Abstract
A delayed aneurysm rupture after flow diverter therapy is a rare but serious complication. Due to the anatomical specificity, a delayed rupture of a carotid cavernous aneurysm may cause a direct carotid cavernous fistula (dCCF). We present a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of dCCF after flow diverter therapy using the Pipeline embolization device (PED). An 86-year-old woman suffered from dCCF after PED embolization. A microcatheter was advanced through the transvenous approach into the cavernous sinus (CS) and further inserted into the aneurysm sac via the rupture point. Coil embolization of both the aneurysm sac and a small part of the CS adjacent to the fistulous site could achieve not only the immediate aneurysm occlusion but also the rupture point obliteration with a small amount of coil mass in the CS.
Keywords: transvenous coil embolization, flow diverter, carotid cavernous fistula, delayed aneurysm rupture, pipeline embolization device
Introduction
The Pipeline embolization device (PED; Medtronic Neurovascular, Irvine, CA, USA) is a popular flow diverter for the treatment of large or giant unruptured intracranial aneurysms. A delayed aneurysm rupture is one of the serious complications of the embolization procedure.1–6) We report a case of direct carotid cavernous fistula (dCCF) after PED embolization of a carotid cavernous aneurysm treated with transvenous aneurysm sac and fistulous site coil embolization.
Case Report
An 86-year-old woman complained of double vision due to a right incomplete oculomotor nerve palsy. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a right carotid cavernous aneurysm (Fig. 1). She was nonsmoker, and had no history of hypertension. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) images confirmed the aneurysm measuring 20 mm in diameter (Fig. 2). PED embolization was scheduled and the patient was given dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) on aspirin 100 mg/d and clopidogrel 50 mg/d 10 days prior to the procedure. Platelet activity measured by VerifyNow (Accumetrics, San Diego, CA, USA) assays within 12 hours before the intervention showed aspirin reaction units 460 P2Y12 reaction units 135. Under general anesthesia and systemic heparinization, a 7 French (F) long sheath was placed in the right internal carotid artery (ICA) via femoral artery puncture. A Navien 5 F intracranial support catheter (Medtronic Neurovascular, Irvine, CA, USA) was placed in the petrous segment of the ICA and a Marksman microcatheter (Medtronic Neurovascular) was introduced into the right M1 segment with the assistance of a microguidewire. Three PEDs (4.5 mm/30 mm, 4.75 mm/30 mm, 5 mm/30 mm) were telescopically deployed (Fig. 3). Posttreatment DSA images showed significant contrast stasis within the aneurysm (Fig. 4). The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged at the neurological baseline 10 days after the procedure with the same DAPT regimen. Six weeks after the PED embolization, the patient suffered from sudden onset of a severe headache following pulsatile tinnitus and progressive worsening of the right visual acuity without any head injuries. DSA images showed the development of a right dCCF that drained into the right superior ophthalmic vein, the pterygoid venous plexus, the inferior petrosal sinus, the superior petrosal sinus, and via the intercavernous sinus into the contralateral cavernous sinus (CS) (Figs. 5A and 5B). Because we determined from the evaluation of a balloon occlusion test (BOT) that the patient could not tolerate a permanent carotid occlusion, a transvenous coil embolization was indicated as a treatment option to preserve the ICA flow. Under general anesthesia and systemic heparinization, a 4 F diagnostic catheter was inserted into the right ICA via the left femoral artery sheath to provide a roadmap guidance and control angiography. After the 6 F sheath was introduced in the right common femoral vein, the tip of the 4 F inner catheter coaxially assembled with the 6 F guiding catheter was cannulated into the origin of the right inferior petrosal sinus via the internal jugular vein. A microcatheter (Excelsior SL-10; Stryker Neurovascular, Fremont, CA, USA) was advanced into the CS and further inserted into the aneurysm sac via the rupture point with the assistance of the microguidewire (Fig. 6). After the aneurysm sac was embolized with some coils, the microcatheter was pulled back into the CS, and a few coils were put into the part of the CS adjacent to the rupture point for complete occlusion (Fig. 7).
Fig. 1.
Axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance image showing a right carotid cavernous aneurysm.
Fig. 2.
Pre-treatment angiogram of the right ICA showing a 20-mm carotid cavernous aneurysm.
Fig. 3.
Cone-beam computed tomography image showing three telescopically deployed PEDs within the aneurysm sac.
Fig. 4.
Post-treatment angiogram of the right ICA showing significant stasis of contrast medium in the aneurysm sac.
Fig. 5.
Angiogram of the right ICA showing a dCCF: (A) frontal view, (B) lateral view.
Fig. 6.
A microcatheter was transvenously inserted into the aneurysm sac via the rupture point (arrow).
Fig. 7.
Post-treatment lateral native image showing coil mass within the aneurysm sac and a small amount of coil mass within the CS adjacent to the rupture point (arrow).
Posttreatment DSA images showed complete resolution of the dCCF with aneurysm sac occlusion (Figs. 8A and 8B). Pulsatile tinnitus disappeared and the right visual acuity gradually improved. The patient was discharged with the same DAPT regimen.
Fig. 8.
Post-treatment angiograms of the right ICA showing complete disappearance of the dCCF: (A) frontal view, (B) lateral view.
Discussion
Flow diverters disrupt the blood flow into the aneurysm sac and promote thrombosis while preserving the surrounding small vessels and perforators. PED is the most common flow diverter which has recently been approved in Japan for large/giant unruptured or chronic ruptured aneurysms arising between the petrous and the superior hypophyseal artery segments of the ICA. Because the PED embolization is a less invasive procedure that does not involve a craniotomy, it has been increasingly used by incorporating the patients’ wishes. Although some reports have shown the effectiveness and safety,4,7,8,9,10) the delayed aneurysm rupture after PED embolization has been known as a rare but serious complication.1–6) The etiology of a delayed aneurysm rupture is unclear, but the fragile aneurysm wall in the setting of inflammation coupled with continuous arterial pressures is suspected.11–13) Some authors suggested that symptomatic large or giant aneurysms with high aspect ratio sac and/or inertiadriven inflow carry a high risk of delayed rupture after PED embolization.12–16)
Due to the anatomical specificity, the delayed rupture of carotid cavernous aneurysms cause dCCFs. The ideal treatment of dCCFs is to occlude the rupture point while preserving the ICA flow. Although the transarterial or transvenous coil embolization of the affected CS has become a primary treatment, the transarterial approach is not feasible because the meticulous mesh of flow diverters prohibits the microcatheter passage. But transvenous embolization associated with the voluminous coil mass in the affected CS also carries the risk of permanent cranial nerve palsy in the CS. When the occlusion of the fistula while preserving the ICA flow is not possible, the BOT should be performed for the prediction of tolerance of a required permanent artery occlusion (PAO). Patients who can tolerate a PAO are indicated for the internal trapping of the ICA, but those who cannot require vascular revascularization because of the high risk of ischemia. But DAPT associated with flow diverter therapy is a possible cause of difficult hemostasis during vascular revascularization. Although the deployment of additional flow diverters was considered, there is only one case report so far. In the report, the occlusion of dCCF did not occur just after the procedure and confirmed at 1- year follow-up angiography.17)
To our knowledge, there are only four reports involving 10 patients with dCCF due to a delayed aneurysm rupture after flow diverter therapy (Table 1).13,18–20) The flow diverters used were three Silk flow diverter stents (Balt, Extrusion, Montmorency, France) and seven PEDs. Seven patients were treated with PAO and the remaining 3 patients with transvenous coil embolization of the affected CS.3,18,19)
Table 1.
Summary of dCCF cases after flow diverter embolization
| Author (year) | Age | Gender | Maximum aneurysm size (mm) | Interval to rupture | Treatment | Access venous route | FD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mustafa (2010) | 39 | F | 17.6 | 2 weeks | TVE | Facial vein/ophthalmic vein | Silk |
| Kulcsar (2011) | 74 | F | 20 | 3 days | PAO | NA | Silk |
| Kulcsar (2011) | 48 | F | 24 | 110 days | PAO | NA | Silk |
| Lin (2015) | Middle age | NA | 10 | <5 weeks | TVE | Ipsilateral inferior petrosal sinus | Pipeline |
| Lin (2015) | Middle age | NA | 17 | 3 days | TVE | Contralateral inferior petrosal sinus | Pipeline |
| Ray (2016) | NA | NA | 17.4 | 11 days | PAO | NA | Pipeline |
| Ray (2016) | NA | NA | 14.5 | 11 days | PAO | NA | Pipeline |
| Ray (2016) | NA | NA | 31 | 3 days | PAO | NA | Pipeline |
| Ray (2016) | NA | NA | 19 | 6 days | PAO | NA | Pipeline |
| Ray (2016) | NA | NA | 18.8 | 7 days | PAO | NA | Pipeline |
| Present case | 86 | F | 20 | 6 weeks | TVE | Ipsilateral inferior petrosal sinus | Pipeline |
dCCF: direct carotid cavernous fistula; FD: flow diverter; F: female; TVE: transvenous emoblization; PAO: parent artery occlusion; NA: not available.
In the present case, the microcatheter was inserted transvenously into the aneurysm sac through the rupture point. Coil embolization of both the aneurysm sac and a part of the CS adjacent to the rupture point could achieve not only the immediate aneurysm occlusion but also the rupture point obliteration with a small amount of coil mass in the CS for preventing the newly developed or aggravated cranial nerve palsy due to the dense coil packing.21) Finally, because the microcatheter insertion into the aneurysm sac via the rupture point is not always successful, the conventional transvenous embolization of CS with the disconnection of venous out flow should be considered.
Conclusion
PED embolization of carotid cavernous aneurysms may cause dCCFs due to a delayed aneurysm rupture. Transvenous aneurysm sac and rupture point coil embolization may be feasible and an ideal treatment option for immediate aneurysm occlusion and rupture point obliteration with a small amount of coil mass.
Footnotes
Conflicts of Interest Disclosure
The first author has been paid 1 million yen or more annually from Medtronic Japan for the time and effort required for attending conferences (presentations) and 10 million yen annually from Medtronic Japan as a research fund. There are no conflict of interests or financial interest that compromise the all co-authors’ medical approach to patient management such as the materials and the devices in the article. All authors have registered online self-reported COI disclosure statement forms through the website for the Japan Neurosurgical Society.
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