TABLE 3.

Age at Menarche and Depressive Symptoms in Adulthood

	Proximal Influences Model				Lingering Influences Model				Increasing Influences Model
	b	SE	95% CI		b	SE	95% CI		b	SE	95% CI
			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper
Intercept	9.41*	2.76*	3.95*	14.86*	11.92*	2.44*	7.09*	16.76*	9.40*	2.43*	4.58*	14.22*
Menarche	−0.87*	0.43*	−1.73*	−0.02*	−0.84*	0.38*	−1.59*	−0.10*	−0.61	0.37	−1.35	0.13
Age at Wave I	0.24*	0.04*	0.16*	0.32*	−0.02	0.04	−1.00	0.05	−0.09*	0.04*	−0.16*	−0.02*
Menarche, quadratic effect	0.03	0.02	0.00	0.07	0.03*	0.02*	0.002	0.06*	0.02	0.01	−0.01	0.05
Depression at Wave I	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.27*	0.02*	0.24*	0.30*
Maternal education level
High school graduate	−0.88*	0.28*	−1.44*	−0.32*	−0.60*	0.25*	−1.10*	−0.10*	−0.37	0.25	−0.85	0.12
College graduate	−1.36*	0.28*	−1.93*	−0.79*	−1.12*	0.27*	−1.66*	−0.57*	−0.75*	0.26*	−1.27*	−0.23*
Father presence
Absent since birth	0.53*	0.24*	0.06*	1.01*	0.38	0.22	−0.06	0.81	0.23	0.22	−0.20	0.66
Father left 0–5 y	0.62*	0.23*	0.17*	1.07*	0.71*	0.27*	0.18*	1.24*	0.54*	0.26*	0.03*	1.06*
Father left 6–13 y	0.51	0.27	−0.02	1.04	0.41	0.27	−0.14	0.96	0.28	0.27	−0.26	0.81
Race and/or ethnicity
African American	0.51	0.32	−0.12	1.14	0.28	0.26	−0.22	0.79	0.15	0.22	−0.29	0.58
Hispanic	0.39	0.23	−0.07	0.85	0.46*	0.23*	0.01*	0.91*	0.36	0.22	−0.07	0.79
Other race	0.59	0.40	−0.19	1.38	0.66*	0.28*	0.10*	1.22*	0.50*	0.25*	0.001*	1.00*
Family income-to-needs ratio	−0.06*	0.02*	−0.10*	−0.01*	−0.04	0.02	−0.09	0.00	−0.03	0.02	−0.07	0.02
AFDC receipt	0.74*	0.28*	0.18*	1.31*	1.06*	0.29*	0.49*	1.64*	0.86*	0.28*	0.30*	1.43*

Analyses were conducted in Stata’s design-based weighting program to account for the clustered nature of the sample; this program does not provide R² values. The proximal influences model uses CES-D scores at Wave I as the dependent variable; the lingering influences and increasing influences models use CES-D scores at Wave IV as the dependent variables. AFDC, Aid to Families with Dependent Children; CI, confidence interval; —, not applicable.

^*P < .05.