Is hemoglobin A1c and perioperative hyperglycemia predictive of periprosthetic joint infection following total joint arthroplasty?

Abstract

Objective:

This meta-analysis aims to determine whether hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and perioperative hyperglycemia are associated with the increased risk of periprosthetic joint infection following total knee and hip arthroplasty.

Methods:

A systematic search is performed in Medline (1966–October 2017), PubMed (1966–October 2017), Embase (1980–October 2017), ScienceDirect (1985–October 2017), and the Cochrane Library. Only high-quality studies are selected. A meta-analysis is performed using Stata 11.0 software.

Results:

Six retrospective studies including 26,901 patients meet the inclusion criteria. The present meta-analysis indicates that there are significant differences between groups in terms of perioperative random blood glucose level [weighted mean difference (WMD) = 2.365, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.802–2.929, P = .000] and perioperative hemoglobin A1c level (WMD = 3.266, 95% CI: 2.858–3.674, P = .000). No significant difference is found regarding body mass index (BMI) condition between groups (WMD = 0.027, 95% CI: -0.487 to 0.541, P = .919).

Conclusion:

The present meta-analysis shows that high HbA1c and perioperative hyperglycemia are associated with a higher risk of periprosthetic joint infection following total joint arthroplasty. Screening of HbA1c and perioperative blood glucose is therefore an effective method to predict deep infection.

1. Introduction

Total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty (TKA and THA) are considered reliably successful procedures for the treatment of degenerative arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and traumatic disease such as displaced femoral neck fractures. However, surgical site infections remain a devastating type of complication that is of deep concern for patients and surgeons alike. It can lead to periprosthetic joint infection, which prolongs hospital stays, delays recoveries, and leads to corrective surgeries, which are a financial burden. It has been reported that the infection rate of TKA is 1% to 3% and 0.7% to 2.5% for THA.^[1–6]

With an aging population, the number of joint arthroplasty surgeries is expected to rise. There will be an estimated 4 million joint arthroplasties performed annually in the USA by 2030 and approximately 8% of these patients will have diabetes mellitus (DM).^[7] Previous studies have reported that the presence DM has been identified as a possible risk factor for postoperative complications such as surgical site infections, nonunion, and other medical complications.^[8,9] High-quality evidence is inconsistent regarding the role of glycemic control on the risk of surgical site infections. Marchant et al^[9] found that patients with uncontrolled DM were associated with a significantly increased risk of surgical site infections and mortality following total joint arthroplasty. However, this result could not be replicated in recent articles, which measured glycemic control by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).^[10,11] Perioperative hyperglycemia caused by surgical stress was also reported to be an independent risk factor for postoperative surgical site infection even in patients without a DM diagnosis.

To our knowledge, whether there was a close relationship between perioperative hyperglycemia and postoperative periprosthetic joint infection or not remains controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis from clinical controlled trials to determine whether HbA1c and perioperative hyperglycemia were associated with an increased risk of periprosthetic joint infection following total knee and hip arthroplasty.

2. Methods

This meta-analysis was reported according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. All analyses were based on previous published studies; thus, no ethical approval and patient consent are required.

2.1. Search strategy

We systemically search electronic databases, including Embase (1980–October 2017), Medline (1966–October 2017), PubMed (1966–October 2017), ScienceDirect (1985–October 2017), web of science (1950–October 2017), and Cochrane Library for potential relevant articles. Gray academic studies are also identified from the reference of included studies. No language is restricted. The following terms are considered as key words: “Total knee replacement OR arthroplasty,” “Total hip replacement OR arthroplasty,” “hyperglycemia,” “HbA1c,” and “periprosthetic joint infection” were used in combination with Boolean operators AND or OR. The retrieval process is presented in Fig. 1.

Figure 1.

Search results and the selection procedure.

2.2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Studies were considered eligible if they meet the following criteria: published clinical retrospective study; a study that was performed to explore the relationship between perioperative hyperglycemia and postoperative periprosthetic joint infection for patient undergoing TKA or THA surgery; cases and controls are defined on the basis of presence or absence of periprosthetic joint infection. Studies will be excluded from present meta-analysis for incomplete data, cases report, conference abstract, or review articles.

2.3. Selection criteria

Two reviewers independently review the abstract of the potential studies. After an initial decision, full text of the studies that potentially meet the inclusion criteria are reviewed and final decision is made. A senior reviewer is consulted in case of disagreement.

2.4. Date extraction

A standard form for date extraction is printed for date extraction. Two reviewers independently extracted the relevant data from the included studies. Details of incomplete data of included articles are received by consulting corresponding author. Following data are extracted: First author names, published year, study design, comparable baseline, intervening procedures, and the incidence of periprosthetic joint infection. Other relevant data are also extracted from individual studies.

2.5. Quality assessment

Quality assessment of included studies is performed by 2 reviewers independently. The Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) scale, which assigns scores ranging from 0 to 24, is used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies in the present meta-analysis, which is based on the 12 main items. A consensus is reached through a discussion.

2.6. Data analysis and statistical methods

All calculations are carried out by Stata 11.0 (The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK). Statistical heterogeneity is assessed on the basis of the value of P and I² using standard Chi-square test. When I² >50%, P < .1 is considered to be significant heterogeneity, random-effect model is performed for meta-analysis. Otherwise, fixed-effect model is used. If possible, sensibility analysis is conducted to explore the origins of heterogeneity. The results of dichotomous outcomes are expressed as risk difference (odds ratio, OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). For continuous various outcomes, mean difference (MD) and weighted mean difference (WMD) with a 95% CIs is applied for assessment. Funnel plots are created to determine the presence of publication bias.

3. Results

3.1. Search result

A total of 332 studies are preliminarily reviewed. By reading the title and abstracts, 326 reports are excluded from current meta-analysis followed inclusion criteria. No gray reference is obtained. Finally, 6 retrospective studies,^[12–17] which have been published between 2010 and 2016 are enrolled in present meta-analysis and includes 532 participates in the infected groups and 26,369 patients in the noninfected groups. Demographic characteristics and the details about the included studies are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1.

Trials characteristics.

3.2. Study characteristics

The sample size of the included studies ranges from 1403 to 13,272. All of them evaluate the correlation between perioperative hyperglycemia and the increased risk of periprosthetic joint infections following total joint arthroplasty. Experimental groups experience periprosthetic joint infection, while control groups do not experience periprosthetic joint infections. Four studies^[12–15] apply general or spinal anesthesia, while the others^[16,17] do not report on their use. All^[12–17] studies report that the surgical procedure is performed by the same team. All of them suggest the outcomes for at least 95% of their patients. The follow-up period ranges from 12 to 24 months.

3.3. Methodological quality assessment

The MINORS scale is used to assess nonrandomized controlled trials (non-RCTs) by assigning scores ranging from 0 to 24 (Table 2). The outcome of the methodology quality assessment is as follows: 3 studies^[14,16,17] scored 18, 1 study^[12] scored 19, and 2 studies^[13,15] scored 20.

Table 2.

Methodological quality of the included studies.

3.4. Publication bias

As only 6 studies reported perioperative random blood glucose, publication bias is assessed and presented in Fig. 2. Funnel plots were symmetrical and a low risk of publication bias was demonstrated. Figure 3 assesses the publication bias of BMI condition, and also shows a low risk. However, publication bias could not be excluded, as the reliability of this kind of assessment is especially weak when a low number of studies are included.

Figure 2.

Funnel plot of perioperative random blood glucose level.

Figure 3.

Funnel plot of BMI condition.

3.5. Evidence level

All outcomes in this meta-analysis were evaluated using the Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. The evidence quality for most outcomes was low (Table 3), meaning that further research is likely to significantly change confidence in the effect estimate as well as the estimate.

Table 3.

The GRADE evidence quality for each outcome.

3.6. Outcomes for meta-analysis

3.6.1. Perioperative random blood glucose level

All studies^[12–17] report perioperative random blood glucose level following total joint arthroplasty. There is no significant heterogeneity (χ² = 4.82, df = 5, I² = 0.0%, P = .438); therefore, a fixed-effects model is used. The result of meta-analysis shows that perioperative random blood glucose level in experimental groups is significantly higher than in control groups (WMD = 2.365, 95% CI: 1.802–2.929, P = .000; Fig. 4).

Figure 4.

Forest plot diagram showing perioperative random blood glucose level following total joint arthroplasty.

3.6.2. Perioperative hemoglobin A1c level

Four studies^[12–14,16] report postoperative A1c level. There is no significant heterogeneity among these studies (χ² = 6.33, df = 3, I² = 52.6%, P = .097); therefore, a fixed-effects model is used. Pooled results demonstrate that the perioperative HbA1c level in experimental groups is significantly higher than in control groups (WMD = 3.266, 95% CI: 2.858–3.674, P = .000; Fig. 5).

Figure 5.

Forest plot diagram showing perioperative hemoglobin A1c level following total joint arthroplasty.

3.6.3. Body mass index (BMI)

Five studies^[12–16] report BMI condition for the included patients. There is no significant heterogeneity among these studies (χ² = 1.67, df = 4, I² = 0.0%, P = .796); therefore, a fixed-effects model is used. Pooled results demonstrate that there is no significant difference between the groups regarding BMI condition (WMD = 0.027, 95% CI: -0.487 to 0.541, P = .919; Fig. 6).

Figure 6.

Forest plot diagram showing BMI condition between groups.

4. Discussion

The most important finding of the meta-analysis is that the perioperative random blood glucose level and HbA1c are associated with a significantly higher risk of periprosthetic joint infection. Moreover, no relationship between BMI condition and the risk of infection is identified.

Periprosthetic joint infection is considered one of the most severe postsurgical complications following total joint arthroplasty surgeries. It can lead to substantial health burden and a poor quality of life for patients. Previous studies have reported that the incidence of infection ranges from 1.5% to 6.8%^[18–20] among diabetic patients undergoing TKA. Several studies have assessed the risk factors for wound infections; however, any conclusion remains controversial. A substantial number of articles suggest a close relationship between DM and infection, while some studies maintain the opposite view. A recent comparative study found that the postoperative infection rate was 1.2% and 0.7%^[21] in patients with or without DM (P > .05). Marchant et al^[9] also reported that the incidence of periprosthetic joint infection was similar in patients both with and without DM. One reason for this anomalous result is that it is possible that these studies were not sufficiently powered to reach authoritative conclusions. Routinely used antibiotic-loaded cement, which is suggested as a way to prevent the periprosthetic joint infection, also contributes to the fairly small difference. More importantly, although the number of DM patients is provided in these investigations, none of them attempted to measure perioperative blood glucose levels, or their data were imprecise. Although Marchant et al^[9] found no correlation between DM and deep infections, the infection rate was 2.3 times greater in patients with poor glycemic control. Therefore, perioperative blood glucose level is a more convincing predictor than the diagnosis of DM for periprosthetic joint infection. The present meta-analysis indicates that there was a significant difference between the groups regarding perioperative random blood glucose level.

HbA1c is indicative of a patient's glycemic status over a 2 to 3-month time by accessible and objective laboratory examination, and is therefore used as a serological marker for controlling blood glucose in diabetic patients. Some studies have recommended that an HbA1c level of less than 7% could decrease the risk of systemic complications. Therefore, an HbA1c level of 7% has been considered the cutoff for glycemic control in previous studies. Whether or not HbA1c truly is predictive of periprosthetic joint infection remains controversial. Iorio et al^[11] report that HbA1c levels are not reliable for predicting the risk of infection after total joint arthroplasties. However, these studies have been criticized for a small number of patient who did not allow an adequately powered analysis. The present meta-analysis indicates that there was a significant difference between the groups with regard to their HbA1c level.

Another worthy question is whether blood glucose and HbA1c testing should or should not be performed as a standard routine for patients undergoing total joint arthroplasties. Subsequently, should there be a delayed operation for patients with abnormal values? The American Diabetes Association recommends that all patients with a DM diagnosis and those who are experiencing hyperglycemia should have their blood glucose monitored.^[22] Meanwhile, the Endocrine Society guidelines suggest that blood glucose and HbA1c should be tested for patients with or without a DM diagnosis.^[23] This action is based on the relationship between inpatients’ hyperglycemia and the possibility of first being diagnosed with DM during hospitalization. Indeed, it is believable that some of the periprosthetic joint infection cases were medicated by unidentified hyperglycemia or DM. In addition, poor hyperglycemia control is associated with other infections, such as pneumonia, urinary infection, and others. Although we found that HbA1c and perioperative hyperglycemia are predictive of periprosthetic joint infection, the optimal threshold of blood glucose remains unclear. Currently, outcomes for intervention of strict blood glucose are inconclusive. Hence, high-quality randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up are required in the joint arthroplasty population.

There are several limitations in the present meta-analysis. Only 6 studies were included, and all of them were retrospectives, which are likely to suffer from various types of bias. Some important outcome parameters, such as pneumonia and urinary infection, were not clearly described and could not be reported in the present meta-analysis. The overall GRADE quality of evidence is moderate to low, which influences confidence in any subsequent recommendations. Short-term follow-up may lead to underestimation of complications. Publication bias is an inherent weakness that exists in all meta-analysis.

5. Conclusion

The present meta-analysis shows that high HbA1c and perioperative hyperglycemia are associated with a higher risk of periprosthetic joint infection following total joint arthroplasty. Screening of HbA1c and perioperative blood glucose is therefore an effective method to predict deep infection.