Abstract
Background
While the N-terminal pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) at rest is known to be associated with prognosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), it is unclear if the NT-proBNP response to exercise (ΔNT-proBNP) can contribute to a better assessment of disease severity.
Methods
We investigated the association of NT-proBNP values at rest and during peak exercise with hemodynamics and cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters in 63 therapy-naive PAH patients.
Results
The median NT-proBNP increases from 1414 at rest to 1500 pg/ml at peak exercise. The ΔNT-proBNP is baseline-dependent in PAH. Both, NT-proBNP at rest and NT-proBNP at peak exercise, are significantly correlated with hemodynamics and functional capacity. However, neither NT-proBNP at peak exercise nor ΔNT-proBNP correlated better with surrogate markers of disease severity than NT-proBNP at rest.
Conclusion
The ΔNT-proBNP does not contribute to a better assessment of disease severity in PAH.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-017-0712-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Keywords: N-terminal pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), Response to exercise, Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), Exercise capacity, Hemodynamics
Background
Although medical therapy is available, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease leading to a reduction in exercise capacity and, more severely, to a decreased life expectancy [1]. In order to evaluate the progress of the disease, a number of prognostic parameters were established, including hemodynamics and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) [2].
As right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is one of the most important factors contributing to functional impairment and mortality [3], the plasma concentration of N-terminal pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is supposed to be another prognostic marker. NT-proBNP is formed through enzymatic cleavage of proBNP into the two split products NT-proBNP and the biologically active BNP. ProBNP is released from the myocytes mainly in response to cardiac wall stress. BNP and NT-proBNP are produced on an equimolar basis, however, as NT-proBNP has a longer half-life and higher sample stability, NT-proBNP is the more advantageous diagnostic marker [4].
While the NT-proBNP level at rest is associated with prognosis in PAH [5], it is yet to evaluate if the NT-proBNP response to exercise (ΔNT-proBNP) can contribute to a better assessment of disease severity. Therefore, we investigated the association of NT-proBNP values at rest and during peak exercise with hemodynamics and functional capacity, important surrogate parameters of disease severity in PAH.
Methods
Study design
From August 2009 until March 2016, 63 therapy-naive PAH patients were recruited. Patients with a serum creatinine of >1.3 mg/dl, a glomerular filtration rate < 50 ml/min/1.73 m2, congenital heart diseases or signs of acute right heart decompensation were excluded from the study. All study participants underwent six-minute walking testing (6MWT), CPET, lung function testing and right heart catheterisation. Evaluation of exercise capacity and hemodynamics were used as surrogate parameters of disease severity in our trial. All examinations were performed within three consecutive workdays. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee (project number 201604). Data analysis was performed retrospectively.
Right heart catheterisation
In order to confirm precapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH), all patients underwent right heart catheterisation. A thermodilution catheter (7.5 F quadruple-lumen, balloon-tipped, flow-directed, „S “Tip Swan-Ganz Catheter, Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, USA) was used. The catheter was inserted via the right or left femoral vein and hemodynamic measurements were taken in supine position. Those included heart rate, PCWP, PAP, cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), right atrial pressure (RAP) and mixed venous oxygen saturation (SVO2). The CO was determined via thermodilution measurements. A computer system (Com-2, Cardiac Output Computer, Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, USA) was used for calculations. 10 ml sterile, ice-cold isotonic (0.9%) saline was injected through the right atrial lumen of the catheter and measured by a thermistor placed directly behind the right atrial inlet of the catheter. The distal thermistor then recorded the drop in temperature. A minimum of three measurements was performed and the mean value was calculated provided that the variation was less than 10%. The CI was calculated forming the quotient of CO and body surface area. PVR was computed using the standard formula [PVR = (mean PAP-PCWP)/CO].
Lung function test
In order to examine the pulmonary function of the patients, spirometry and body plethysmography were performed. The diffusing capacity was tested via the single-breath method (Master Screen Body and MS-PFT, Jaeger, Cardinal Health, USA). Blood gas analysis was measured using arterialised capillary blood taken from the earlobe. No supplemental oxygen was given. Lung function parameters determined were total lung capacity (TLC), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO).
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET)
An electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer (ViaSpring 150p, Ergoline, Germany) was used following a standardised protocol [6].
After a warming phase, the work rate elevated by 5 to 15 watts/min until the maximum exercise capacity was reached. This was defined as the moment when patients could no longer tolerate the symptoms. Maximum work rate was documented. While the pulse was continuously recorded, the blood pressure was measured non-invasively every two minutes. With an adult facemask (Vmax spectra 229 D, Sensor Medics, USA) minute ventilation (Ve) and CO2 output were recorded. The maximum O2 uptake (peak VO2) was determined taking the average O2 uptake during the last 15 s of CPET. Blood gas analysis was done at rest and at peak exercise. We calculated O2 pulse, alveolar-arterial O2 difference (AaDO2) and functional dead space ventilation (Vd/Vt). The anaerobic threshold (AT) was defined as the O2 uptake patients reached in the moment the ventilatory equivalent for O2 (VE/VO2) still increased and the ventilatory equivalent for CO2 (Ve/CO2) decreased or stagnated. The VE/VCO2 slope was taken from the beginning of exercise until the respiratory compensation point, when acidaemia stimulated the ventilation and the end-tidal CO2 started to decrease.
NT-proBNP
NT-proBNP values were measured twice using capillary blood taken from the earlobe immediately before performing the CPET and after reaching peak exercise capacity. The one-step sandwich chemiluminescent immunoassay (Dimension Vista System, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., Newark, USA) was used. In order to avoid an underestimation or overestimation of absolute values, measured NT-proBNP levels were divided by the age-adjusted normal upper range to calculate the normalised NT-proBNP ratio. Consequently, elevated levels result in a normalized NT-proBNP ratio > 1.
Six-minute walking test (6MWT)
Patients were encouraged to walk a 30 m long corridor as many times as possible in six minutes. The number of breaks was recorded. The achieved walking distance was set in ratio to age and gender. Immediately after the test, patients were asked to rate their perceived level of exhaustion on the Borg scale ranging from 0 (no dyspnea) to 10 (extreme dyspnea) [7].
Statistics
Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Data was checked for normal distribution using graphic methods as well as the Shapiro-Wilk test. Mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) were calculated for data with normal distribution, median with range for those without.
Nominal variables are shown as numbers with percentage of total. We used the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient to examine the relation between NT-proBNP values and other parameters. Correlation is strongest if the coefficient is close to −1 or 1. No correlation is apparent if the coefficient is 0. Significance was tested two-tailed and assumed statistically significant if p-values were <0.05.
Results
Patients’ characteristics
Sixty-three patients (32 females and 31 males, mean age 66.1 ± 1.7 years) could be included in our study. All study participants suffered from PAH with a mean PAP of 39.0 ± 1.5 mmHg. The median NT-proBNP value at rest was 1414 (38–13,538) pg/ml. In Table 1, further clinical characteristics of the study cohort are summarised.
Table 1.
Patients characteristics (n = 63)
| Clinical profile | |
| Female/male [n (%)] | 32 (50.2) / 31 (49.8) |
| Age (years) | 66.1 ± 1.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 (18.0–43.0) |
| NT-proBNP | |
| NT-proBNP at rest (pg/ml) | 1414 (38–13,538) |
| NT-proBNP at exercise (pg/ml) | 1500 (42–14,365) |
| NT-proBNP ratio | 6.95 (0.09–60.60) |
| ΔNT-proBNP (pg/ml) | 77 (0–1160) |
| 6-min walking test | |
| Distance (m) | 300 (100–570) |
| % of norm (%) | 63.0 ± 3.2 |
| Breaks (n) | 0 (0–4) |
| Borg scale points (1–10) | 4 (0–10) |
| Right heart catheterisation | |
| Mean PAP (mmHg) | 39.0 ± 1.5 |
| Cardiac output (l/min) | 4.10 (2.30–8.90) |
| Cardiac index (l/min/m2) | 2.35 ± 0.10 |
| PVR (Wood Units) | 7.45 (3.04–14.20) |
| Mean RAP (mmHg) | 6.00 (1.00–20.00) |
| SvO2 (%) | 61.1 ± 1.04 |
| Lung function | |
| DLCO (%) | 52.6 ± 3.30 |
| PaO2 at rest (mmHg) | 58.0 ± 1.70 |
| PaO2 at peak exercise (mmHg) | 58.0 ± 2.27 |
| Cardiopulmonary exercise testing | |
| Work capacity (watts) | 45.0 (25–122) |
| VO2 (ml/min) | 941 ± 41.5 |
| VO2 (ml/min/kg) | 12.7 ± 0.5 |
| AT (ml/min/kg) | 9.43 ± 0.37 |
| O2 pulse at peak exercise (ml/min/beat) | 8.46 ± 0.34 |
| Ve (L/min) | 50.8 ± 2.23 |
| Ve/VO2 | 39.0 (25.0–77.0) |
| Ve/VCO2 | 44.0 (28.0–87.0) |
| AaDO2 (mmHg) | 48.1 ± 2.2 |
| Vd/Vt (%) | 36.7 ± 1.7 |
| Ve/VCO2 Slope | 39.5 (14.3–107) |
When not stated otherwise, data are presented as mean ± SEM or as median (range)
NT-proBNP levels in different risk groups
Based on the NT-proBNP level at rest, the study population was divided into three groups. The NT-proBNP <300 pg/ml group showed a median response to exercise of 6 pg/ml, the NT-proBNP 300–1400 pg/ml and the NT-proBNP >1400 pg/ml groups showed higher absolute ΔNT-proBNP, 60 pg/ml and 200 pg/ml, respectively. Additional information is shown in Table 2.
Table 2.
NT-proBNP response to exercise according to different NT-proBNP levels at rest
| NT-proBNP at rest | <300 pg/ml | 300–1400 pg/ml | >1400 pg/ml | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (n) | 10 | 21 | 32 | |||
| NT-proBNP at rest | 84 | (38–246) | 821 | (426–1300) | 3145 | (1414–13,538) |
| NT-proBNP at exercise | 95 | (42–281) | 844 | (450–1500) | 3251 | (1500–14,365) |
| ∆NT-proBNP absolute | 10 | (0–49) | 60 | (0–400) | 200 | (0–1160) |
When not stated otherwise, data are presented as median (minimum - maximum) in pg/ml
Correlations of NT-proBNP and ΔNT-proBNP with hemodynamics and exercise capacity
Strong and highly significant correlations were found between NT-proBNP at rest and at peak exercise with parameters of 6MWT, hemodynamics and CPET. With the majority of parameters, NT-proBNP at rest showed marginally better correlations than NT-proBNP at exercise. Exceptions are CO and PVR. In contrast, lung function parameters showed only weak correlations with NT-proBNP levels at rest or at peak exercise. The ΔNT-proBNP only correlated significantly with the 6MWT distance, AaDO2 and the Ve/VCO2 slope (see Table 3). Correlations of NT-proBNP and ΔNT-proBNP with the 6MWT distance, mean PAP and the VO2/kg are shown as plots in Additional file 1. They show that the correlations of ΔNT-proBNP values with hemodynamics and functional capacity are worse compared to NT-proBNP levels at rest or at peak exercise.
Table 3.
Correlation of NT-proBNP and ∆ NT-proBNP with hemodynamics and exercise capacity at rest and at peak exercise
| NT-proBNP at rest | NT-proBNP at peak exercise | ∆ NT-proBNP | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| level | ratio | level | level | ||||||
| n | r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | |
| 6MWT | |||||||||
| Distance (m) | 61 | −0.507 | <0.001 | −0.328 | 0.010 | −0.490 | <0.001 | −0.256 | 0.047 |
| % of norm | 61 | −0.546 | <0.001 | −0.481 | <0.001 | −0.534 | <0.001 | −0.310 | 0.015 |
| Breaks (n) | 63 | 0.556 | <0.001 | 0.484 | <0.001 | 0.541 | <0.001 | 0.183 | 0.152 |
| Borg scale | 63 | 0.271 | 0.032 | 0.245 | 0.053 | 0.260 | 0.039 | 0.033 | 0.800 |
| Hemodynamics | |||||||||
| Mean PAP (mmHg) | 63 | 0.341 | 0.006 | 0.521 | 0.001 | 0.335 | 0.007 | 0.110 | 0.391 |
| Cardiac output (l/min) | 62 | −0.322 | 0.011 | −0.228 | 0.074 | −0.325 | 0.01 | −0.215 | 0.093 |
| Cardiac index (l/min/m2) | 36 | −0.384 | 0.021 | −0.360 | 0.031 | −0.384 | 0.021 | −0.248 | 0.145 |
| PVR (wood units) | 56 | 0.359 | 0.007 | 0.476 | <0.001 | 0.361 | 0.006 | 0.226 | 0.094 |
| Mean RAP (mmHg) | 57 | 0.231 | 0.083 | 0.281 | 0.034 | 0.220 | 0.100 | 0.149 | 0.269 |
| SVO2 (%) | 61 | −0.530 | <0.001 | −0.443 | <0.001 | −0.515 | <0.001 | −0.208 | 0.107 |
| Lung function | |||||||||
| DLCO (%) | 44 | −0.332 | 0.028 | −0.270 | 0.077 | −0.314 | 0.038 | −0.182 | 0.238 |
| PaO2 at rest (mmHg) | 63 | −0.312 | 0.013 | −0.233 | 0.066 | −0.295 | 0.019 | −0.029 | 0.824 |
| PaO2 at exercise (mmHg) | 63 | −0.221 | 0.081 | −0.174 | 0.171 | −0.202 | 0.113 | −0.068 | 0.599 |
| CPET | |||||||||
| Work (watts) | 63 | −0.438 | <0.001 | −0.280 | 0.026 | −0.410 | 0.001 | −0.074 | 0.567 |
| VO2 (ml/min) | 63 | −0.492 | <0.001 | −0.335 | 0.007 | −0.473 | <0.001 | −0.136 | 0.289 |
| VO2/kg | 63 | −0.514 | <0.001 | −0.436 | <0.001 | −0.490 | <0.001 | −0.193 | 0.130 |
| AT (ml/min/kg) | 48 | −0.307 | 0.034 | −0.335 | 0.062 | −0.272 | 0.020 | −0.165 | 0.263 |
| O2 pulse (ml/min/beat) | 62 | −0.362 | 0.004 | −0.290 | 0.022 | −0.356 | 0.004 | −0.089 | 0.491 |
| Ve (l/min) | 63 | −0.024 | 0.853 | 0.092 | 0.472 | −0.007 | 0.955 | 0.183 | 0.151 |
| Ve/VO2 | 49 | 0.479 | <0.001 | 0.398 | 0.005 | 0.463 | 0.001 | 0.241 | 0.096 |
| Ve/VCO2 | 49 | 0.465 | 0.001 | 0.361 | 0.011 | 0.446 | 0.001 | 0.219 | 0.131 |
| AaDO2 (mmHg) | 63 | 0.452 | <0.001 | 0.395 | 0.001 | 0.442 | <0.001 | 0.320 | 0.011 |
| Vd/Vt (%) | 62 | 0.349 | 0.005 | 0.296 | 0.019 | 0.335 | 0.008 | 0.130 | 0.314 |
| Ve/VCO2 slope | 62 | 0.471 | <0.001 | 0.435 | <0.001 | 0.466 | <0.001 | 0.330 | 0.009 |
Discussion
Our study was conducted in order to evaluate if the NT-proBNP response to exercise can contribute to a better assessment of disease severity in PAH.
First, we were able to demonstrate that NT-proBNP levels increase in response to exercise in PAH patients. Similar findings have already been made in studies investigating left heart disease [8–10], and in one very small cohort, consisting of only 20 patients with precapillary PH [11]. However, there is another trial addressing the ΔNT-proBNP in PAH patients which showed no such effect [12]. While the design of the study was comparable to ours, patients investigated by Völkers and colleagues [12] were already on specific PAH medication and showed much lower NT-proBNP levels at rest. In left heart disease, low NT-proBNP levels at rest are supposed to be strong predictors for low exercise-induced changes [9, 10]. Thus, we divided our patients into three groups, based on the NT-proBNP levels at rest. The groups were formed according to the current NT-proBNP-based risk stratification model for clinical worsening or short-term mortality in PAH [1]. While only a very mild ΔNT-proBNP could be demonstrated for the group with a low NT-proBNP at rest, the NT-proBNP response to exercise increased with rising baseline levels. For example, comparable exercise-induced NT-proBNP changes could be demonstrated in patients from our low-level group and study participants in the trial by Völkers et al. [12]. We therefore conclude that, like in left heart disease [9, 10], NT-proBNP at rest seems to be a predictor for the exercise-induced ΔNT-proBNP.
PH patients with a strong NT-proBNP response to exercise are supposed to be limited primarily by RV dysfunction due to an impaired lung perfusion. Indeed, we found in PAH that both NT-proBNP at rest and NT-proBNP at peak exercise are significantly correlated with hemodynamics. These findings are in accordance with an earlier study, where NT-proBNP at rest has been found to be an independent predictor for hemodynamic parameters in cardiopulmonary diseases [3]. We also found a strong correlation of NT-proBNP and NT-proBNP at peak exercise with CPET parameters, as exercise capacity is believed to be primarily limited by cardiopulmonary function [13]. No such correlations were found between NT-proBNP and its response to exercise with parameters of lung function, as NT-proBNP gives only indirect information about ventilation. Because the NT-proBNP response to exercise is baseline-dependent in PAH, neither NT-proBNP at peak exercise nor ΔNT-proBNP correlated better with prognostic parameters than NT-proBNP at rest.
Unarguably, our study has limitations. First, due to the advanced age of the study cohort, comorbidity might have biased the results. To reduce this effect, we excluded patients with severe kidney dysfunction, congenital heart disease or patients with acute right heart failure. Second, the NT-proBNP response to exercise might be different in PAH subgroups. Finally, the prognostic relevance of our observations remains unclear, as our study does not include long-term follow up results.
Conclusions
Despite these limitations, we conclude the following: NT-proBNP increases in response to exercise in PAH. The ΔNT-proBNP seems to be baseline-dependent. Both NT-proBNP at rest and NT-proBNP at peak exercise are significantly correlated with hemodynamics and functional capacity. Neither NT-proBNP at peak exercise nor ΔNT-proBNP correlated better with surrogate markers of disease severity than NT-proBNP at rest. Thus, the NT-proBNP response to exercise does not contribute to a better assessment of disease severity in PAH.
Acknowledgements
All authors acknowledge the excellent assistance of Yvonne Eglinger in proof reading the manuscript.
Funding
The study was conducted without funding.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- 6MWT
Six-minute walking testing
- AaDO2
Alveolar-arterial oxygen difference at peak exercise
- AT
Anaerobic threshold
- BMI
Body mass index
- CI
Cardiac index
- CO
Cardiac output
- CPET
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing
- DLCO
Lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide
- FEV1
Forced expiratory volume in one second
- FVC
Forced vital capacity
- NT-proBNP ratio
NT-proBNP level at rest divided by the age-adjusted normal upper range
- NT-proBNP
N-terminal pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide
- PAH
Pulmonary arterial hypertension
- PaO2
Arterial oxygen pressure
- PAP
Pulmonary arterial pressure
- PCWP
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
- PH
Pulmonary hypertension
- PVR
Pulmonary vascular resistance
- RAP
Right atrial pressure
- RV
Right ventricular
- SEM
Standard error of mean
- SvO2
Mixed venous oxygen saturation
- TLC
Total lung capacity
- Vd/Vt
Functional dead space ventilation at peak exercise
- Ve
Peak minute ventilation
- Ve/VCO2 slope
Slope of minute ventilation to carbon dioxide output
- Ve/VCO2
Carbon dioxide equivalent at anaerobic threshold
- Ve/VO2
Oxygen equivalent at anaerobic threshold
- VO2
Peak oxygen uptake
- ΔNT-proBNP
NT-proBNP level at exercise minus NT-proBNP level at rest
Additional file
Correlation plots of NT-proBNP at rest and at peak exercise and the ΔNT-proBNP with the 6MWT distance, mean PAP and the VO2/kg. (ZIP 540 kb)
Authors’ contributions
WS, MS and TMB conceived and designed the study. CF and MS acquired the study data. JK performed the statistical analysis. JK and TMB drafted the article. All authors participated in interpreting the data and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was conducted in accordance with current ethical standards and was approved by the ethics committee at the Klinikum Augsburg (reference number 201604).
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Footnotes
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-017-0712-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Contributor Information
J. Kutsch, Email: jana.kutsch@web.de
C. Faul, Email: christian.faul@klinikum-augsburg.de
W. von Scheidt, Email: wolfgang.scheidt@klinikum-augsburg.de
M. Schwaiblmair, Email: martin.schwaiblmair@klinikum-augsburg.de
T. M. Berghaus, Phone: 0049-821-400-2531, Email: thomas.berghaus@klinikum-augsburg.de
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.