Abstract
Background
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune disease with bullous vesicles and an incidence of 0.2 to 1.4 per 100,000 inhabitants. Many studies have been published demonstrating the association of pemphigoid with HLA class II system alleles in different populations, however there are no data on the BP, one of the most heterogeneous in the world.
Objective
To typify HLA alleles in Brazilians with Bullous pemphigoid.
Methods
The study group included 17 Brazilian patients with a confirmed diagnosis of BP from a hospital in Sao Paulo city, southeast Brazil. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood using Qiagen kits and HLA A, B, C, DR and DQ typing was performed using polymerase chain reaction. The control group was composed of a database of 297 deceased donors from the city of Sao Paulo. The statistical significance level was adjusted using the Bonferroni correction depending on the phenotypic frequencies evaluated for HLA class I (A, B and C) and class II (DRB1, DQB1 and DQA1).
Results
Our findings show that alleles HLA C*17, DQB1*03:01, DQA1*01:03 and DQA1*05:05 are associated with the onset of the disease in the Brazilian population, with relative risks of 8.31 (2.46 to 28.16), 3.76 (1.81 to 7.79), 3.57 (1.53 to 8.33), and 4.02 (1.87 to 8.64), respectively (p<0.005).
Conclusion
Our data indicate that Brazilian patients with BP present the same genetic predisposition linked to HLA-DQB1*03:01 previously reported in Caucasian and Iranian individuals and our study introduces three new alleles (C*17, DQA1*01:03 and DQA1*05:05) involved in the pathophysiology of BP.
Keywords: Genes, MHC class I, Genes, MHC class II, HLA antigens, Pemphigoid, bullous, Polymerase chain reaction
Introduction
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by subepidermal blistering occurring mainly in elderly people between 60 and 70 years of age1. Its annual incidence is estimated at between 0.2 and 1.4 per 100,000 person-years2,3,4, and this value will probably increase with the increasing proportion of the elderly in the population. The pathophysiology is characterized by the action of autoantibodies against specific antigens in hemidesmosomes at the epidermal junction5 causing separation of the epidermis from the dermis.
Thus, the immune response of BP is characterized by the action of circulating autoantibodies of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and C3 against the structural components of the basement membrane zone (BMZ)6,7. These autoantibodies have two main targets: antigen 1 (BPAG1, also known as BP230) and antigen 2 (BPAG2, BP180 or collagen type XVII). It is likely that this autoimmunity involves autoreactive T cells that recognize epitopes located in the extracellular region of BP180, mainly in the NC16A ectodomain8,9.
There is strong evidence that genetic factors including HLA alleles may promote activation of potentially autoreactive T cells10,11,12 and different alleles and haplotypes have been identified in different populations.
Caucasian patients with BP were the first to be associated with the allele HLA-DQB1*03:0113, and it was later associated with Iranian patients14. However, in the Japanese population, patients with BP were associated with haplotypes HLA-DRB1*04/DQA1*03:01/DQB1*03:02 and DRB1*11:01/DQA1*0505/DQB1*03:02, and individual alleles DRB1*11:01 and DQB1*03:0215.
However, in the Chinese population with BP16, there was no statistically significant association with DQB1*03:01, but there was a protective factor for BP in individuals who presented the DRB1*08 loci (DR8) and DRB1*08/DQB1*06. These findings indicate that different HLA class II alleles and haplotypes can influence the genetic susceptibility to BP in different populations.
Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the association of HLA alleles (loci A, B, C, DR and DQ) with BP in Brazilian patients, by comparing the prevalence of these alleles with those in a control group.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients and controls
For the prospective case–control study, 17 consecutive patients (eight male and nine female; age 63.71 years, range 20~71 years) diagnosed with BP were selected to participate. All patients attended the Department of Otolaryngology of Sao Paulo University Hospital, Brazil. After explanation of the purpose of the research, the participants read and signed the consent forms, and were included in the survey. All patients were diagnosed according to clinical features, histopathological analysis after biopsy, and direct or indirect immunofluorescence showing IgG/C3 complement at BMZ. A “salt split test” confirmed all of the cases. The control group consisted of 297 (114 female and 183 male; age 43±17 years) deceased organ donors (Table 1) from Sao Paulo City, Sao Paulo, Brazil who died between 1 January 2011 and 22 March 2012.
Table 1. Prevalence of phenotypic alleles of HLA C for patients with pemphigoid and organ donors, HCFMUSP, 2016.
| HLA C | Pemphigoid (n=34) | Control (n=592) | OR (95% CI) | p-value*,† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C*01 | 0 | 14 (2.4) | NA | NA |
| C*02 | 1 (2.9) | 33 (5.6) | 0.55 (0.07~4.13) | 0.558 |
| C*03 | 2 (5.9) | 70 (11.8) | 0.50 (0.12~2.13) | 0.346 |
| C*04 | 4 (11.8) | 99 (16.7) | 0.71 (0.24~2.07) | 0.533 |
| C*05 | 5 (14.7) | 31 (5.2) | 3.35 (1.21~9.30) | 0.020 |
| C*06 | 2 (5.9) | 60 (10.1) | 0.59 (0.14~2.54) | 0.479 |
| C*07 | 9 (26.5) | 111 (18.8) | 1.70 (0.76~3.77) | 0.195 |
| C*08 | 1 (2.9) | 44 (7.4) | 0.40 (0.05~3.01) | 0.375 |
| C*12 | 4 (11.8) | 37 (6.3) | 2.14 (0.71~6.43) | 0.174 |
| C*14 | 0 | 20 (3.4) | NA | NA |
| C*15 | 0 | 26 (4.4) | NA | NA |
| C*16 | 0 | 29 (4.9) | NA | NA |
| C*17 | 4 (11.8) | 10 (1.7) | 8.31 (2.46~28.16) | 0.001‡ |
| C*18 | 0 | 8 (1.4) | NA | NA |
Values are presented as number of alleles (%). HCFMUSP: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (Faculty of Medicine of the University of Sao Paulo), OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, NA: not evaluable. *p-value using logistic regression. †Significance level with Bonferroni correction for α=0.05: α/14=0.05/14=0.0035714. ‡Significance p<0.0035714.
The local ethics committee (CAPPesq) approved this study (IRB no. 17.201).
DNA extraction and HLA typing
DNA was extracted from peripheral blood using Qiagen kits (QIAamp DNA Mini Kit®; Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). HLA A, B, C, DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 typing was performed using polymerase chain reaction and amplification using sequence-specific oligonucleotide contained in LABType Kits® (One Lambda Inc., Canoga Park, CA, USA).
Statistical analysis
The relationship between the frequencies of HLA and the presence of BP was measured with the odds ratio (OR), using logistic regression, and with a 95% confidence interval (CI) to the calculated OR. The statistical tests were adjusted using the Bonferroni correction depending on the number of alleles present. All data were stored and analyzed with two statistical software packages: PASW Statistics for Windows ver. 18.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA) and Stata ver. 11.0. Significance level with Bonferroni correction for α=0.05:α/14=0.05/14=0.004. *Significant p <0.0035714.
RESULTS
Of the 17 cases (eight male and nine female) with pemphigoid, only one cited a reaction following the use of amoxicillin and one after a major “stress” crisis. The group covered four of the five Brazilian macro-regions and the average age of the patients was 63.71 years (range, 20~71 years) with 10 white patients (58.8%), 6 “mulatto” (35.3%), and only 1 black patient (5.9%).
HLA class I
There was no significant association between the frequencies of HLA A or HLA B and BP. However, HLA C analysis found an association with HLA C*17 (Table 1). Individuals with HLA C*17 had eight times (11.8% vs. 1.7%; p =0.001; OR, 8.31; 95% CI, 2.46~28.16) greater chance of having the disease compared with the control group.
HLA class II
There was no significant association between the frequencies of HLA DRB1 and BP. However, the presence of DQB1*03:01 (38.2% vs. 14.1%; p =0.000372; OR, 3.76; 95% CI, 1.81~7.79), DQA1*01:03 (23.5% vs. 7.9%; p =0.003; OR, 3.57; 95% CI, 1.53~8.33), and DQA1*05:05 (32.4% vs. 10.8%; p =0.000358; OR, 4.02; 95% CI, 1.87~8.64) (Table 2, 3) was significantly higher in BP patients compared to those who did not have these alleles.
Table 2. Prevalence of phenotypic alleles of HLA DQB1 for patients with pemphigoid and organ donors, HCFMUSP, 2016.
| HLA DQB1 | Pemphigoid (n=34) | Control (n=594) | OR (95% CI) | p-value*,† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DQB1*02:01 | 0 | 59 (9.9) | NA | NA |
| DQB1*02:02 | 2 (5.9) | 74 (12.5) | 0.44 (0.10~1.87) | 0.266 |
| DQB1*02:03 | 0 | 1 (0.2) | NA | NA |
| DQB1*03:01 | 13 (38.2) | 84 (14.1) | 3.76 (1.81~7.79) | 0.000372‡ |
| DQB1*03:02 | 1 (2.9) | 52 (8.8) | 0.32 (0.04~2.36) | 0.261 |
| DQB1*03:03 | 1 (2.9) | 9 (1.5) | 1.97 (0.24~16.01) | 0.526 |
| DQB1*03:04 | 0 | 1 (0.2) | NA | NA |
| DQB1*03:19 | 0 | 13 (2.2) | NA | NA |
| DQB1*04:01 | 0 | 2 (0.3) | NA | NA |
| DQB1*04:02 | 4 (11.8) | 42 (7.1) | 1.75 (0.59~5.21) | 0.313 |
| DQB1*04:04 | 0 | 2 (0.3) | NA | NA |
| DQB1*05:01 | 3 (8.8) | 83 (14.0) | 0.60 (0.18~1.99) | 0.401 |
| DQB1*05:02 | 1 (2.9) | 18 (3.0) | 0.97 (0.13~7.49) | 0.976 |
| DQB1*05:03 | 0 | 21 (3.5) | NA | NA |
| DQB1*05:07 | 0 | 2 (0.3) | NA | NA |
| DQB1*06:01 | 0 | 5 (0.8) | NA | NA |
| DQB1*06:02 | 5 (14.7) | 59 (9.9) | 1.56 (0.58~4.19) | 0.375 |
| DQB1*06:03 | 3 (8.8) | 38 (6.4) | 1.42 (0.41~4.84) | 0.579 |
| DQB1*06:04 | 1 (2.9) | 18 (3.0) | 0.97 (013~7.49) | 0.976 |
| DQB1*06:05 | 0 | 1 (0.2) | NA | NA |
| DQB1*06:08 | 0 | 1 (0.2) | NA | NA |
| DQB1*06:09 | 0 | 3 (0.5) | NA | NA |
| DQB1*06:11 | 0 | 4 (0.7) | NA | NA |
| DQB1*06:19 | 0 | 1 (0.2) | NA | NA |
| DQB1*06:27 | 0 | 1 (0.2) | NA | NA |
Values are presented as number of alleles (%). HCFMUSP: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (Faculty of Medicine of the University of Sao Paulo), OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, NA: not evaluable. *p-value using logistic regression. †Significance level with Bonferroni correction for α=0.05: α/10=0.05/10=0.005 or α=0.01: α/10=0.01/10=0.001. ‡Significant p<0.001.
Table 3. Prevalence of phenotypic alleles of HLA DQA1 for patients with pemphigoid and organ donors, HCFMUSP, 2016.
| HLA DQA1 | Pemphigoid (n=34) | Control (n=594) | OR (95% CI) | p-value*,† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DQA1*01:01 | 3 (8.8) | 80 (13.5) | 0.62 (0.19~2.08) | 0.439 |
| DQA1*01:02 | 2 (5.9) | 127 (21.4) | 0.23 (0.05~0.97) | 0.045 |
| DQA1*01:03 | 8 (23.5) | 47 (7.9) | 3.57 (1.53~8.33) | 0.003‡ |
| DQA1*02:01 | 1 (2.9) | 74 (12.5) | 0.21 (0.03~1.58) | 0.130 |
| DQA1*03:01 | 3 (8.8) | 59 (9.9) | 0.88 (0.26~2.95) | 0.831 |
| DQA1*03:02 | 1 (2.9) | 20 (3.4) | 0.87 (0.11~6.67) | 0.892 |
| DQA1*04:01 | 3 (8.8) | 40 (6.7) | 1.34 (0.39~4.57) | 0.642 |
| DQA1*04:02 | 0 | 1 (0.2) | NA | NA |
| DQA1*05:01 | 0 | 68 (11.4) | NA | NA |
| DQA1*05:03 | 2 (5.9) | 10 (1.7) | 3.64 (0.77~17.33) | 0.104 |
| DQA1*05:05 | 11 (32.4) | 64 (10.8) | 4.02 (1.87~8.64) | 0.000358‡ |
| DQA1*06:01 | 0 | 3 (0.5) | NA | NA |
Values are presented as number of alleles (%). HCFMUSP: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (Faculty of Medicine of the University of Sao Paulo), OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, NA: not evaluable. *p-value using logistic regression. †Significance level with Bonferroni correction for α=0.05: α/9=0.05/9=0.0056 or α=0.01: α/9=0.01/9=0.0011. ‡Significant p<0.0011.
DISCUSSION
BP is an autoimmune-mediated blistering disease affecting the elderly. It is assumed that autoreactive T cell responses to BPAG2 are elicited upon recognition of this antigen bound to the HLA class II region of DQB1 molecule17,18.
This study reports the association of HLA class I (loci A, B and C) and HLA class II (loci DR, DQ) with BP, in Sao Paulo city, southeastern Brazil.
The Brazilian population, one of the most heterogeneous in the world, favors case–control studies with genotyping by allowing a reduction in connection imbalance and thus decreasing the chance of false positives19.
In the present study, most patients had no association with any external factors: only 1 (5.9%) reported a reaction following the use of amoxicillin and 1 (5.9%) reported a period of major stress preceding the symptoms.
In our study, individuals with HLA C*17 are at approximately eight times higher risk of presenting pemphigoid compared to individuals who do not have this allele (p <0.001). Although previous studies13,15 did not report an association of BP with class I alleles in other populations, this study has shown an association in Brazilian patients with BP, and this is the only statistically significant HLA class I reported so far.
However, with respect to HLA class II, in Japanese patients, Okazaki et al.15 demonstrated that, compared with a control group, patients with BP were associated with haplotypes HLA-DRB1*04/DQA1*03:01/DQB1*03:02 (39.1% vs. 11.7%; p <0.001) and DRB1*11:01/DQA1*05:05/DQB1*03:02 (8.7% vs. 0%; p<0.0001), and alleles DQB1*03:02 (43.5% vs. 17.2%; p<0.002) and DRB1*11:01 (17.4% vs. 3.2%; p<0.001). Similarly, in our study, the presence of the allele DQA1*05:05 increased the risk of manifest BP approximately fourfold (p=0.000358), however, with respect to other Class II genes reported in the study by Okazaki et al.15, there were no statistically significant differences.
Furthermore, in our study, the allele DQA1*01:03 showed a relative risk approximately 3.57 times (p=0.003) higher in Brazilian individuals with BP. This new association has not been described in the literature yet, thus proving the existence of different alleles in the genesis of pemphigoid, according to the population studied.
Regarding the allele DQB1*03:01, the study by Delgado et al.13 showed a significant association in the Caucasian population (35.7% vs. 16.05%, p=0.005) in all clinical variants of pemphigoid (BP, oral pemphigoid and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid). It is currently the most common allele present in the different populations studied. Similarly, in our study, this allele also showed an approximately 3.76 times greater risk compared to the control group (38.2% vs. 14.1%, p=0.000372), demonstrating an even more important role in the genesis of this pemphigoid allele.
Just as in the Caucasian population, another study by Esmaili et al.14 in Iranian patients with BP found a significant association with the HLA-DQB1*03:01 allele (36% vs. 23.6%, p=0.02), the HLA-DQA1*05:01 allele (45% vs. 33%, p=0.03) and the HLA-DQB1*04:01 allele (4% vs. 1.6%, p=0.04) compared with the control group. However, in our study, we found no association with the HLA-DQA1*05:01 and HLA-DQB1*04:01 alleles in BP patients, so HLA-DQB1*03:01 remains the only common allele among Brazilian and Iranian patients.
On the other hand, in a study in Chinese patients16, there was a protective factor for BP in individuals who presented the DRB1*08 and DQB1*06 alleles (8.04% vs. 15.19% and 1.54% vs. 13.82%, respectively; p <0.05) compared with controls. However, in our study, we did not find a statistically significant difference in DRB1*08 (2.9% vs. 6.7%, p =0.398) and DQB1*06 (26.5% vs. 22.1%, p=0.548) alleles compared with controls in Brazilian patients with BP.
In conclusion, our study demonstrates that alleles HLA C*17, DQB1*03:01, DQA1*01:03, and DQA1*05:05 are associated with BP in Brazilian patients with relative risks of 8.31 (2.46 to 28.16), 3.76 (1.81 to 7.79), 3.57 (1.53 to 8.33), and 4.02 (1.87 to 8.64), respectively.
Footnotes
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors have nothing to disclose.
References
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