Antimicrobial resistance patterns and virulence factors of enterococci isolates in hospitalized burn patients

Abstract

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of the antimicrobial resistance and genes encoding virulence factors of enterococci isolated in hospitalized burn patients in a major burn center in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. A total of 340 bacterial isolates were collected from the burn center from February 2014 to February 2015. The antimicrobial susceptibility and MIC of vancomycin were determined using the disk diffusion and micro-agar dilution techniques. The genus and species-specific genes, potential virulence genes, and vanA and vanB genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction.

Results

According to our results, out of the 340 bacterial isolates, 16.4% (n = 56) were identified as enterococci. Out of the 56 enterococcal isolates, 35 (62.5%) were Enterococcus faecalis and 21 (37.5%) were Enterococcus faecium. More than 20% (n = 5) of E. faecium demonstrated resistance to vancomycin. The gelE and asa genes were the most prevalent virulence genes in E. faecalis (48.5%) and E. faecium (43%) isolates. The emergence of vancomycin resistant E. faecium strains which have several virulence factors should be considered as a major cause of concern for burn centers. Control and management of infections induced by enterococci should be regarded as highly important in burn patients.

Introduction

Nosocomial infections are the most common factors in increasing morbidity, mortality, long-term treatment, and cost in hospitalized patients [1, 2]. Burn patients are more at the risk of complications of nosocomial infections due to their weakened immune system [2]. In many countries, particularly developing countries including Iran, burn infections are one of the most serious issues in the field of health [3]. Organisms associated with nosocomial infections in burn patients include the patient’s own normal flora organisms and the hospital environment or the staff. Bacterial pathogens are the most common cause of burn infections such as wounds in burn patients. In addition to wound infections, bacterial pneumonia and bloodstream infections are also common causes of death in burn patients [4].

Among Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are considered as the most important factors causing burn wound infections [5]. According to reports published in recent years, enterococci have become important factors in acquiring nosocomial infections [6–8]. These Gram-positive bacteria are part of the normal flora of the human digestive system and were considered to be commensal bacteria in the past [6]. Since enterococci have the ability to cause infection in wounds, including burn wounds, and are intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics due to their ability to acquire antibiotic resistance genes, they are considered as one of the most important causes of nosocomial infections. Enterococci are now regarded as the third most common cause of hospital infections. Enterococci can cause urinary tract, intra-abdominal, pelvic, wound, and super infections (including those caused by burns) in patients [6, 9]. The emergence of multidrug-resistant enterococci strains (resistant to two or more classes of antibiotics) or MDR has caused numerous problems for patients in hospitals all over the world [10]. In Enterococcus species, E. faecium and E. faecalis are regarded as important nosocomial bacterial pathogens. The published reports of some countries indicated the prevalence of burn wound infections caused by VRE strains in hospitals, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU) [11]. Studies on bacteria and burn infections have been conducted in Taleghani Hospital of Ahvaz as the main burn center in Khuzestan Province, southwest of Iran [12, 13]. Only a few studies have been published on the role of enterococci in burn patients in Iran, and given the increasing importance of VRE-related infections, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of enterococcal infections, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance patterns in enterococci strains isolated from clinical samples of burn patients hospitalized in one of the largest burn centers in the southwest of Iran.

Main text

Methods

The present study was ethically approved by Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Institutional Review Board (Code No. 93146).

A total of 340 bacterial strains were isolated from clinical samples of hospitalized burn patients (wound biopsies, blood, and urine) in a burn center in Ahvaz from February 2014 to February 2015. All the enterococci isolates were identified in the genus and species levels by Gram staining, catalase reaction, growth in 6.5% NaCl solution, motility assessment, use of arabinose, bile, and esculin hydrolysis tests [14]. Furthermore, a PCR-based study was conducted using specific primers (ddl _{E. faecium} and ddl _{E. faecalis}) for all E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates [15]. Antimicrobial susceptibility test for enterococci isolates was performed against vancomycin (30 μg), teicoplanin (30 μg), gentamicin (120 μg), ampicillin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), and linezolid (30 μg) (Mast, UK) by the disk diffusion technique. Vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) was detected by micro-agar dilution method based on the CLSI guidelines [17]. DNAs from different enterococcal isolates were extracted using an appropriate DNA Extraction Kit (Cinagene, Iran). Specific primers of ddl _{E. faecium}, ddl _{E. faecalis} vancomycin resistant genes (vanA and vanB), and virulence genes including hyaluronidase (hyl), enterococci surface protein (esp), haemolysin activator (cyl), gelatinase (gelE), and aggregation substance asaI (Metaboin, Germany) were used for PCR amplification as described previously [14, 16, 18].

Results and discussion

Prevalence of enterococci isolates

Enterococci were isolated from 16.4% (n = 56) of clinical specimens of burn hospitalized patients. The frequency of enterococci in wound, blood, and urine specimens were 37.5% (n = 21), 30.3% (n = 17), and 35% (n = 18), respectively. Among the 56 enterococci strains, 62.5% (n = 35) were identified as E. faecalis and 37.5% (n = 21) were identified as E. faecium. Table 1 shows the comparison of the frequency distribution of E. faecium and E. faecalis in different clinical specimens. Among Enterococcus species, E. faecalis was identified as the major cause of enterococcal infections. E. faecalis caused enterococcal infections approximately ten times more than other Enterococcus species [19]. E. faecalis has more virulence factors than E. faecium; consequently, it has higher pathogenicity [20]. Nevertheless, in recent years a microbial shift from E. faecium to E. faecalis has been observed which could be due to the emergence of MDR strains resistant to vancomycin (VRE) species in hospitals [19, 21]. One of the influential factors in increasing nosocomial infections resulted from enterococci is the emergence of VREs in hospitals. According to the studies conducted in Iran, nosocomial infections caused by enterococci, particularly the resistant strains are highly prevalent [10, 21]. In 2001, the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System (NNISS) reported that the frequency of burn wound infections caused by Enterococcus was 11% [2] which is close to the results of the current study (16%). There have been few studies investigating the existence of infection caused by enterococci in burn patients. Our results showed an increase in the contribution of E. faecium to infections which is consistent with our results on the reported frequency ratio of E. faecium to E. faecalis in Tehran’s hospitals in 2014. Although these results are different from other results reported in Iran and other countries, more than 80% of burn wound infections caused by Enterococcus was due to E. faecalis [6, 22–24].

Table 1.

Frequency distribution of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates in clinical specimens of burn patients

	Urine	Wound	Blood
E. faecalis (n = 35)	26% (9)	37% (13)	37% (13)
E. faecium (n = 21)	33% (7)	47% (10)	19% (4)

Antimicrobial resistance patterns

Figure 1 presents the comparison of the results of antimicrobial susceptibility analysis of E. faecium and E. faecalis. More than 20% (n = 5) of E. faecium exhibited resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin. This can be the reason for the increased presence of E. faecium which is resistant to vancomycin and can survive in the hospital environment. E. faecium strains exhibited higher levels of resistance to antibiotics. Higher levels of resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin were observed in 71% (n = 15) and 66% (n = 14) of E. faecium isolates, respectively. According to the findings, this can be an alarm for burn patients owing to the fact that more than 50% of E. faecium strains and 100% of VRE strains were resistant to ampicillin and gentamicin. No resistance to linezolid and vancomycin was observed in E. faecalis isolates. The most frequent resistance pattern was simultaneous resistance to ampicillin/tetracycline/gentamicin (AMP/TET/GEM) in 43% of E. faecium and tetracylin/gentamicin (TET/GEM) in 46% of E. faecalis isolates. All vancomycin resistant E. faecium (VREfm) possessed vanA gene, while no vanB gene was observed in VREfm strains. On the other hand, all VRE strains which possessed vanA gene showed resistance both to vancomycin and teicoplanin. MIC values for vancomycin ranged from 32 to 1024 µg/ml. In addition, there was no correlation between the presence of vancomycin resistance, virulence factors, and the clinical samples. So far, no documented results for the presence of VRE in burn patients have been published in Iran which may be attributed to the lack of expensive and purposive studies on enterococci in the burn units. However, some countries have reported VREs in burn units [25–28]. According to the results of this study and similar studies, linezolid was identified as the most effective antibiotic against enterococcal infections [10, 22, 23].

Fig. 1.

The comparison of antibiotic resistance (%) in E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates in burn patients

Distribution of virulence genes

Table 2 presents the frequency and distribution of virulence genes among clinical specimens. The gelE and asa genes were the most frequent virulence genes in E. faecalis (48.5%) and E. faecium (43%) isolates, respectively. This is consistent with the results reporting gelE as the most frequent virulence factor in E. faecalis strains [23, 25, 29], while some reports have indicated the absence or low rate of gelE gene in enterococcal isolates [25, 30, 31]. Some reports have indicated the absence or low rate of asa gene in E. faecium strains [31, 32]. The cyl gene was not detected in any E. faecium isolates. The hyl gene was found in 1.7% (n = 1) of E. faecium isolates. A total of 68.5% (n = 24) of E. faecalis isolates and 42.8% (n = 9) of E. faecium isolates were positive for more than one virulence gene. There was no relationship between virulence genes and clinical specimens.

Table 2.

Frequency distribution of virulence gene in E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates

	esp	gel	asa	hyl	cyl
	E. faecium/E. faecalis	E. faecium/E. faecalis	E. faecium/E. faecalis	E. faecium/E. faecalis	E. faecium/E. faecalis
Blood	4.7% (1): 16% (5)	0%: 26% (9)	14% (3): 8.5% (3)	0%: 17% (6)	0%: 0%
Urine	9.5% (2): 13% (4)	14% (3): 6% (2)	14% (3): 20% (7)	0%: 8.5% (3)	0: 2.8% (1)
Wound	4.7% (1): 8.5% (3)	19% (4): 17% (6)	14% (3): 20% (7)	4.7% (1): 6% (2)	0: 2.8% (1)
Total	19% (4): 34% (12)	33% (7): 48.5% (17)	43% (9): 48.5% (17)	4.7% (1): 31% (11)	0: 5.6% (2)

In conclusion, based on the results of the current study, it was demonstrated that the detection of enterococci in clinical samples of burn patients is highly important. In addition, the presence of E. faecium strains resistant to vancomycin with several virulence factors can be a source of alarm for burn centers. Considering the possible transmission of antibiotic resistance genes among enterococci, and staphylococci, the control and management of infections caused by enterococci as well as the appropriate administration of antibiotics in burn patients can be highly effective in treating nosocomial infections in burn centers.

Limitations

In this study, no significant differences exist between the presence of virulence genes and resistance to vancomycin. One of the reasons for this result may be the low number of vancomycin resistant strains. Therefore, more samples must be collected from hospitals in general and from burn centers in particular.

Abbreviations

MIC

minimum inhibition concentration

E. faecium

Enterococcus faecium

E. faecalis

Enterococcus faecalis

MDR

multi-drug resistant

VRE

vancomycin resistant enterococci

PCR

polymerase chain reaction

hyl

hyaluronidase

esp

enterococci surface protein

cyl

haemolysin activator

gleE

gelatinase

capD

capsular polysaccharides biosynthesis protein

asaI

aggregation substance

VAN

vancomycin

TEI

teicoplanin

AMP

ampicillin

GEM

gentamicin

CHL

chloramphenicol

LZD

linezolid

IMP

imipenem

CIP

ciprofloxacin

TET

tetracycline