Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the training and validation sets.
| Variable | Training (n = 203) |
Internal validation (n = 101) |
External validation (n=152) |
P value* | P value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, Male n, % | 168 (82.8) | 85 (84.2) | 130 (85.5) | 0.758 | 0.527 |
| Age, years | 44 (35–54) | 44 (35–55) | 43 (34–52) | 0.932 | 0.736 |
| Ascites n, % | 91 (44.8) | 53 (52.5) | 84 (55.2) | 0.208 | 0.112 |
| HE n, % | 18 (8.9) | 7 (6.9) | 21 (13.8) | 0.563 | 0.062 |
| Infection n, % | 82 (40.4) | 35 (34.7) | 67 (44.1) | 0.333 | 0.251 |
| UGIB n, % | 14 (6.9) | 8 (7.9) | 5 (3.3) | 0.745 | 0.092 |
| Arti?cial liver support system n, % | 55 (27.1) | 32 (31.7) | 55 (56.7) | 0.404 | 0.100 |
| TBIL (mmol/L) | 303.4 (215.8–427.2) | 295.9 (205.1–416.1) | 297.8 (226.8–436.3) | 0.306 | 0.583 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 138.0 (135.0–140.0) | 138.0 (135.0–139.2) | 137 (134.3–139.7) | 0.444 | 0.181 |
| INR | 1.9 (1.6–2.4) | 2.0 (1.7–2.5) | 2.0 (1.7–2.6) | 0.382 | 0.054 |
| Creatinine (umol/L) | 61.7 (54.2–71.9) | 60.8 (50.3–71.2) | 61.2 (55.8–67.5) | 0.257 | 0.898 |
| Platelet count (109/L) | 111 (77–151) | 108 (76–139) | 114 (81–148.5) | 0.711 | 0.514 |
| MELD score | 21.1 (18.5–24.9) | 21.3 (18.2–24.7) | 21.8 (19.3–25.5) | 0.515 | 0.230 |
| MELD-Na score | 21.7 (18.9–26.8) | 22.3 (18.3–26.2) | 22.7 (19.7–27.5) | 0.590 | 0.186 |
| CTP | 10 (9–11) | 10 (9–12) | 11 (9–12) | 0.193 | 0.115 |
| LAAR | 39.9 (35.3–45.4) | 38.9 (34.7–44.1) | 38.8 (34.7–43.7) | 0.306 | 0.268 |
Values are expressed as medians (interquartile range).
Abbreviations: HE, hepatic encephalopathy; TBIL, total bilirubin; UGIB, upper gastrointestinal bleeding; INR, international normalized ratio; MELD , model for end-stage liver; CTP, Child-Turcotte-Pugh, LAAR: liver to abdominal area ratio.
*Comparison between the training cohort and the internal validation cohort from the First Af?liated Hospital of Fujian Medical University.
†Comparison between the external validation cohort from Meng Chao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University and all patients in the training and internal validation cohorts from the First Af?liated Hospital of Fujian Medical University.