Pigment epithelium-derived factor from ARPE19 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells in serum-free medium

Abstract

Clinical expansion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is hampered by the lack of knowledge regarding how to prevent MSC apoptosis and promote their proliferation in serum-free medium. Our in vitro studies demonstrated that human umbilical cord MSCs (HUCMSCs) underwent apoptosis in the serum-free medium. When HUCMSCs were co-cultured with retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE19), however, HUCMSCs exhibited normal growth and morphology in serum-free medium. Their colony formation was promoted by the conditioned medium (CM) of ARPE19 cells on Matrigel. Proteomics analysis showed that pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was one of the most abundant extracellular proteins in the ARPE19 CM, whereas enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed that large amounts of PEDF was secreted from ARPE19 cells. Adding anti-PEDF-blocking antibodies to the co-culture of HUCMSCs with ARPE19 cells increased apoptosis of HUCMSCs. Conversely, treatment with PEDF significantly reduced apoptosis and increased proliferation of HUCMSCs in serum-free medium. PEDF was further demonstrated to exert this anti-apoptotic effect by inhibiting P53 expression to suppress caspase activation. In vivo studies demonstrated that co-injection of HUCMSCs with ARPE19 cells in immunocompromised NOD-SCID mice also increased survival and decreased apoptosis of HUCMSCs. PEDF also showed no negative effect on the mesoderm differentiation capability of HUCMSCs. In conclusion, this study is the first to demonstrate that PEDF promotes HUCMSC proliferation and protects them from apoptosis by reducing p53 expression in the serum-free medium. This study provides crucial information for clinical-scale expansion of HUCMSCs.

Introduction

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) are already applied clinically in stem cell therapy.^{1, 2, 3} Preclinical experiments on HUCMSCs or their derived tissues in disease models have been reported.³ Differentiated and engrafted HUCMSCs appear to have a successful functional outcome in in vivo rat models for cerebral ischemia,⁴ Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, retinal disease,⁵ type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and myogenic disease.² Furthermore, HUCMSCs exhibit low immunity and immunomodulatory effects, which increases the survival of transplanted cells and decreases the risk of graft-versus-host disease.^{6, 7} Therefore, they are the ideal stem cells for expansion in clinical cell therapy.

Clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), requires ex vivo MSC expansion to acquire sufficient cell numbers and optimal culture conditions. Expansion using animal-derived growth supplements, such as fetal bovine serum (FBS), involves critical limitations and safety concerns.⁸ For example, animal-derived (xeno) antigens and infectious agents present in FBS might be transmitted to the recipient of MSC therapy,^{9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15} and the composition of FBS is unclear and often inconsistent from lot to lot.¹⁶ The first commercially available xeno-free culture medium (Life Technologies stem cell growth medium) formulated for the expansion of human MSC has been approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA). However, it is too expensive for large-scale expansion of MSCs for clinical use. Alternative animal product-free media formulations, therefore, must be developed for clinical applications.

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of pigmented, cuboidal epithelial cells that are closely associated with photoreceptor outer segments. The most important functions of the RPE are retinoid metabolism, photoreceptor membrane turnover, and inter-photoreceptor matrix synthesis and maintenance.¹⁷ Simply by Transwell-based co-culture with RPE cells, MSCs can be proliferated and differentiated toward an RPE phenotype.^{17, 18, 19, 20} The RPE cells secrete a variety of cytokines, connective tissue proteins, extracellular matrix proteins, complement factors, proteases and protease inhibitors. These proteins may promote MSC proliferation and differentiation into RPE-like cells. Therefore, the RPE-secreted factors could be used for development of a xeno-free culture medium for MSC expansion.

Mass spectrometry (MS) and label-free quantitation have provided researchers with the ability to accurately measure expression levels in complex mixtures.²¹ The increase in instrument-sequencing speed has benefited MS/MS spectral counting approaches by improving MS/MS sampling of peptide mixtures. The introduction of high-resolution analyzers (such as FT-Orbitrap) has encouraged the use of methods based on peptide-intensity measurements by greatly facilitating the matching of peptide peaks in different complex maps acquired independently. Nevertheless, the most obvious advantage of the above methods over isotopic labeling techniques is their ease of use at the sample preparation step, as they do not require any preliminary treatment to introduce a label into peptides. Because they are more straightforward, they do not have the disadvantages of labeling methods.²² In this investigation, therefore, we adopted MS/MS coupled with label-free quantitative proteomic analysis that facilitated an effective approach to investigate the key factor for MSC survival in the RPE-secreted proteins.

For clinical expansion of MSCs, it remains elusive how to prevent MSC apoptosis and promote their proliferation in serum-free medium. In this study, we demonstrated that co-culture of HUCMSCs with RPE supported HUCMSC growth and prevented apoptosis under serum-deprived conditions. Using label-free proteomic analysis, we identified PEDF as one of the key secreted proteins from ARPE-19 cell line (ARPE)-conditioned medium that is responsible for the effects mentioned above. We also determined that PEDF-reduced p53 expression to attenuate apoptosis in the HUCMSCs under serum-deprived conditions. These novel findings may provide crucial information for the development of xeno-free culture medium for the clinical expansion of HUCMSCs.

Materials and methods

All experiments involving human samples were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital. The methods were carried out according to the approved guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects.

Cell culture

The human RPE cell line APRE19 was maintained in DMEM/F12 (1:1, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Biological Industry, Kibbutz, Israel), and penicillin and streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA, USA). HUCMSCs were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Invitrogen) containing 10% FBS and antibiotics at 37 °C in a 95% air/5% CO₂ humidified atmosphere.

Proliferation of HUCMSCs co-cultured with or without ARPE19

HUCMSCs were seeded in a 12-well Transwell bottom well and co-cultured with or without ARPE19 in cell-culture inserts with an 8-μm pore size (BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA, USA) in DMEM/F12 serum-free medium. Proliferation of HUCMSCs co-cultured with or without ARPE19 cell was evaluated after 4–6 days of coculture by using the 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) assay kit (Biological Industries, Beth Haemek, Israel).

Stacking gel-aided purification method

Protein purification was performed using gel-aided sample preparation as previously described.²² The secretomes of ARPE19 cells from concentrated-conditioned medium (CM) samples were run on a self-poured stacking SDS-PAGE gel. The resolving gel portion (0.6 ml H₂O, 2.22 ml 1.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 90 μl 10% SDS, 6 ml Bis/acrylamide, 90 μl 10% ammonium persulfate and 5 μl TEMED) was poured and set to polymerize for 1 h. The stacking gel portion (2.9 ml H₂O, 0.5 ml 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 40 μl 10% SDS, 520 μl Bis/acrylamide, 40 μl 10% ammonium persulfate and 4 μl TEMED) was poured next. A custom-made comb (1 mm thickness) was inserted, and the gel was allowed to polymerize for 30 min. A total of 10 μg CM was mixed with 13 μl H₂O, 5 μl 4 × SDS sample buffer, and 2 μl 0.5 M DTT and then boiled for 10 min. The gel was run at 55 V. Electrophoresis was stopped after the sample had barely passed into the resolving gel, and the gels were then stained with Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) R-250.

In-gel digestion

The gel pieces corresponding to the secretomes from ARPE19 were diced into 1 mm³ pieces. The gel slices were washed and dehydrated three times in 25 mM ammonium bicarbonate (ABC) (pH 7.9) and 50 mM ABC/50% acetonitrile. A protein reduction was subsequently performed by incubating 10 mM DTT for 1 h at 56 °C and then alkylating with 50 μl saturated iodoacetic acid (IAA) for 45 min at room temperature in the dark. After two subsequent wash/dehydration cycles, each gel sample was digested with 1 μg sequencing-grade-modified trypsin (Promega), and enough 25 mM ammonium bicarbonate was added to completely saturate the gel. The sample was incubated at 37 °C for an overnight digestion. Following the digestion, peptides were extracted twice in 100 μl 50% ACN in 5% formic acid. The extracted peptides were enriched by OMIX C18 pipet tips (Varian, Lake Forest, CA, USA), to remove the effects of any remaining reagents.

LC–MS/MS analysis

Resulting peptides were analyzed by RP-nano-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS using a nanoACQUITY HPLC system (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) coupled to an LTQ-Orbitrap Discovery Hybrid FTMS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany). For RP-nano-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, a sample (2 μl) of the desired peptide digest was loaded into the reverse phase column (Symmetry C18, Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA, 5 μm, 180 μm × 20 mm) by an autosampler. After 3 min desalting, the precolumn was switched online with the analytical C18 column (BEH C18, 1.7 μm, 75 μm × 100 mm) equilibrated in 99% solvent A (100% D.I. water, 0.1% formic acid) and 1% solvent B (100% acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acid). Peptides were eluted using a linear acetonitrile gradient from 99% solvent A to 85% solvent B during 45 min at 400 nl min⁻¹ flow rate. The LTQ-Orbitrap (Thermo Finnigan, San Jose, CA, USA) was operated in the data-dependent acquisition mode with the XCalibur software. Survey scan MS was acquired in the Orbitrap in the 400–2000 m/z range with the resolution set to a value of 30 000 and collision energy set at 35%. The four most intense ions per survey scan were selected for CID fragmentation, and the resulting fragments were analyzed in the linear trap mass analyzer (Thermo Finnigan). Dynamic exclusion was employed within 60 s to prevent repetitive selection of the same peptide.

Database search and data quantification

The MS/MS data were processed using MaxQuant v 1.3.0.5 (available via http://www.maxquant.org/). The MaxQuant package integrates a suite of software packages for peak list generation, labeled peptide pairs, SILAC- and XIC-based quantitation, false discovery rates (FDRs) and peptide identification based on a Mascot search. The step-by-step details of this procedure can be found in the reference section.²² Briefly, MaxQuant executed data analysis in four sequential steps. The first step entailed ‘pre-processing and quantitation’ to identify all the peptide pairs without knowing their identity, followed by a Mascot search in the second step. The Mascot search was performed using MaxQuant v 1.3.0.5 against the concatenated forward and reverse versions of UniProt human protein database. Mascot search parameters included the following as variable modifications: enzyme trypsin, one missed cleavage and oxidation of methionine. The maximum allowed mass error tolerances for MS and MS/MS scans were 5 p.p.m. and 0.5 Da, respectively. Only peptides with six amino acid residues were allowed, and proteins that had at least two peptides with ion scores >20 were considered for identification and quantitation. A target-decoy database approach using forward-reverse sequences and contaminants was used to determine the FDR, and the FDR threshold was set to the default values of 1% for both the peptides and the proteins, and posterior error probability of 0.5%.²³ Label-free quantification was carried out in MaxQuant software as previously described.²⁴ After MaxQuant analysis, the protein identification and quantification were reported in the table of proteinGroups. The identified proteins in the table of proteinGroups were listed on the column of majority protein IDs. Protein abundance was calculated from the normalized spectral protein intensity (LFQ intensity). The label-free quantification (LFQ) intensity was used to calculate the protein percentage of total protein intensity in each run (protein percentage=LFQ intensity of identified protein/sum of LFQ intensity of total identified proteins). Subsequently, the protein abundance of each protein in CM was calculated by the protein percentage of each protein plus total protein amount measured by protein assay in CM.

In silico analysis of protein sequences

The presence of secretory signal peptide cleavage sites was predicted using SignalP software version 4.1 (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/). All identified proteins were queried against this prediction software to look for the signal peptide sequences to verify that these identified proteins had been secreted via classical pathways. A sequence prediction based on SecretomeP version 2.0 (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SecretomeP) was performed for the prediction of secreted mammalian proteins targeted to non-classical secretion pathways. The transmembrane-domain prediction was performed with TMHMM Server v. 2.0 (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM/). The identified proteins were annotated to note the presence of a transmembrane helix and classified as either soluble or membrane proteins.

Proliferation of HUCMSCs in the absence or presence of recombinant PEDF or anti-PEDF antibody

A total of 2 × 10⁵ HUCMSCs were seeded on a culture dish with DMEM/F12 serum-free medium in the presence or absence of 100 μg ml⁻¹ rPEDF (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) or 5 μg ml⁻¹ polyclonal anti-PEDF-blocking antibody (BioProducts, West Palm Beach, FL, USA) or 5 μg ml⁻¹ non-functional control rabbit IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA). Cell growth was measured after 7 days of culture.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Levels of PEDF in a fresh-culture medium, in conditioned medium of HUCMSCs, in APRE19-conditioned medium and in HUCMSCs co-cultured with ARPE19 collected after 24 h of culture were determined by human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (PEDF, GeneAsia Biotech, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining

Apoptotic cells were detected with the Click-iT Plus TUNEL Assay Kit (Life Technologies, Waltham, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The percentage of TUNEL-positive cells was calculated as the number of TUNEL-positive cells divided by the total number of DAPI-positive cells in three non-overlapping areas (2 mm² per well).

Western blotting

Cell lysates were obtained from HUCMSCs that were serum-starved for 48 h with or without ARPE19 co-culturing. The cell lysates were then loaded onto a 5–20% gradient SDS-polyacrylamide gel, subjected to electrophoresis under reducing conditions, and blotted onto a PVDF membrane (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The blots were blocked with a solution of 3% non-fat dry milk/2PBS/0.1% Tween-20 at room temperature; rinsed twice with PBS/0.1% Tween-20 and incubated with 1:200 diluted polyclonal anti-caspase-3 or anti-cleaved caspase-3, caspase-8 antibody and P53 (St John’s Lab, London, UK), followed by 1:5000 diluted anti-rabbit IgG-HRP (Amersham, GE, Taipei, Taiwan). Detection of actin by an anti-actin antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was used as a loading control. Membranes were rinsed three times in PBS/0.1% Tween-20. Signals were detected with horseradish peroxidase using an ECL kit (Promega, Fitchburg, WI, USA).

Ex vivo culture of HUCMSCs in the absence or presence of ARPE19-conditioned medium

Lentiviral rRFP-tagged HUCMSCs (2 × 10⁵ cells) were seeded in a Matrigel (BD Bioscience)-coated dish, and cultured with or without conditioned medium from ARPE19 cells (1 × 10⁵ cells) for 7 days. The colony numbers were calculated on the seventh day after the co-culture.

In vivo culture of HUCMSCs in the absence or presence of ARPE19

All animal work was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital. Lentiviral rRFP-tagged HUCMSCs (2 × 10⁵ cells) with or without APRE19 cells (1 × 10⁵ cells) were seeded in 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 cm³ gelform (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ, USA) soaking in serum-free culture medium for one day, and then the gelform was transplanted subcutaneously into NOD-SCID mice. The gelform was made from porcine gelatin and had the consistency of a sponge-like material. The gelform sponge contained many porous structures, allowing the cells to grow in a 3D manner. After 5 days, the transplanted gelform was removed, and photographs were taken of cells under a fluorescence microscope to count the cells.

To evaluate TUNEL assays under in vivo conditions, DiI (Invitrogen)-stained HUCMSCs with or without ARPE19 cells were embedded at high molecular weight (3000 kD, Hyruan Plus, LG Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea) in serum-free hyaluronan (HA) and injected subcutaneously into NOD-SCID immune-deficient mice. (The mice are non-obese diabetic-severe mice with immune deficiency; the strain name is NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/JTcu.) Five days after the injection, the transplanted HA-cell mixture was removed and analyzed by the TUNEL assay. Next, apoptotic cells were observed, and cell numbers were counted under a fluorescence microscope.

Differentiation of HUCMSCs after various treatments

After various treatments (co-cultured with ARPE19, cultured with APRE19-conditioned medium, adding rPEDF) for 7 days, HUCMSCs were sent for a differentiation assay to measure adipogenesis, osteogenesis and chondrogenesis.

Induction of adipogenesis

The resulting HUCMSCs were seeded in a 12-well plate at a density of 5 × 10⁴ cells per well with adipogenic medium (DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 1 μmol l⁻¹ dexamethasone (Sigma-Aldrich), 5 μg ml⁻¹ insulin (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.5 mmol l⁻¹ isobutylmethylxanthine (Sigma-Aldrich) and 60 μmol l⁻¹ indomethacin (Sigma-Aldrich)). They were then allowed to grow for 14 days, the medium was changed every 3 days, and then cells were stained with Oil Red O (Sigma-Aldrich). After washing twice with PBS, lipids in the sample were extracted with 1 ml 100% isopropanol (Sigma-Aldrich) and shaken gently for 5 min. The concentration of the lipids was measured based on absorbance at 510 nm. The quantity of lipids in each sample was measured in triplicate.

Induction of osteogenesis

HUCMSCs were seeded in a 12-well plate at a density of 1 × 10⁴ cells per well and grown with osteogenic medium (DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 0.1 μmol l⁻¹ dexamethasone, 10 mmol l⁻¹ β-glycerol phosphate (Sigma-Aldrich) and 50 μmol l⁻¹ ascorbate (Sigma-Aldrich)), which was changed every 3 days. The cells were allowed to grow for 14 days and were then stained with Alizarin red (Sigma-Aldrich). For quantification of the staining, aliquots (150 μl) of the supernatant after multiple treatments as previously reported²⁵ were read in triplicate at 405 nm in a 96-well (Costar; Corning, Lowell, MA, USA) opaque-walled, transparent-bottomed plates (Costar; Corning).

Induction of chondrogenesis

A total of 1.5 × 10⁴ HUCMSCs were seeded in 6-well-plate for the above treatments. After 7 days, the HUCMSCs were seeded in a 15 ml conical tube at a density of 1 × 10⁶ cells cm⁻² and grown in chondrogenic media consisting DMEM, 10% FBS, 10 ng ml⁻¹ transforming growth factor-β1 (Pepro Tech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA), 50 μg ml⁻¹ ascorbic acid-2-phospate (Sigma-Aldrich) and 6.25 μg ml⁻¹ of insulin (Sigma-Aldrich). The media was changed every 3 days. The cells were incubated with the chondrogenic media at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ for 3 weeks. After fixing in paraformaldehyde (Bionovas, Toronto, ON, Canada), the pellets were sliced into 5-μm sections, mounted on slides and stained by immunohistochemistry using type 2 collagen (Sigma-Aldrich).

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS version 20 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Statistical significance was calculated using t-tests, and significance was set at P<0.05. All values are expressed as the mean± s.d. ANOVA with the post hoc Bonferroni test was used for multiple group comparisons.

Results

Proliferation of HUCMSCs co-cultured with ARPE19 cells in a serum-free medium was not inhibited

A co-culture experiment was designed to explore the effect of factors secreted by RPE cells on HUCMSCs in vitro (Figure 1). ARPE19 cells were seeded on Matrigel-coated Transwell inserts, and HUCMSCs were seeded on bottom dishes in a DMEM/F12 serum-free medium (Figure 1a). After 7 days, the co-cultured HUCMSCs were collected, and the number of cells was recorded. Co-culturing with RPE allowed HUCMSCs to maintain proliferation (Figure 1b and c). Without co-culturing with RPE, however, there was reduced proliferation of HUCMSCs and more apoptotic cell death, as indicated by the increase of TUNEL-positive cells compared with co-culture conditions or without co-culture but with addition of ARPE19-conditioned medium (Figure 1d and e).

Figure 1.

Proliferation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) co-cultured with ARPE19 retina pigment epithelium cells under serum-starved conditions was unaffected. (a) Illustration of co-culturing HUCMSCs with ARPE19 cells. HUCMSCs were seeded on the bottom of each dish and co-cultured with ARPE19 cells seeded on culture inserts with Matrigel in a serum-free medium. (b) Phase-contrast photos of HUCMSCs in 12-well Transwells either cultured alone or co-cultured with ARPE19 cells under serum-starved conditions. Scale bar=1000 μm. (c) Quantification of HUCMSC cell growth alone or co-cultured with ARPE19 cells. *P<0.05. (d) Apoptotic cell death was examined by TUNEL assays and visualized as green spots on day 6 of culturing HUCMSC with or without co-culture or with addition of CM. Scale bar=100 μm. (e) The ratio (percentage) of TUNEL-positive to DAPI-positive HUCMSCs either cultured alone, co-cultured with ARPE19 cells, or without co-culture but with addition of CM. The results were from three independent experiments and are expressed as the mean±s.d. CM, conditioned medium. ***P<0.001, compared to co-culture and CM group.

Factors secreted from ARPE19 cells enhanced HUCMSC colony formation

An ex vivo culture system with Matrigel was used to evaluate whether the factors secreted from ARPE19 might promote the growth of HUCMSCs in serum-free medium. When co-cultured with ARPE19 cells in the Transwell system or without co-culturing but with addition of ARPE19-conditioned medium, HUCMSCs formed colonies on the Matrigel-coated dish. Without co-culturing with ARPE19 cells or addition of conditioned medium, HUCMSCs could not form colonies (Figure 2a and b).

Figure 2.

Ex vivo growth of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) alone, co-cultured with ARPE19 cells, or with condition ARPE19 medium. (a) Phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopic images of HUCMSCs grown on Matrigel after 7 days with or without co-culture with ARPE19 or with conditioned ARPE19 medium. Scale bar=1000 μm (left panel) and 100 μm (middle and right panels). (b) HUCMSC colony numbers in microscopic field. ***P<0.001 compared with the group without co-culture.

Identification and quantification of the ARPE19 secretome

To investigate which secreted protein is responsible for the anti-apoptotic effect, we used label-free LC–MS/MS analysis to identify and quantify the ARPE19 secretome. Quantitative data were analyzed by the non-parametric MaxQuant to determine relative protein abundance. A total of 158 non-redundant proteins were identified and quantified. Among these proteins, 77 were predicted to be extracellular proteins (classical secreted protein, non-classical secreted protein and transmembrane protein) by SignalP 4.1, SecretomeP 2.0 and TMHMM 2.0 (Table 1). Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was the fourth most relatively abundant protein of the 77 predicted secreted proteins. Because PEDF can activate the ERK and AKT signaling pathways in MSCs,²⁶ it was selected to be the candidate for investigation of the anti-apoptosis mechanism in HUCMSCs.

Table 1. Extracellular proteins of ARPE19 identified by secretomic analysis.

Uniprot#	Protein name	SP	TM	Unique peptide	Score
P08195	4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain	—	Y	2	12.4
Q13443	ADAM 9	Y	Y	2	21.6
O00468	Agrin	Y	—	26	162.6
P05067	Amyloid beta A4 protein	Y	Y	3	30.0
Q06481	Amyloid-like protein 2	Y	Y	2	11.5
P07355	Annexin A2	Y	—	13	163.7
O75882	Attractin	—	Y	6	98.9
P61769	Beta-2-microglobulin	Y	—	4	67.7
P43251	Biotinidase	Y	—	2	13.6
P80723	Brain acid soluble protein 1	—	Y	3	18.1
P55287	Cadherin-11	Y	Y	2	16.9
P19022	Cadherin-2	Y	Y	19	123.9
P27797	Calreticulin	Y	—	3	25.7
O94985	Calsyntenin-1	Y	Y	8	67.7
Q9UI42	Carboxypeptidase A4	Y	—	7	53.7
P07339	Cathepsin D	Y	—	2	18.6
Q13740	CD166 antigen	Y	Y	5	67.2
P20908	Collagen alpha-1(V) chain	Y	Y	2	20.8
P05997	Collagen alpha-2(V) chain	Y	Y	3	20.6
P01024	Complement C3	Y	Y	6	79.5
Q9ULV4	Coronin-1C	—	Y	2	11.6
P01034	Cystatin-C precursor	Y	—	2	12.6
P81605	Dermcidin	Y	—	3	23.4
Q14126	Desmoglein-2	Y	Y	6	73.9
B2RKV3	Dipeptidyl-peptidase 7	Y	—	2	20.3
P04843	Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide—protein glycosyltransferase subunit 1	Y	Y	3	32.6
Q14118	Dystroglycan	Y	Y	2	25.6
Q14118	Extracellular matrix protein 1	Y	Y	3	43.4
P35555	Fibrillin-1	Y	Y	5	42.2
P35556	Fibrillin-2	Y	Y	3	29.7
P02751	Fibronectin	Y	—	11	182.7
O95633	Follistatin-related protein 1	Y	—	5	79.5
P09382	Galectin-1	Y	—	5	50.5
Q08380	Galectin-3-binding protein	Y	—	3	38.7
Q92820	Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase	Y	—	2	15.2
P35052	Glypican-1	Y	—	4	41.7
P08069	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7	Y	Y	2	23.4
P05556	Integrin beta-1	Y	Y	3	19.1
Q16363	Laminin subunit alpha-4	Y	—	4	38.4
P07942	Laminin subunit beta-1	Y	—	8	71.4
P61626	Lysozyme C	Y	—	2	14.3
Q9Y4K0	Lysyl oxidase homolog 2	Y	—	4	56.2
P01033	Metalloproteinase inhibitor 1	Y	—	2	19.2
P60174	Triosephosphate isomerase	Y	—	4	29.5
Q969H8	Myeloid-derived growth factor	Y	—	3	46.4
P26022	Pentraxin-related protein PTX3	Y	—	5	63.7
P15692	Vascular endothelial growth factor A	Y	—	3	42.2
Q96FE7	Phosphoinositide-3-kinase-interacting protein 1	Y	Y	2	16.5
P36955	Pigment epithelium-derived factor	Y	—	12	162.6
P05155	Plasma protease C1 inhibitor	Y	—	8	81.6
P05121	Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1	Y	—	17	177.3
Q6UX71	Plexin domain-containing protein 2	Y	Y	3	34.0
P23560	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Y	—	6	69.8
Q07954	Prolow-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1	Y	Y	5	66.1
P41222	Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase precursor	Y	—	2	13.1
P07237	Protein disulfide-isomerase	Y	—	3	19.4
Q15084	Protein disulfide-isomerase A6	Y	—	2	20.6
P06703	Protein S100-A6	Y	—	3	25.4
O14522	Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase kappa	Y	—	5	67.7
Q99969	Retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2	Y	—	4	34.0
O75326	Semaphorin-7A	Y	—	3	20.2
P02768	Serum albumin	Y	Y	15	145.1
P11166	Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1	Y	Y	3	19.8
P09486	SPARC	Y	—	6	119.3
O00391	Sulfhydryl oxidase 1	Y	Y	11	97.0
P00441	Superoxide dismutase	Y	—	3	23.4
P31431	Syndecan-4	Y	Y	10	182.7
Q9UI42	Carboxypeptidase A4	Y	—	6	119.3
P07585	Decorin	Y	—	2	32.8
P07996	Thrombospondin-1	Y	—	9	100.1
O43897	Tolloid-like protein 2	Y	—	2	12.4
Q15582	Transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein ig-h3	Y	Y	7	71.4
P07093	Glia-derived nexin	Y	—	2	12.4
Q6EMK4	Vasorin	Y	Y	5	67.7
Q12907	Vesicular integral-membrane protein VIP36	Y	Y	2	21.1

ARPE19 cells secreted large quantities of PEDF

The secreted proteins from ARPE19 cells that affect HUCMSC proliferation were investigated by label-free LC–MS/MS analysis. PEDF was selected to be the target protein in this study because of its anti-apoptosis effect.²⁷ The abundance of PEDF protein in the CM of APRE19 cells was determined and confirmed by ELISA. Up to 4000 ng ml⁻¹ of PEDF was secreted from 2 × 10⁵ ARPE19 cells (Figure 3). Thus, the effect of PEDF on HUCMSCs was examined first.

Figure 3.

Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in conditioned medium of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs), HUCMSCs co-cultured with ARPE19, and ARPE19 cells. A cultured medium was used as a negative control. The results were from three independent experiments and are expressed as the mean±s.d.

PEDF exerted an anti-apoptotic effect on HUCMSCs in serum-free medium

Recombinant PEDF protein (rPEDF) and anti-PEDF antibody were used to evaluate the effects of PEDF on the proliferation and apoptosis of HUCMSCs co-cultured with ARPE19 cells in serum-free medium. The rPDEF (50 μg ml⁻¹) increased HUCMSC proliferation (Figure 4a and b), and simultaneously decreased HUCMSC apoptosis, as demonstrated by the TUNEL assay (Figure 4c and d). Conversely, the anti-PEDF antibody blocked HUCMSC proliferation and increased HUCMSC apoptosis (Figure 5a and b). Ratios (percentage) of TUNEL-positive to DAPI-positive HUCMSCs with or without the addition of IgG1 or anti-PEDF antibody are shown in Figure 5c and d.

Figure 4.

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) rescued serum-starved human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (HUCMSC) from death. (a) Phase-contrast photos of HUCMSCs not co-cultured with ARPE19 cells. Adding recombinant PEDF (rPEDF) resulted in more cells (right panel) than not adding rPEDF (left panel). Scale bar=100 μm. (b) Quantification of HUCMSC cell growth with or without rPEDF. ***P<0.001. (c) TUNEL assays examined apoptotic cell death and were visualized as green spots on day 6 of culture. Scale bar=100 μm. (d) The ratio of TUNEL-positive to DAPI-positive HUCMSCs (percentage) with or without rPEDF. The results were from three independent experiments and are expressed as the mean±s.d. ***P<0.001.

Figure 5.

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF)-blocking antibody inhibited proliferation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) co-cultured with ARPE19 cells in serum-starved medium. (a) Phase-contrast photos of HUCMSCs co-cultured with ARPE19 cells, with (right panel) and without (left panel) adding PEDF blocking antibody. Scale bar=1000 μm. (b) Quantification of HUCMSC cell numbers in a. ***P<0.001. (c) Apoptotic cell death was examined by TUNEL assays and visualized as green spots on day 6 of culture. Scale bar=100 μm. (d) Ratio (percentage) of TUNEL-positive to DAPI-positive HUCMSCs co-cultured with ARPE and with the addition of IgG1 or anti-PEDF antibody. The results were from three independent experiments and are expressed as the mean±s.d. ***P<0.001.

The PEDF-mediated signaling pathway causing these anti-apoptotic effects in HUCMSCs was then studied. Cleaved caspase-3 was detected by western blotting after anti-PEDF antibody stimulation of HUCMSCs (Figure 6a). Caspase-9, caspase-8 and cytochrome c (the proteins upstream of caspase-3) were investigated, and caspase-8 was found to be the regulatory protein (Figure 6b). In addition, p53 was markedly increased after anti-PEDF antibody stimulation of HUCMSCs under serum-starved conditions (Figure 6c).

Figure 6.

P53-activated caspase-8 and caspase-3. Western blot detected cleaved caspase-3 (a), cleaved caspase-8 (b) and P53 (c) in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) with different culture conditions (normal medium, serum-free (SF) medium, co-culturing with ARPE with or without adding anti-PEDF antibody) with a specific antibody (display of cropped blots).

ARPE19 cells protected HUCMSCs from apoptosis when co-transplanted in vivo

To determine whether APRE19 cells could inhibit the apoptosis of HUCMSCs in vivo, 10⁵ HUCMSCs were co-transplanted without (0) or with (2 × 10⁵) ARPE19 cells in gelform subcutaneously into NOD-SCID immune-deficient mice. Five days after transplantation, the number of HUCMSCs co-transplanted with ARPE19 cells was significantly greater than that of HUCMSCs without co-transplantation with ARPE19 cells (Figure 7) (P<0.05).

Figure 7.

In vivo growth of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) alone or co-cultured with ARPE19 cells. HUCMSCs were co-transplanted with or without retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) on gelform into NOD-SCID mice. (a) Fluorescence microscopy images were taken 5 days after the transplantation. Scale bar=100 μm. (b) Quantification of HUCMSCs on the transplanted gelform. *P<0.05.

In an alternate method, HUCMSCs (DiI-labeled) and ARPE19 cells were embedded in high molecular weight HA (3000 kD) under serum-free conditions and then transplanted into the back of NOD-SCID mice. Five days after transplantation, the HA was taken out from the mice. TUNEL assays showed more apoptotic cells in the HUCMSCs-only group than in those co-injected with ARPE19 cells in HA (P<0.001, Figure 8).

Figure 8.

In vivo rescue of apoptotic human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) co-cultured with ARPE19 cells in serum-free hyaluronan (HA). (a) HUCMSCs co-cultured with (upper panel) or without (lower panel) ARPE19 cells were embedded in serum-free 3000 kD HA and then transplanted into the subcutaneous region of NOD-SCID mice. The TUNEL assay was evaluated 5 days after the transplantation. (b) Ratio (percentage) of TUNEL-positive to DAPI-positive HUCMSCs (stained with DiI) with or without APRE19 cells in 3000 kD HA was shown. The results were from three independent experiments and are expressed as the mean±s.d. ***P<0.001. Scale bar=100 μm.

Co-culture with ARPE19, adding ARPE19-conditioned medium or rPEDF affected the differentiation ability of HUCMSCs in serum-free medium

Decreased adipogenesis of HUCMSCs was noted in the co-cultured group and CM group, but there was no effect in the PEDF group (Figure 9a and b). Increased osteogenesis of HUCMSCs was noted in the co-culture group and PEDF group compared with the control and CM groups (Figure 9c and d). When measuring chondrogenesis, the PEDF group had the same pellet size as the control. The co-culture and CM groups formed smaller pellets than the control (Figure 9e). They all stained positive for type 2 collagen, a chondrocyte marker (Figure 9f).

Figure 9.

Effect of ARPE19 co-culture, conditioned medium (CM), and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) on the differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs). Adipogenesis potential of HUCMSCs under various conditions was shown by (a) Oil Red O stain, and the amount of staining at day 14 was measured by (b) spectrophotometry at OD510. Osteogenesis of HUCMSCs under various conditions was shown by (c) Alizarin Red stain, and the amount of staining at day 14 was measured by (d) spectrophotometry at OD562. Chondrogenesis of HUCMSCs under various conditions was shown by (e) pellet formation at day 21 and (f) immunohistochemical staining of type 2 collagen. Scale bar=100 μm. **P<0.01,***P<0.001.

Co-culture with ARPE19, conditioned medium or rPEDF increased proliferation and reduced apoptosis of HUCMSCs in serum-free medium

To determine the effects of co-culture, APRE19 CM, and rPEDF on proliferation and apoptosis of HUCMSCs with serum-free medium, proliferation (XTT assay) and apoptosis (TUNEL assay) were measured in a 5-day time course. During the 5-day time course, co-culture, CM and rPEDF were found to significantly increase proliferation (Figure 10a) and decrease apoptosis (Figure 10b) of HUCMSCs.

Figure 10.

Effect of ARPE19 co-culture, conditioned medium (CM), and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) on the proliferation and apoptosis of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs). (a) The proliferation of HUCMSCs under various conditions from day 0 to day 5. (b) The percentage of apoptosis of HUCMSCs under various conditions from day 0 to day 5. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 compared with non-co-cultured group.

Discussion

We demonstrated that ARPE19-secreted factors could support HUCMSC proliferation and differentiation in serum-free medium. Label-free LC–MS/MS analysis of ARPE19 secretomes showed that PEDF was one of the most abundant secreted proteins in the CM. We find that PEDF may be the key factor that increases HUCMSC proliferation in serum-free medium. Using functional assays, we demonstrated that PEDF protected HUCMSCs from apoptosis and enhanced their proliferation in serum-free culture medium in vitro and in vivo, and anti-PEDF antibody exerted opposite effects. The anti-apoptotic mechanism was mediated by inhibition of p53-dependent apoptosis.

Human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) can differentiate into an RPE phenotype when they are co-cultured with pig RPE in a Transwell system, suggesting that the soluble factors in the co-culture system can facilitate lineage differentiation of hBMSCs into RPE-like cells.¹⁹ These soluble factors not only promote lineage differentiation of hBMSCs into RPE-like cells but also support hBMSC growth in the serum-free culture medium. Like hBMSCs, HUCMSCs have multipotent differentiation potential and can differentiate into RPE-like cells. Our data also demonstrated that the soluble factors from ARPE19 improved HUCMSC colony formation, and supported HUCMSC growth and morphology in serum-free medium. Thus, the soluble factors from RPE cells may contain some important factors that protect HUCMSCs from apoptotic cell death and enhance their proliferation in serum-free medium.

Using label-free secretome analysis, we demonstrated that PEDF was one of the most abundant secreted proteins in the ARPE19 CM. PEDF is a 50 kDa molecule known as serpin F1^{28, 29} and is mainly secreted from ARPE19. PEDF has various biological functions, including anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in neuroretina.^{30, 31} It sustains the retinal microenvironment and structure, and promotes differentiation of primitive retinal cells³² and retinoblastoma cells.³³ It stimulates several signaling pathways, including Ras, NF-kB,³⁴ FAS/FASL,³⁵ PPAR-gamma and p53.³⁶ Recently, PEDF was reported to activate ERK1/2 and maintain the growth of serum-starved hESCs.³⁷ When 100 ng ml⁻¹ rPEDF was added to serum-starved hESCs, ERK1/2 was activated; the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 inhibited the growth of hESCs. In addition, PEDF can activate ERK and AKT signaling pathways in hMSCs.²⁶ The proliferative effects of PEDF on hESCs are like those on hMSCs. These data support our findings that PEDF has a significant role in protecting HUCMSCs from apoptosis and in enhancing their proliferation.

Under serum-starved conditions, cells undergo apoptotic changes.³⁸ The receptor and mitochondrial pathways are involved in this process.³⁹ Fas or TNF-α activation trigger caspase-8 to initiate the subsequent caspase-3 apoptotic reaction. In our present investigation, cleavage of caspase-8 and caspase-3 increased after PEDF-blocking antibody was used to stimulate HUCMSCs co-cultured with ARPE19 cells. In addition, p53 protein levels were highly increased in the HUCMSCs after PEDF neutralization under serum-starved conditions. Conversely, adding rPEDF could ‘rescue’ apoptosis of HUCMSCs under serum-starved conditions. Lastly, an animal model also showed decreased apoptosis of HUCMSCs when they were co-injected with ARPE19 cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that PEDF can inhibit serum-deprivation-induced apoptosis of HUCMSCs via inhibition of p53-dependent apoptosis.

Recently, PEDF was reported to facilitate apoptotic cell death of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).⁴⁰ The study found that PEDF-induced p38 MAPK-dependent cleavage of multiple caspases could lead to apoptosis of iPSCs after PEDF stimulation. Although their results were contrary to our observations, this phenomenon allowed for iPSC-induced teratoma elimination. The differences between iPSCs and HUCMSCs may be due to the nature of different cell lines and culture conditions.

A primary limitation of the current study is the possibility that the secreted factors of ARPE19 may contain lipids and carbohydrates, which may also affect apoptosis and proliferation of HUCMSCs.

In conclusion, our novel findings indicate that PEDF can support proliferation and differentiation, and reduce apoptosis of serum-starved HUCMSCs. These results also suggest that PEDF may be a critical supplement to xeno-free culture medium in the quest for clinical expansion of human MSCs.