The Relationship between Chondromalacia Patella, Medial Meniscal Tear and Medial Periarticular Bursitis in Patients with Osteoarthritis

Abstract

Background

This study investigated the presence of bursitis in the medial compartment of the knee (pes anserine, semimembranosus-tibial collateral ligament, and medial collateral ligament bursa) in osteoarthritis, chondromalacia patella and medial meniscal tears.

Patients and methods

Radiological findings of 100 patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging with a preliminary diagnosis of knee pain were retrospectively evaluated by two radiologists. The first radiologist assessed all patients in terms of osteoarthritis, chondromalacia patella and medial meniscal tear. The second radiologist was blinded to these results and assessed the presence of bursitis in all patients.

Results

Mild osteoarthritis (grade I and II) was determined in 55 patients and severe osteoarthritis (grade III and IV) in 45 cases. At retropatellar cartilage evaluation, 25 patients were assessed as normal, while 29 patients were diagnosed with mild chondromalacia patella (grade I and II) and 46 with severe chondromalacia patella (grade III and IV). Medial meniscus tear was determined in 51 patients. Severe osteoarthritis and chondromalacia patella were positively correlated with meniscal tear (p < 0.001 and p = 0.018, respectively). Significant correlation was observed between medial meniscal tear and bursitis in the medial compartment (p = 0.038). Presence of medial periarticular bursitis was positively correlated with severity of osteoarthritis but exhibited no correlation with chondromalacia patella (p = 0.023 and p = 0.479, respectively). Evaluation of lateral compartment bursae revealed lateral collateral ligament bursitis in 2 patients and iliotibial bursitis in 5 patients.

Conclusions

We observed a greater prevalence of bursitis in the medial compartment of the knee in patients with severe osteoarthritis and medial meniscus tear.

Introduction

Although osteoarthritis (OA), a common joint disease, is not fatal it compromises quality of life. It has become more important in terms of public health with the increase in the average life span associated with advances in the medical sphere. The process begins with progressive loss of joint cartilage and gradually causes meniscal, muscle, bone tissue, ligament and bursa pathologies.¹ Various factors are implicated in the link between aging and OA. The most important of these are decreased cartilage perfusion, impaired joint morphology, increased ligament laxity, decreased anabolic response and thinning in the cartilage plate.² Female gender and obesity are other important risk factors in addition to aging. Hormonal changes in particular occurring in women in the postmenopausal period are also a significant predisposing factor.³ Obesity also leads to osteoarthritis, not only through its mechanical effect but also due to its metabolic consequences, and has an adverse effect on clinical findings.^1,3 Since it results in a mechanical disadvantage for lower extremity functions, pain is more frequent and more severe.⁴ Another clinical condition frequently encountered together with aging is chondromalacia patella (CP). Vascular insufficiency, patellar variations, trauma, dislocation, fracture, rheumatological diseases and impairment of mechanical stress balance on the joint are implicated in the etiology.⁵ The principal changes in cartilage tissue are softening, swelling, fissuring or ulceration.⁵ There are several superficially or deeply located bursae in the knee joint, their principal function being to reduce friction between the surfaces. Pes anserine (PA) bursa, semimembranosus-tibial collateral ligament (SM-TCL) bursa and medial collateral ligament (MCL) bursa inflammations may cause to medial knee pain. Similarly, inflammation in the iliotibial or lateral collateral ligament (LCL) bursae in the lateral of knee also lead to knee pain. Etiological factors such as recurring trauma, impaired joint stability and joint overloading play a role in the development of bursitis.⁶ Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard radiological technique in the assessment of pathologies of the ligament, meniscus, cartilage, bursa and bone marrow in the knee joint.⁷ This study investigated the relationship between pathologies, such as meniscal tear, OA and CP, affecting knee mechanics and bursitis in medial compartment of knee

Patients and methods

Patients

MR images from 100 patients with OA of the knee were evaluated retrospectively. The patients included in our study group were selected from among individuals presenting to our hospital in 2014–2016. Individuals aged 65 or over were included in the study group, irrespective of gender. Patient selection was based on the order of patients on the work station. Patients with OA determined with conventional radiography were included. Exclusion criteria included presence of acute trauma or fracture, inadequate image quality, rheumatological disease or history of knee surgery.

Imaging protocol

All patients were evaluated with a routine knee imaging protocol on a 1.5 Tesla MRI unit (Signa Excite; GE Medical Systems, Wisconsin, USA). Section thicknesses were 3.5 mm in sagittal images and 4 mm in axial and coronal images. The fluid-sensitive sequences were performed with fat suppression. The imaging protocol consisted of a sagittal T1 weighted spin-echo sequence (540 ms/11.3 ms, repetetion time [TR]/echo time [TE], 320x224 matrix, number of excitations [NEX] 1.0), sagittal T2 weighted spin-echo (4480 ms/85 ms, TR/ TE; 256x256 matrix; NEX,1.0) axial proton density (3300 ms/34.7 ms, [TR]/ [TE]; [NEX], 1.0; 320x224 matrix), sagittal proton density sequence (4480 ms/45 ms, TR/TE; NEX,1.0; 320x224 matrix) and a coronal proton density sequence (3620 ms/31.8 ms, TR/TE; 320x224 matrix; NEX,1.0).

Image assessment

The radiological findings of 100 patients with OA of the knee undergoing MRI with a preliminary diagnosis of knee pain were retrospectively evaluated by two radiologists. The first radiologist assessed all patients in terms of OA, CP, medial meniscal damage and anterior and posterior cruciate ligament pathologies. The second radiologist, blinded to the results, investigated the presence of bursitis in all patients. An approval was obtained from Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Ethics Committee and written informed consent was waived because of the retrospective nature of the study. Presence of osteophytes, narrowing in the articular space and sclerotic changes were assessed with radiography. OA grading was based on radiography and the Kellgren-Lawrence system grading scale.⁸ Grades I and II were regarded as mild and grades III and IV as severe.

The Noyes Chondral Injury Classification system was used to classify CP. Grade 0 was regarded as normal, grade I as focal signal increase in cartilage, grade II as fissure or ulcer in cartilage of up to 50%, grade III as greater than 50% loss in cartilage thickness and grade IV as full thickness cartilage defect and subchondral edema. Grade I and II were regarded as mild and grade III and IV as severe. Meniscal damage was classified under three groups - Group 1; normal, Group 2; degenerative signal increase without tear, and Group 3; tear opening onto at least one articular surface. Enlargement in the bursa, fluid deposition, wall thickening and accompanying edema in close proximity were interpreted in favor of bursitis.⁹ Hypointense signal changes on T1W images and hyperintense signal changes on TW2 images reflecting increased concentration of compounds containing H⁺ ions in the bone medulla were interpreted in favor of bone marrow edema.¹⁰

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov/Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to assess normal distribution of variables. Descriptive data were expressed as mean, standard deviation and minimum and maximum values, frequency and percentage values. The t test was used to compare means in independent groups and the chi square test in the analysis of categoric variables. Relations between constant variables were investigated using Kendall’s correlation analysis. P < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.

Results

Gender distribution was 54 female (54%) and 46 male (46%), and the mean age was 70.47 ± 5.35 years (min 65, max 84). Mild OA (grade I and II) was determined in 55 patients and severe OA (grade III and grade IV) in 45. There was no difference between male and female patients in terms of severity of OA (p = 0.170). At evaluation of the retropatellar cartilage, 25 patients were normal, while mild CP (grade I and II) was determined in 25 and severe CP (grade III-IV) in 46.

Since lateral meniscal tear was determined in only six patients, this could not be subjected to statistical analysis. At radiological examination of the medial meniscus, 4 patients were normal, while degenerative signal increase was present in 45 patients and meniscal tear in 51. Meniscal tear was present in 36 of the 45 patients with severe OA and in 15 of the 55 patients with mild OA, and the correlation between severity of OA and meniscal tear was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Similarly, significant correlation was determined between CP and meniscal tear (p = 0.018). Bursitis in the medial compartment was present in 26 of the 51 patients with medial meniscal tear, and in 15 of the 49 patients with no tear (p = 0.038). Bone marrow edema in the tibia or femur was determined in 45 patients. Presence of bone marrow edema was positively correlated with severity of OA, but not with CP (p < 0.001 and p = 0.93, respectively). Patients’ demographic characteristics and radiological findings are shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Patients’ demographic characteristics and radiological findings

Mean age, years	70.47±5.5
Gender, no.
Female	54
Male	46
Osteoarthritis, n
Mild (Grade I and II)	55
Severe (Grade III and IV)	45
Chondromalacia patella, n
Normal	25
Mild (Grade I and II)	29
Severe (Grade III and IV)	46
Medial meniscal tear, no
Normal	4
Degeneration	45
Tear	51
Bone marrow edema, no	45
Others
Enchondroma	4
Synovial chondromatosis	4
Osteochondroma	1

Bursitis was determined in at least one of the medial periarticular bursae in 41 patients, the most common form being PA bursitis (Figure 1). Bursitis cases determined at MRI are shown in Table 2. Presence of bursitis in the medial compartment was positively correlated with severity of OA, but was not correlated with CP (p = 0.023 and p = 0.479, respectively). The relation between medial meniscal tear, OA and CP and bursitis in the medial compartment is shown in Table 3. Baker’s cyst was determined in 36 patients, the prevalence increasing with severity of OA but was not correlated with CP (p = 0.044 and p = 0.264, respectively).

Figure 1.

A 70 year-old patient presented with knee pain. Axial MR image shows sartorius (thin arrow) and gracilis tendon (thick arrow) in the patient with pes anserine bursitis (curved arrow).

Table 2.

Locations of bursitis determined in the knee joint

Bursae	No.
PA bursitis	26
MCL bursitis	13
SM-TCL bursitis	12
Iliotibial bursitis	5
LCL bursitis	2
Prepatellar bursitis	4
Infrapatellar bursitis	4
Suprapatellar bursitis	3
Baker’s cyst	36

LCL = lateral collateral ligament; MCL = medial collateral ligament; PA = Pes Anserine; SM-TCL = semimembranosus–tibial collateral ligament

Table 3.

The relation between osteoarthritis, chondromalacia patella, meniscal tear and medial periarticular bursitis

	Medial compartment bursitis
	Yes	No	p
Osteoarthritis
Mild (n = 55)	17	38	0.023
Severe (n = 45)	24	21
Chondromalacia Patella
Normal (n = 25)	8	17
Mild (n = 29)	14	15	0.479
Severe (n = 46)	19	27
Meniscal Tear
No (n = 49)	15	34	0.038
Yes (n = 51)	26	25

Positive correlation was present between severity of OA and CP (p = 0.03). Evaluation of lateral compartment bursae revealed lateral collateral bursitis in two patients and iliotibial bursitis in five (Figure 2 and 3). Prepatellar bursitis in the anterior compartment was determined in four patients, infrapatellar bursitis in four and suprapatellar bursitis in three. Additionally, synovial enchondromatosis was present in four patients, enchondroma in four and osteochondroma in one.

Figure 2.

Coronal (A) and axial (B) proton-density fat-suppressed images of knee show LCL bursitis in a 70 years old patient.

Figure 3.

A 80 year-old patient presented with pain and tenderness in knee joint. Axial (A) and coronal (B) images demonstrate a fluid collection in the dilated iliotibial bursa.

Discussion

The knee joint is frequently subjected to trauma, and degenerative changes occur with aging. Trauma, degenerative changes, morphological variations, mechanical stress impairments and aging are factors involved in the etiology of OA, CP, bursitis and medial meniscal tear.^3,11 Common risk factors are one of the reasons why pathologies in the knee joint affect more than one anatomical structure, rather than remaining local. Moreover, pathologies that begin locally induce morphological and functional changes in other anatomical structures by compromising biomechanics.^11,12 Burger et al. investigated the development of OA as a result of inadequate meniscal tear repair in an animal study.¹² They reported that OA developed in the medial tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint due to insufficient meniscal tear repair. Cicuttini et al. showed gradual loss of cartilage in patients undergoing partial meniscectomy.¹³ The significant correlation observed in our study between both OA and CP with meniscal tear (p < 0.001 and p = 0.018) was compatible with these findings. Additionally, the correlation between severity of OA and CP (p = 0.030) also supports the previous literature.^12,14 These findings all suggest that these pathologies induce one another as a result of changes in knee biomechanics and morphology. Furthermore, common risk factors such as advanced age and degeneration reinforce this association.

Inflammation occurring in the PA, SM-TCL (Figure 4) and MCL bursa in the medial of knee is an important cause of pain. Obesity, degenerative joint disease, valgus deformity, trauma, impaired joint stability, excessive loading on the joint and sporting activity are important causes of inflammation in the bursae.¹⁵ Some authors have suggested that the structure of the female pelvis creates a predisposition to bursitis.¹⁶ We determined no relation between gender and the prevalence of bursitis (p = 0.954). Toktas et al. investigated the prevalence of pes anserine bursitis in patients with OA.¹⁷ They determined a greater pes anserine thickness not only in OA patients with bursitis, but also in OA patients without bursitis compared to the control group. We selected all our cases from OA patients and took the OA grade (mild and severe) as our reference points. We also investigated the presence of SM-TCL and MCL bursitis in addition to PA bursitis. We observed higher prevalence of medial periarticular bursitis in patients with severe OA compared to those with mild OA (p = 0.023). Our results are compatible with recent studies revealing as association between OA and pes anserine bursitis.¹⁶

Figure 4.

The axial fat saturated proton density weighted image demonstrates a fluid collection in the SM-TCL bursa.

Another important finding of this study was a positive correlation between medial meniscal tear and medial compartment bursitis. Bursitis was present in 26 of the 51 patients in whom medial meniscal tear was determined, and in 15 of the 49 patients with no tear. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.038). Various factors affect the positive relation between prevalence of bursitis and severity of OA and medial meniscal tear. The first are similar etiological factors. Second are structural changes associated with OA and meniscal tear and impairment of joint stability.¹⁶ Despite the common etiological factors and the effect on joint biomechanics, we determined no relation between CP and medial compartment bursitis. We think that this finding was affected by patellar and trochlear morphology. Variations such as patella alta and baja influence the development of CP. Additionally, it has been suggested that a short medial facet increases mechanical stress on cartilage and causes CP.^5,18 One recent study proposed the sulcus angle/trochlear depth ratio as a powerful predictor.¹¹ One limitation of our study is that patellar and trochlear morphology were not evaluated. Another limitation is that due to its retrospective nature patients were not assessed in terms of diabetes during the study.

The prevalence of Baker’s cyst was 36%, iliotibial bursitis 5% and LCL bursitis 2%. In their study of 163 patients, Hayashi et al. reported prevalences of popliteal cyst of 40% and of iliotibial bursitis of 1%.¹⁹ Baker’s cyst was the most common lesion in both studies, and the results were compatible. A relation was determined between Baker’s cyst and severity of OA in our study, but there was no correlation between bursitis in the medial compartment and Baker’s cyst (p = 0.044 and p = 0.954, respectively). The positive correlation between Baker’s cyst and OA is compatible with the previous literature.²⁰ Increased joint effusion and intraarticular pressure in OA may be involved in this relationship. We observed prepatellar (4%), infrapatellar (4%) and suprapatellar bursitis (3%) in the anterior of joint. Hayashi et al. reported the prevalence of prepatellar and infrapatellar bursitis at 2%. The mean age of their study population was 52 ± 6 years, and patients without OA constituted 32% of their cases.¹⁹ The higher mean age in our study and all our patients having OA may explain the difference in the findings.

In conclusion, we observed a correlation between the prevalence of bursitis in the medial compartment and the severity of OA and medial meniscal tear. We determined no relation between severity of CP and bursitis.