Prognostic significance of pretreatment serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels in gastric cancer with pathological lymph node-negative: A large sample single-center retrospective study

Abstract

AIM

To assess whether elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is in the inferior prognosis for pathological lymph node-negative (pN₀) gastric cancer (GC) patients who underwent D₂ gastrectomy.

METHODS

About 469 pN₀ GC patients, who received D₂ radical gastrectomy were retrospectively analyzed. The X-tile plots cut-off point for CEA were 30.02 ng/mL using minimum P-value from log-rank χ² statistics, and pN₀ GC patients were assigned to two groups: those more than 30.02 ng/mL (n = 48; CEA-high group) and those less than 30.02 ng/mL (n = 421; CEA-low group). Clinicopathologic characteristics were compared using Pearson's χ² or Fisher’s exact tests, and survival curves were so manufactured using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analysis were carried out using the logistic regression method.

RESULTS

The percentage of vessel carcinoma embolus (31.35% vs 17.1%) and advanced GC (T_2-4b) (81.25% vs 65.32%) were higher in CEA-high group than CEA-low group. The CEA-positive patients had a significantly poorer prognosis than the CEA-nagetive patients in terms of overall survival (57.74% vs 90.69%, P < 0.05), and no different was found between subgroup of T category, differentiation, nerve invasion, and vessel carcinoma embolus (all P > 0.05). Multivariate survival analysis showed that CEA (OR = 4.924), and T category (OR = 2.214) were significant prognostic factors for stage pN₀ GC (all P < 0.05). Besides, only T category (OR = 1.962) was an independent hazard factor in the CEA-high group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Those pretreatment serum CEA levels over 30.02 ng/mL on behalf of worse characteristics and unfavourable tumor behavior, and a poor prognosis for a nearly doubled risk of mortality in GC patients.

Core tip: Currently, the survival rate for gastric cancer (GC) is still unsatisfactory. Reliable biomarker such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is necessary to improve the management of GC and pathological lymph node-negative (pN₀) represents a group of reliable biological status. About 469 pN₀ GC patients, who received D₂ radical gastrectomy were retrospectively analyzed, and an optimal cut-off value of CEA was reset, and we found that pretreatment serum CEA levels over 30.02 ng/mL on behalf of worse characteristics and unfavourable tumor behavior, and a poor prognosis for a nearly doubled risk of mortality in staging pN₀ GC patients.

INTRODUCTION

Currently, the therapeutic effect for gastric cancer (GC) is still dispiriting[1], especially in China. This reason may be partly ascribed to the delayed diagnosis of GC. In addition to tumor-nodes-metastasis (TNM) stage and selection of treatment, the survival rate of GC patients may be hit by other factors such as differentiation, behavior and genetic mutation[2].

Pathological lymph node-negative (pN₀) represents a group of reliable biological status, however, the survival for patients can unending changes, even when they share the same clinical stage[3]. Therefore, clinicians and researchers keep looking for other survival factors that might be able to help in the selection of a suitable treatment strategy.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), an acknowledged as an intracellular adhesion molecule, is one of the most common markers used in GC[2]. Up to now, many studies showed that extremely elevated serum CEA, which is closely related to an awful prognosis[4]. Numerous studies have been in favor of preoperative CEA levels as predictive marker for the survival situation of GC[5-8]. However, other studies have reported the opposite results[9-13]. Inconsistent views can be partly explained by different cutoff values of CEA, limited number of eligible cases and study endpoints, and the inadequate statistical power.

To solve the above-mentioned problem, we performed a large sample retrospective study and reset an optimal cut-off value of CEA and to explore the relationship between preoperative serum CEA and clinicopathological traits and prognostic information.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

From January 2000 to December 2010, a retrospective analysis was conducted of 1801 consecutive patients with GC who underwent D₂ lymphadenectomy, at the Department of gastrointestinal surgery, Fujian tumor hospital. Among them, 469 pN₀ resectable GC patients suffered from stage pTxN₀M₀ GC according to the 7^th edition of the TNM classification. Data from these patients were enrolled into a prospectively maintained database.

The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) pN₀ resectable GC; (2) Adenocarcinoma confirmed by histopathology; (3) Physical fitness suitable for surgery; (4) D₂ lymphadenectomy; and (5) no prior history of any type of adjunctive therapy.

The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) older than 85 years of age; (2) previous or concomitant other cancer; (3) previous or concomitant gastrectomy for benign disease; (4) previous chemotherapy or radiotherapy; (5) esophageal involvement; or (6) distant metastatic disease; (7) non-curative resection; (8) multiple primary malignancies; (9) remnant GC; and (10) mortality within 30 d after surgery (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria. CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.

All of the above patients were followed up by posting letters or by telephone interviews. The last follow-up was 1 January 2017. The cardiopathy logical and follow-up findings were collected and recorded in the database. All subjects gave written informed consent to the study protocol, which was approved by the Ethical Committees of Fujian Provincial Tumor Hospital.

Surgery

According to the 7^th edition NCCN guidelines[2], surgery with lymph node (LN) dissection is the primary treatment option for medically fit patients with resectable T_1b, any N tumors. All patients in the study underwent standard total or distal gastrectomy, depending on the location and macroscopic appearance of the primary tumor (Table 1). The strategy for LN dissections was determined using a standardized technique according to the guidelines of the 2010 Japanese Classification of Gastric Cancer and Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines edited by the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association[14].

Table 1.

Demographic data of the 469 patients with gastric cancer, n (%)

Characteristics	CEA-Low group (n = 421)	CEA-High group ( n = 48)	P value
Age (yr), mean ± SD	58.74 ± 10.98, 60 (20-83)	60.4 ± 11.55, 61 (31-78)
Gender
Female	118 (28)	12 (25)	0.657
Male	303 (72)	36 (75)
Male-to-female ratio	2.81:1	3:01
Family history
Positive	8 (1.9)	1 (2.01)	0.930
Negative	413 (98.1)	47 (97.99)
HP infection status
Positive	37 (8.8)	5 (10.4)	0.708
Negative	384 (91.2)	43 (89.6)
BMI (kg/m2)
Less than 18.5	28 (6.65)	4 (8.33)	0.358
18.5-24.99	304 (72.21)	38 (79.17)
More than 25	89 (21.14)	6 (12.5)
Differentiation degree
Well	226 (53.7)	22 (45.8)	0.302
Poor	195 (46.3)	26 (54.2)
Location
Upper	113 (26.8)	16 (33.33)	0.779
Middle	129 (30.64)	10 (20.83)
Lower	168 (39.9)	21 (43.75)
Mixed	11 (2.61)	1 (2.08)
Lauren classification
Intestinal type	105 (24.94)	10 (20.83)	0.668
Diffuse type	270 (64.13)	31 (64.59)
Mixed type	46 (10.93)	7 (14.58)
T category
T1a	68 (16.2)	4 (8.3)	0.033a
T1b	78 (18.5)	5 (10.4)
T2	89 (21.1)	13 (27.1)
T3	65 (15.4)	14 (29.2)
T4a	116 (27.6)	10 (20.8)
T4b	5 (1.2)	2 (4.2)
T1	146 (34.68)	9 (18.75)	0.026a
T2-4b	275 (65.32)	39 (81.25)
Nerve invasion
Positive	70 (16.6)	11 (22.92)	0.275
Negative	351 (83.4)	37 (77.08)
Vessel carcinoma embolus
Positive	72 (17.1)	15 (31.35)	0.017a
Negative	349 (82.9)	33 (68.75)

^aP < 0.05. HP: Helicobacter pylori; BMI: Body mass index; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.

Clinicopathological characteristics

The clinicopathological findings, including depth of tumor invasion and LN metastases, were utilized to stage tumors according to the 7^th edition NCCN guidelines[2]. LNs were dissected and described according to the Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma[14], which was also used to classify the location, histological type, and lymphatic invasion of tumors.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were conducted using Statistical Product for Social Sciences (SPSS) 19.0 software (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL, United States). The distribution of baseline characteristics was compared by using either Fisher’s exact test or the chi-square test. The CEA cut-off points were produced and analyzed using the X-tile program which identified the cut-off with the minimum P values from log-rank χ² statistics for the categorical CEA in terms of survival. Meaningful factors were extracted for further analysis, which was conducted by using the logistic regression method. The overall cumulative probability of survival was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences were evaluated by using the log-rank test. A P value less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.

RESULTS

Correlation analysis between the clinicopathologic factors and CEA

X-tile plots, constructed in Figure 2, illustrated that the optimal cut-off point for CEA was 30.02 ng/mL, and GC patients with in stage pN₀ were assigned to two groups: those more than 30.02 ng/mL (n = 48; CEA-high group) and those less than 30.02 ng/mL (n = 421; CEA-low group), with the strongest discriminatory capacity, with a χ² value of 85.15 and a relative risk ratio of 1:2.15.

Figure 2.

Division of patients by the cut-off points produced by X-tile plot. X-tile plots for CEA. The produced log-rank χ² value stratifies the pTxN0M0 GC patients into two groups by a cut-off value 30.02 ng/mL, showing a strong discriminatory capacity, with a χ² value of 85.15 and a relative risk ratio of 1:2.15. CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.

Clinicopathological characteristics

Depending on the 7^th editions of the TNM system, a total of 469 pN₀ GC patients were recruited in this study. Patient demographic data are summarized in Table 1. Overall, no observably difference was found in these characteristics, including gender, age, family history (FH), HP infection status, BMI, location, and lauren classification (all P > 0.05).

A slightly higher proportion of male patients constituted in the CEA-high patients (76% vs 64.04%), and male-to-female ratio was 3:1 among the CEA-high compare to 2.81:1 with CEA-low patients. In the CEA-high group, the proportion of was slightly higher than the negative group in poor differentiation (54.2% vs 46.3%), and nerve invasion (22.92% vs 16.6%). What is more, percentage was dramatically higher in CEA-high group than CEA-low counterparts in stage of T_2-4b (81.25% vs 65.32%, P = 0.026), vessel carcinoma embolus (31.35% vs 17.1%, P = 0.017) among the CEA-positive goup.

Survival analysis

The 5-year OS of stage pN₀ GC patients with high level of CEA was significantly inferior than CEA-low groups (57.74% vs 90.69%, P < 0.05, Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Survival analysis of pN0 patients with gastric cancer undergoing curative intent surgery. The P values for the survival comparison was determined by the log-rank test. CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.

Univariate and multivariate analysis

Univariate analysis exhibited that FH of GC, HP infection status, gender, CEA, T category, differentiation degree, location, and lauren classification, nerve invasion, vessel carcinoma embolus, and BMI; among which T category (OR = 1.906), CEA (OR = 1.919), vessel carcinoma embolus (OR = 1.764), and gender (OR = 1.716) were independent hazard prognostic factors(all P < 0.05, Table 2, Figure 4A).

Table 2.

Multivariate analysis for stage pTxN0M0 gastric cancer patients with D2 resection

	Univariate analysis				Multivariate analysis
	P value	Exp(B)	95%CI used for Exp (B)		P value	Exp (B)	95%CI used for Exp (B)
			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper
Family history	0.912	0.923	0.765	1.311	0.069	1.017	0.72	1.896
HP infection status	0.209	0.832	0.781	1.226	0.754	1.088	0.643	1.840
Gender	0.000a	1.716	1.316	2.553	0.590	0.898	0.608	1.327
CEA	0.000a	1.919	1.319	2.352	0.000a	1.924	1.353	2.232
Location	0.245	0.841	0.792	1.234	0.749	1.012	0.861	1.531
Lauren classification	0.241	0.851	0.814	1.091	0.711	1.109	0.891	1.154
T category	0.000a	1.906	1.659	2.271	0.009a	1.714	1.050	2.403
Differentiation degree	0.279	0.932	0.881	1.126	0.784	1.188	0.663	1.640
Nerve invasion	0.971	0.801	0.731	1.145	0.097	0.951	0.7768	1.655
Vessel carcinoma embolus	0.000a	1.764	1.321	2.562	0.983	0.994	0.895	1.660
BMI	0.732	0.812	0.729	1.234	0.356	1.228	0.912	2.229

^aP < 0.05. HP: Helicobacter pylori; BMI: Body mass index; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.

Figure 4.

Univariate and multivariate analyses for pN0 gastric cancer patients using the Cox regression model. A: HR was calculated in multivariate analyses; B: HR was calculated in CEA-low group; C: HR was calculated for CEA-high group. CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; HR: Hazard ratio.

Further multivariate analysis showed that CEA (OR = 1.924), T category (OR = 1.714) were significant prognostic factors for pN₀ GC (all P < 0.05, Table 2, Figure 4B). In the CEA-high sub-group, T category (OR = 1.962) was an independent hazard factor in CEA-high group by multivariate analysis (P < 0.05, Table 3, Figure 4C).

Table 3.

Multivariate analysis of overall survival in pTxN0M0 gastric cancer patients

	CEA-Low group (n = 421)				CEA-High group (n = 48)
	P value	Exp(B)	95%CI		P value	Exp(B)	95%CI
			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper
Family history	0.077	2.978	0.888	3.986	0.512	1.191	0.501	2.019
HP infection status	0.140	1.590	0.858	2.947	0.247	0.522	0.174	1.570
Gender	0.478	0.834	0.504	1.378	0.919	1.036	0.527	2.037
Location	0.482	0.831	0.764	1.124	0.897	1.012	0.752	2.102
Lauren classification	0.831	0.911	0.891	1.103	0.843	1.245	0.984	1.435
T category	0.647	0.941	0.725	1.222	0.001a	1.962	1.139	2.629
Differentiation degree	0.879	0.931	0.811	1.176	0.884	1.148	0.673	1.641
Nerves invaded	0.811	1.090	0.539	2.205	0.987	0.993	0.438	2.251
Vessel carcinoma embolus	0.064	0.315	0.093	1.068	0.883	0.889	0.685	2.281
BMI	0.392	0.424	0.851	1.124	0.356	1.228	0.912	2.229

DISCUSSION

As we known, CEA is part of the most familiarly used cancer biomarkers, and high preoperative CEA are closely associated with tumor load[10,15-19]. However, there had been few literatures regarding the treatment outcome of evaluating the prognostic significance of CEA, in particularly to those pN₀ GC patients. Previous studies have offered ambivalent testimony on the survival value of pretreatment CEA levels in resectable GC.

At the present stage, there existed no unified and well-recognized cut-off points[2]. Tied to various objective factors such as the sample size, different follow-up periods, ethnicities and different tumor stage, it leaded to inconsistent bias. To strengthen the statistical power, we collected a large sample analysis, and the number of eligible patients on the basis of similar endpoints. In the present study, the cut-off point was applied to 30.02 ng/mL.

In addition, study characteristics that miscellaneous large span studies might have influenced the effect size in GC patients. To confirm this synergistic effect, we performed subgroup analyses by clinicopathologic baseline. Firstly, in the CEA-high group, the proportion of was slightly higher than the negative group in poor differentiation (54.2% vs 46.3%), and nerve invasion (22.92% in vs 16.6%), showing that CEA-high GC patients with stage pN₀ may be at higher risk, and it should be remunerated meticulous attention to the crowd.

Although the biological actions of CEA are not fully understood, the close link of preoperative CEA to cancer aggressiveness has been known for many years[20]. Specifically, the patients with a high level of CEA were consulted more frequently in the presence of a advanced stage (T_2-4b: 81.25% vs 65.32%, P = 0.026), vessel carcinoma embolus (31.35% vs 17.1%, P = 0.017). The baseline data supported the view that a high level of CEA in stage pN₀ patients were identified as having worse biological behavior and more aggressive baseline conditions, which might be fastened to a potential genetic susceptibility and infaust living habits[21-24].

In consideration of worse characteristics and unfavourable tumor behavior, CEA-high patients’ survival rate was poor. In the data, the 5-year OS of patients with high expression of CEA was strikingly inferior (57.74% vs 90.69%, P < 0.05). The data added weight to show that preoperative prominent CEA correlates with more aggressive and poor survival, and the point above had to be in conformity with a former research[25].

Further verification was tested by multivariate analysis, the findings highlighted that CEA (OR = 1.924), T category (OR = 1.714) were significant prognostic factors for GC cases with stage of pN₀, suggesting that these two factors were closely associated with the survival and multicollinearity might exist between them. The view was in accordance with many scholars[2] who had found that elevated serum CEA was involved in tumor depth (T category), lymphatic metastasis, and TNM stage, and liver metastasis[26,27], and it was an independent prognostic risk factor.

Further analysis show that T category (OR = 1.962) was an objective hazard factor in the CEA-high group for pN₀ GC patients. It was found consistently in the aforementioned studies, which were at the root of the CEA was substituted for T category in the current TNM staging system to come up with a modified staging system.

To our knowledge, this analysis is one of the relatively few that have been reported. However, there were several limitations inherent in this study. First, it was intended to serve as a retrospective study and a clinical bias could potentially occur. Also, follow-ups were achieved through phone calls and a recall bias existed.

In spite of the assistance brought by the optimal cut-off value for serum CEA level in clinical practice, there exists limitations. Firstly, the possibility of patient selection introducing bias was inherent, which can affect surgical outcomes. Secondly, the number of CEA-high patients was relatively small, which reducing the intensity of statistics. What’s more, the data come from a single hospital, so the results may not represent the Chinese population well.

In conclusion, the CEA, categorized by cut-off points of 30.02 ng/mL, could produce the best prognostic discriminatory ability, and increased pretreatment CEA levels nearly doubled the risk of mortality in pN₀ GC patients.

COMMENTS

Background

The survival value of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for gastric cancer patients remains obscure. This study aims at assessing whether elevated serum CEA is a partner in the inferior prognosis for pathological lymph node-negative (pN0) patients.

Research frontiers

CEA, an acknowledged as an intracellular adhesion molecule, is one of the most common markers used in GC. Numerous studies have been in favour of preoperative CEA levels as biomarker for the survival of GC. However, other studies have reported the opposite results. The X-tile plot has been recently elaborated to establish cut-off point for biomarkers in cancer. we performed a large sample retrospective study and reset an optimal cut-off value.

Innovations and breakthrough

The authors found that the CEA, categorized by cut-off points of 30.02 ng/mL could develop the best prognostic discriminatory ability and predictive accuracy for staging pN₀ GC patients. Increased pretreatment serum CEA levels (> 30.02 ng/mL) nearly doubled the risk of mortality in in pN₀ GC patients.

Applications

This study results suggest that those pretreatment serum CEA levels over 30.02 ng/mL on behalf of worse characteristics and unfavourable tumor behavior.

Peer-review

The authors examined subjects with pretreatment serum CEA > 30.02 ng/mL have a poor prognosis in terms of survival, vascular invasion and transmural invasion. Clinicopathologic factors affecting outcome were evaluated. Their results show that those pretreatment serum CEA levels over 30.02 ng/mL on behalf of worse characteristics and unfavourable tumor behavior, and a poor prognosis for a nearly doubled risk of mortality in GC patients.