Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the highly endangered Père David’s deer Elaphurus davidianus

Abstract

Eighteen of 43 (41.8%) Père David’s deer from Dafeng Elk National Natural Reserve, China, were positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum based on real-time FRET-PCR and species-specific PCRs targeting the 16S rRNA or msp4. To our knowledge this is the first report of A. phagocytophilum in this endangered animal.

Letter to the Editor

Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus) are now found only in captivity although they occurred widely in northeastern and east-central China until they became extinct in the wild in the late nineteenth century [1]. In the 1980s, 77 Père David’s deer were reintroduced back into China from Europe. Currently the estimated total population of Père David’s deer in the world is approximately 5000 animals, the majority living in England and China. In China 40% of the animals are concentrated in the Dafeng Elk National Natural Reserve (DENNR) which attracts over one million tourists annually.

Anaplasma spp. are tick-transmitted obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria that cause a variety of animal diseases and can also infect people [2, 3]. While control of ticks on domestic animals is time-consuming and costly, it is technically very difficult in wild animals and ticks are very common in the DENNR [4]. As Anaplasma infections cause considerable morbidity in animals in China [3], we tested 43 (20 males, 23 females) apparently healthy Père David’s deer for infections with Anaplasma spp.

DNA was extracted from whole blood samples collected from the animals with the Roche High Pure PCR Template Preparation Kit (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) quantitative PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Anaplasma spp. [5] gave positive reactions for 18 deer (41.8%), including 8 females (34.8%) and 10 males (50.0%). To investigate the species of Anaplasma present, the positive samples were further analyzed with species-specific primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene of A. centrale, A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum and A. platys [6, 7] as well as the msp4 gene of A. marginale and A. ovis as described [8] (Table 1). All of the 18 positive samples were positive for A. phagocytophilum species-specific primers and sequencing of the PCR products with forward and reverse primers (BGI, Shanghai, China) and assembling using DNASTAR 7 revealed two different A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA fragment sequences.

Table 1.

Oligonucleotide sequences of the primers used in this study

Pathogen	Target gene	Primer		Amplicon size (bp)	References
		Primer Name	Oligonucleotide sequence (5′-3′)
A. centrale	16S rRNA	AC1f	CTGCTTTTAATACTGCAGGACTA	426	Kawahara et al., [6]
		AC1r	ATGCAGCACCTGTGTGAGGT
A. bovis	16S rRNA	AB1f	CTCGTAGCTTGCTATGAGAAC	551	Kawahara et al., [6]
		AB1r	TCTCCCGGACTCCAGTCTG
A. phagocytophilum	16S rRNA	SSAP2f	GCTGAATGTGGGGATAATTTAT	641	Kawahara et al., [6]
		SSAP2r	ATGGCTGCTTCCTTTCGGTTA
A. marginale	msp4	Amargmsp4 F	CTGAAGGGGGAGTAATGGG	344	Torina et al., [8]
		Amargmsp4 R	GGTAATAGCTGCCAGAGATTCC
A. ovis	msp4	Aovismsp4 F	TGAAGGGAGCGGGGTCATGGG	347	Torina et al., [8]
		Aovismsp4 R	GAGTAATTGCAGCCAGGGACTCT
A. platys	16S rRNA	Platys-F	AAGTCGAACGGATTTTTGTC	504	Inokuma et al., [7]
		Platys-R	CTTTAACTTACCGAACC

Representative sequences identified in our study (MF470200 and M470201) were aligned using CLUSTAL W in MEGA 7 with those of 14 A. phagocytophilum and sequences for A. platys, A. bovis, A. marginale, A. centrale, A. ovis, Ehrlichia ruminantium, Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia muris retrieved from GenBank (Fig. 1). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the Anaplasma isolates studied were all closely related to A. phagocytophilum based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences (99.2–100% similarity, 598–600 nucleotides). Compared with those of other Anaplasma spp., the similarity was 99.0% with A. platys (6 mismatches/599 nucleotides), 96.7% with A. bovis (20 mismatches/599–600 nucleotides), 97.2% with A. marginale (16 or 17 mismatches/599 nucleotides), 96.7% with A. centrale (19 or 20 mismatches/599 nucleotides), and 97.4% with A. ovis (15 or 16 mismatches/599 nucleotides), respectively.

Fig. 1.

Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on sequences of the 16S rRNA gene (598–600 bp). The strains identified in our study (MF470200, MF470211) are most similar to A. phagocytophilum. Numbers at the branches show bootstrap support (1000 replicates). The scale-bar denotes distance

To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. phagocytophilum in Père David’s deer, a nationally protected species in China. There is little data on the pathogenic effects of A. phagocytophilum in deer although a wide variety are susceptible and some species can have prolonged infections and are most likely reservoir hosts [9]. Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), black-striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius), common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and Siberian thrush (Zoothera sibirica) that have  been reported as hosts for A. phagocytophilum [10–12] are found to reside in DENNR. In domestic ruminants in Europe, however, infections are associated with fever and anorexia, abortion storms, occasional deaths, decreased milk production and immunosuppression [9]. Further studies are required to determine if the A. phagocytophilum infections we observed in the Père David’s deer might be detrimental to the survival of the species.

Haemaphysalis longicornis is prevalent in the DENNR (summer: 89.5 ± 17.1 ticks/10 m², winter: 1.47 ± 0.35 ticks/10 m²) and is the only reported tick species found on the Père David’s deer in the reserve [4]. Although Ixodes persulcatus is usually associated with A. phagocytophilum in Asia, this tick is distributed in the north of China and, along with other ticks reported to be infected - Dermacentor silvarum, Ixodes ovatus, Ixodes niponensis, Haemaphsalis megaspinosa and Haemaphyslais douglasii - has not been reported in the DENNR reserve. Haemaphysalis longicornis has been found to be infected with A. phagocytophilum and A. bovis in China and other regions [13–16] and appears to be the most likely source of the infections identified in our study.

Humans can also be infected with A. phagocytophilum resulting in human granulocytic anaplasmosis which might be asymptomatic or a mild febrile illness with headache, malaise, and myalgia [17]. Uncommonly it might cause severe disease with multiple organ failure and death although mortality rates might be significantly higher in China (27%) [18]. Our finding of infected deer and the reported high prevalence of H. longicornis which is known to feed on humans should alert health professionals to the possibility of A. phagocytophilum infections in patients with a history of visiting the DENNR.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of A. phagocytophilum in Père David’s deer. Further studies are needed to determine the effects on these infections on this endangered species and the role they might play in the epidemiology of human infections.

Abbreviations

DENNR

Dafeng Elk National Natural Reserve

FRET

fluorescence resonance energy transfer

Authors’ contributions

CW, ZP and YY designed the study. YR and JL collected the samples. YY performed the experiment. CW and YY analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Ethics approval

The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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