996 from the largely rural areas of the preexisting Enugu and Abia states. It has three senatorial districts and 13 local government areas and an estimated population of 2.1 million people (2006 census). The Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki is located in the heart of the state capital. It receives referrals from peripheral hospitals within and outside the state. Patients who had their antenatal care with our facility were regarded as “booked” patients while patients who had their antenatal care elsewhere and/or were referred because of complications in pregnancy, labor, or puerperium without prior booking were regarded as “unbooked.”
Study population
The participants were booked pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of the Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki. Unbooked patients or patients in labor irrespective of their booking status were excluded from the study.
Study design and sampling method
This was a cross-sectional study involving 350 pregnant women who attended antenatal clinic between April 2016 and July 2016. Participants who gave informed consent to take part in the study were selected by simple random sampling technique. The sample size was 350. Sample size was calculated by using the formula N = Z2PQ/D2 (when population is >10,000); where P is the prevalence, Q is 1–P (proportion of persons who have not used the procedure), D is allowable error margin which is 5%, Z is a constant for standard normal deviation which is 1.96 at 95% CI. Taking P as 24.1%, which is the proportion of respondents who had awareness of epidural analgesia in a previous study,15 this gave a sample size of 280. Applying an attrition rate of 20% (56) gave a sample size of 336 which was approximated to 350.
Instrument
The instrument for data collection was a self-administered pretested questionnaire that was subjected to a pilot survey involving 20 nonpregnant women randomly selected prior to the actual study.
Data analysis
The data were computed and analyzed with Epi info version 7 software (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chicago, IL, USA) and conclusions were drawn by means of descriptive statistics.
Ethical consideration
Ethical clearance was obtained from the research and ethics committee of Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (FETHA). Each participant signed an informed consent form prior to participation in the study, while the parents or legal guardians of those under the age of 18 years provided informed consent on their behalf.
Results
A total of 350 questionnaires were distributed, but only 335 were properly filled and suitable for analysis, giving a response rate of 95.7%.
Table 1 shows the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents. The mean age of the respondents was 27.6±8.2 years. About two thirds (64.60%; 230/335) of the respondents were within the age range of 25–34 years, while 19.4% (65/335) were >35 years of age. The average parity of the respondents was 2.4±1.8. Nulliparous women accounted for 10.40% of the respondents, while 47.80% accounted for a parity of 2–4. Majority of the respondents 58.20% (195/335) were civil servants, while 13.40 (45/335) were housewives. A good number of the respondents 74.60% (250/335) had tertiary education, 23.90% (80/335) had secondary education, and only 1.50% (5/335) had only primary education. Majority of the study population 98.50% (330/335) were married, while 1.50% (5/335) was unmarried.
Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics, occupation, and parity (N=335)
| Variables | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||
| 15–19 | 10 | 3.00 |
| 20–24 | 30 | 9.00 |
| 25–29 | 115 | 34.30 |
| 30–34 | 115 | 34.30 |
| >35 | 65 | 19.40 |
| Occupation | ||
| Civil servant | 195 | 58.20 |
| Trader | 35 | 10.40 |
| Farmer | 10 | 3.00 |
| Housewife | 45 | 13.40 |
| Others | 50 | 15.00 |
| Highest level of education | ||
| Primary | 5 | 1.50 |
| Secondary | 80 | 23.90 |
| Tertiary | 250 | 74.60 |
| Tribe | ||
| Igbo | 320 | 95.50 |
| Yoruba | 10 | 3.00 |
| Hausa | 0 | 0 |
| Others | 5 | 1.50 |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 5 | 1.50 |
| Married | 330 | 98.50 |
| Parity | ||
| None | 35 | 10.40 |
| 1 | 105 | 31.30 |
| 2–4 | 160 | 47.80 |
| >5 | 35 | 10.40 |
Regarding the respondents’ knowledge of labor pains, Table 2 indicates that 89.60% (300) had previously experienced labor, while 10.40% (35) was nulliparous. Of the total number of respondents, 80.60% (270) would opt for pain relief in labor, while 14.90% (50) were indifferent, and the remainder objected to its use.
Table 2.
Experience of labor pain (n=335)
| Variable | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Experience of labor pain | ||
| Yes | 300 | 89.60 |
| No | 35 | 10.40 |
| Need for labor pain relief | ||
| Yes | 270 | 80.60 |
| No | 15 | 04.50 |
| Indifferent | 50 | 14.90 |
| Total | 335 | 100 |
Regarding their knowledge of methods of pain relief in labor (Table 3), many of the respondents 65.70% (220) were aware of at least a pharmacological method of pain relief. The commonest method they had knowledge of was pentazocine injection, while a little over two fifths (43.30%) were knowledgeable about epidural analgesia. One hundred and fifteen of the respondents had no knowledge of any effective method of labor pain relief.
Table 3.
Knowledge of methods of pain relief in labor (n=335)
| Methods | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Pethidine injection | 25 | 7.50 |
| Pentazocine injection | 220 | 65.70 |
| Tramadol injection | 200 | 60.00 |
| Epidural analgesia | 145 | 43.30 |
| Inhalational entonox | 15 | 4.50 |
| None | 115 | 34.30 |
Table 4 shows the level of awareness of epidural analgesia. Less than half of the respondents (43.30%; 145/335) were aware of epidural analgesia for labor pain, while 52.20% were not aware of it, and the remainder (4.5%) was not sure of its role. Only 29% of those who had knowledge of epidural analgesia were aware that it was provided in FETHA. Regarding awareness on the mode of administration of epidural analgesia, only 35.90% of the respondents had correct knowledge, while 64.10% of them had no idea. The effectiveness of epidural analgesia for relief of labor pain was answered correctly by 23.90% of the respondents.
Table 4.
Knowledge of epidural analgesia
| Variables | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Aware of epidural analgesia for labor pain | ||
| Yes | 145 | 43.30 |
| No | 175 | 52.20 |
| I am not sure | 15 | 4.50 |
| Are you aware it is provided in FETHA? | ||
| Yes | 42 | 29.00 |
| No | 71 | 48.90 |
| I am not sure | 32 | 22.10 |
| Epidural is the administration of a local anesthetic through a catheter into the epidural space of the spine | ||
| Yes | 52 | 35.90 |
| Do not know | 93 | 64.10 |
| Epidural analgesia is one of the best forms of pain relief in labor | ||
| Yes | 35 | 23.90 |
| Do not know | 110 | 76.10 |
| Epidural analgesia is administered by? | ||
| A doctor | 37 | 25.37 |
| A nurse | 15 | 10.45 |
| Any health worker | 19 | 13.43 |
| I do not know | 74 | 50.75 |
Table 5 shows the source of information of epidural analgesia in labor. Majority of the respondents got their information regarding the use of epidural analgesia for pain relief in labor from doctors (79.30%), nurses (55.20%), and Internet sources (41.40%). Antenatal classes held in the antenatal clinic (group sessions) was the source of information for 32.40% of the respondents.
Table 5.
Source of information (n=145)
| Source of information | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Doctor | 115 | 79.30 |
| Nurse | 80 | 55.20 |
| Antenatal classes | 47 | 32.40 |
| Family and friends | 35 | 24.14 |
| Media/Internet | 60 | 41.40 |
Majority (72.41%) of the respondents who were aware of epidural analgesia had no knowledge of the complications associated with its use, but over a quarter (27.60%) had some knowledge of possible complications (Table 6).
Table 6.
Knowledge of complications of epidural analgesia in labor (n=145)
| Complication | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Back pain | 25 | 17.20 |
| Headache | 35 | 24.14 |
| Increased interventions in labor | 45 | 31.03 |
| Increase risk of cesarean section | 15 | 10.34 |
| Low blood pressure | 15 | 10.34 |
| Prolongation of second-stage labor | 10 | 6.90 |
| Effect on the unborn baby | 40 | 27.59 |
| None | 105 | 72.41 |
Table 7 shows the intention to use epidural analgesia, indicating that only 7.50% (25/335) of the respondents had used epidural analgesia in labor. However, 50.70% of the respondents agreed that epidural analgesia should be made available in labor, while others were either indifferent (28.40%) or did not support its use (20.90%). Most respondents had not received adequate information on the use and benefits of epidural analgesia in labor (71.60%).
Table 7.
Attitude and practice of women toward epidural analgesia in labor (n=335)
| Variables | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Have you used epidural analgesia in labor? | ||
| Yes | 25 | 7.50 |
| No | 310 | 92.50 |
| Epidural analgesia should be made available to all women in labor if they desire its use | ||
| Yes | 170 | 50.70 |
| No | 70 | 20.90 |
| I am indifferent | 95 | 28.40 |
| Have you received adequate information on various forms of pain relief in labor including epidural analgesia? | ||
| Yes | 70 | 20.90 |
| No | 240 | 71.60 |
| I am not interested | 25 | 7.50 |
| Would you like to know more about forms of pain relief in labor including epidural analgesia? | ||
| Yes | 295 | 88.00 |
| No | 30 | 09.00 |
| I am indifferent | 10 | 03.00 |
Table 8 indicates that all but one respondent were satisfied with the outcome of labor managed with epidural analgesia, with 92% likely to request for it again in future. One respondent was indifferent about repeat use. About 96% of the respondents said they would recommend it to other parturients.
Table 8.
Those who have used epidural analgesia in labor (N=25)
| Variables | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| What was your experience from using epidural analgesia in labor? | ||
| Satisfied | 24 | 96.00 |
| I was not satisfied | 1 | 4.00 |
| Would you like to use it again? | ||
| Yes | 23 | 92.00 |
| No | 1 | 4.00 |
| I am not sure | 1 | 4.00 |
| Willingness to recommend epidural analgesia to another person | ||
| Yes | 24 | 96.00 |
| No | 1 | 4.00 |
Among those who had not used epidural analgesia in labor (Table 9), 70% (217) desired to use it when in labor, 16.13% would not want it, while 13.87% were not sure of their decision on its future use. The reasons for not wanting to use it were mainly due to the cost of the service (70%), desire to experience natural labor (64.52%), and fear of side effects (48.40%), and 32.30% had no reason.
Table 9.
Those who have not used epidural analgesia in labor (n=310)
| Variables | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Would you like to use epidural analgesia in labor? | ||
| Yes | 217 | 70.00 |
| No | 50 | 16.13 |
| I am not sure | 43 | 13.87 |
| Reason for rejecting epidural analgesia (n=93) | ||
| Cultural reason | 5 | 5.40 |
| Fear of side effects | 45 | 48.40 |
| I want natural labor without pain relief | 60 | 64.52 |
| I have no reason | 30 | 32.30 |
| Expensive | 70 | 75.30 |
Discussion
Pain management in labor has undergone various revolutions since 1847 when Simpson observed that chloroform could help relieve the pain women felt during labour.16 Despite remarkable advancement in labor analgesia, acceptability and applicability of epidural analgesia in labor has not received enough coverage in our setting.12–14,17–19
The current study shows that 74.60% of the respondents had tertiary-level education. However, its relationship with the level of awareness and practice of epidural analgesia was not determined in this study, but there are conflicting findings from similar studies elsewhere. A study in Lagos found a significant association between the educational status of the respondents and their knowledge of obstetric analgesia18 while similar studies in Ibadan and Maiduguri did not find any positive correlation.17,19
Our study showed that 80.60% of the respondents desired pain relief in labor despite almost four fifths (79%) of the respondents reporting no health education on labor analgesia by care providers. However, 88% expressed the desire for enlightenment regarding obstetric analgesia. It is therefore important for health workers to educate and offer women counseling on options of pain relief in labor, since the present study indicates that parturients did not have sufficient knowledge on the risks and benefits of labor analgesia to make an informed choice. The high demand for pain relief in labor by the respondents in this study was similar to the report by Iliyasu et al in Kano20 and Audu et al in Maiduguri19 but Kuti and Faponle in Southwest Nigeria reported that majority of the respondents were averse to pain relief in labor because labor pain was perceived as divine and should not be interfered with.21
Experience has shown that even among parturients who declined pain relief prior to the onset of labor, some may request it at the height of labor pain; this is usually the period of transiting from the first to the second stage of labor, this is a period of intense uterine contraction between 7 and 10 cm of cervical dilatation. At such times, women may do more with emotional support from health workers or relatives and not necessarily providing pharmacological pain relief.6,19
This study found that more than half of the respondents knew at least one pharmacological method of pain relief in labor with pentazocine injection being the most common (65.70%). In the present study, pentazocine was the commonest analgesia used for labor pain relief and may account for the level of awareness reported. The finding on utilization of epidural analgesia (43.30%) is higher than the 10% recorded in Ibadan17 and 12% recorded in Benin12 but similar to 47% and 42% reported in Hong Kong22 and Riyadh,23 respectively. However, it is less than the 76% in Karachi7 and 62.5% reported in Chennai.20 One common finding from the available literature is the fact that majority of the women who knew about epidural analgesia for the relief of labor pain were educated.7,22–24
Even though respondents in this study were aware of epidural analgesia in labor, this knowledge was more of surface value. For instance, only 29% of respondents were aware that it was being provided in FETHA, 35.90% were aware of the mode of its administration, 23.90% knew its effectiveness, and a significant proportion had no knowledge of its complications. This finding suggests that healthcare providers have to make more efforts in educating women on the options of pain relief in labor with the emphasis that labor pain was physiologic and transient and may not require an active intervention other than provision of support and adequate information on the physiology of labor. This study found that almost two thirds of the respondents (64.52%) desired natural labor. They should be encouraged to do so provided they are adequately informed of the available options.
The sources of information on epidural analgesia for pain relief in labor among respondents were from doctors (79.30%), nurses (55.20%), and Internet (41.40%). This is different from the findings in Karachi where doctors were the source of information among 40% of the respondents and the Internet accounted only 1%. Another study by Pattee et al in Ontario25 showed that information about epidural analgesia was mainly from anesthetists and antenatal classes. This emphasizes the importance of routine education on labor analgesia including the option of epidural analgesia.
Similarly, knowledge of complications of epidural analgesia was low as almost three-quarters (72.41%) of the respondents had no idea of possible complications. Majority of the responses on complications were subjective and wrong. Those who had the knowledge of the possible complications cited increased interventions in labor (21.3%), effect on the unborn baby (27.59%), and headache (17.20%) just to mention a few. These findings were similar to those reported by Pattee et al25 and Barakzai et al.24
Although 7.5% (25) of the respondents had used epidural analgesia in labor, all but one expressed satisfaction and would desire it again in the current pregnancy. This enthusiasm was similar to that found in other similar studies.26–28 Even among physicians with very high knowledge about the effectiveness of epidural analgesia, its practice leaves much to be desired.2,28,29 Some women who reported not to have used epidural analgesia adduce high cost as a reason, indeed provision of epidural analgesia costs about four times more than the more commonly used pentazocine in the maternity unit of the study center. Therefore, subsidizing cost or the provision of free epidural services under the National Health Insurance scheme may improve uptake.
Interestingly, this study found that 70% of the respondents would like to utilize epidural analgesia in the current pregnancy if provided with adequate information. The fact that the respondents reported lack of sufficient information to make an informed choice on labor analgesia is an important finding from this study. Therefore, healthcare providers need to provide sufficient information on the options of pain relief in labor including the benefit of companionship in minimizing analgesic interventions during labor.
In conclusion, this study has revealed a large lacuna in the knowledge of pain relief in labor and of epidural analgesia in labor among pregnant women in Abakaliki. Since women desire to know more about this subject, efforts should be made to raise awareness by providing health education, dispelling misconceptions, and subsidizing the cost of providing this service in labor.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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