Polychaetes of Greece: an updated and annotated checklist

Sarah Faulwetter; Nomiki Simboura; Nikolaos Katsiaras; Giorgos Chatzigeorgiou; Christos Arvanitidis

doi:10.3897/BDJ.5.e20997

. 2017 Dec 22;(5):e20997. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.5.e20997

Polychaetes of Greece: an updated and annotated checklist

Sarah Faulwetter ^1,^✉, Nomiki Simboura ², Nikolaos Katsiaras ^2,³, Giorgos Chatzigeorgiou ⁴, Christos Arvanitidis ^4,^5,⁶

PMCID: PMC5769717 PMID: 29362552

Abstract Abstract

Background

The last annotated checklist of marine polychaetes in Greece was published in 2001. Since then, global taxonomic progress, combined with many new species records for Greece, required a thorough review of the taxonomic, nomenclatural and biogeographic status of the national species list. This checklist revises the status of all extant polychaete species reported from the Greek Exclusive Economic Zone since 1832. The work was undertaken as part of the efforts on compiling a national species inventory (Greek Taxon Information System initiative) in the framework of the LifeWatchGreece Research Infrastructure.

New information

This checklist comprises an updated and annotated inventory of polychaete species in Greek waters, compiled from literature reports, online databases, museum collections and unpublished datasets. The list provides information on 836 species-level taxa from Greece, of which 142 are considered questionable. An additional 84 species reported in the past are currently considered absent from Greece; reasons for the exclusion of each species are given. Fourteen species are reported here for the first time from Greek waters. At least 52 species in the present list constitute in fact a complex of cryptic or pseudo-cryptic species. Forty-seven species are considered non-native to the area. In addition to the species-level taxa reported in this checklist, eleven genera have been recorded from Greece with no representatives identified to species level. One replacement name is introduced. For each species, a comprehensive bibliographic list of occurrence records in Greece and the synonyms used in these publications are provided as supplementary material. Where necessary, the taxonomic, nomenclatural or biogeographic status is discussed. Finally, the findings are discussed in the wider context of Mediterranean polychaete biogeography, taxonomic practice and worldwide research progress.

Keywords: Eastern Mediterranean, Polychaeta , Annelida , inventory, biodiversity, new records, replacement name

Introduction

Polychaete research in Greece

The history of polychaete studies in Greece can be traced back to classical antiquity. Aristotle, although he tended to neglect polychaetes in his works on natural history (Voultsiadou et al. 2017) gave the first description of a “scolopendra thalassia” (referring to Hermodice carunculata Pallas, 1776): “There are also marine scolopendras, similar to the terrestrial ones, but smaller in size; they live on the rocky substrates. Their colour is richer red and they bear more and much slender feet than the terrestrial scolopendras. They do not occur in great depths, as do the marine snakes” (History of Animals, 4^th century B.C.). Modern systematic polychaete research in the country started in the 19^th century (e.g. Brullé 1832, Forbes 1842, von Marenzeller 1893). Since then, most research has been directed towards the study of macrobenthic coastal soft bottom polychaete communities in an ecological context. To date, the only taxonomic work studying exclusively planktonic polychaetes in Greece is by Wesenberg-Lund (1939a), based on samples taken during the Danish Oceanographic Expedition of the research vessel “Thor” from a few stations in Greek waters (Mavraki et al. 2016). Hard substrates, meiobenthic communities and deep sea habitats are understudied in Greece (e.g. Tselepides et al. 2004) while no terrestrial or fresh water polychaetes are known from the country. Specialised taxonomic or faunistic works from Greece are rare and the large body of ecological studies comprises the most important source for species records and thus for the creation of national checklists.

Rationale for the checklist

The first polychaete checklists covering the Greek waters were those of Arvanitidis (2000a) for the Aegean Sea (including the Turkish Aegean and the Sea of Marmara) under the broader framework of the entire Mediterranean inventory and of Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001) for all Greek seas; both checklists included only benthic species. In the framework of the European Union project PESI (Pan-European Species directories Infrastructures), Faulwetter (2010) combined the above lists and additional sources into an updated checklist, but this was simply a computer-based compilation of existing sources without further verification or annotation of the records.

After 2001, marine research, including benthic surveys (carried out by the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR) and several universities) was intensified. Many new species records – often not only new for Greece, but also for the Mediterranean Sea – resulting from these studies, as well as the worldwide progress of taxonomic knowledge, required a thorough review of the taxonomic, nomenclatural and biogeographic status of many polychaete species recorded from Greece.

The construction of the Greek Taxonomic Information System (Bailly et al. 2016), which forms the taxonomic backbone of the LifeWatchGreece Research Infrastructure, provided the framework for the present study: the compilation of a comprehensive, annotated and updated checklist of the Greek polychaete fauna, expanding and updating former works (i.e. Arvanitidis 2000a, Simboura and Nicolaidou 2001). In addition, this publication complements recent checklists from other areas of the Mediterranean and Black Sea (e.g. Çınar 2005, Castelli et al. 2008, Ayari et al. 2009, Zaâbi et al. 2009, Martín and Gil 2010, Zaâbi et al. 2012, Çınar et al. 2014, Mikac 2015) and thus serves as an information resource for future polychaete studies in this biogeographic region.

Taxonomic scope

Several recent studies indicate the paraphyletic status of polychaetes (e.g. Rouse and Pleijel 2001, de Oliveira Almeida et al. 2003, Weigert and Bleidorn 2016) and the higher classification of Annelida has been in a constant flux over the last years (e.g. Zrzavý et al. 2001, Helm et al. 2012, Weigert and Bleidorn 2016). As the phylogenetic position of many groups within the Annelida is not yet resolved, we chose to restrict the "polychaetes" to their traditional definition in this checklist and include those clades covered by Rouse and Pleijel (2001). We anticipate this approach to be more helpful to the majority of users of this checklist than following the most recent phylogeny which would exclude certain "traditional" polychaete families (see Weigert and Bleidorn 2016).

Geographic scope and characteristics of the region

This checklist includes all polychaete taxa reported from the waters of the Greek Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (as delimited by the Marine Regions database, see also Bailly et al. 2016). It does not cover a biogeographic area but constitutes an inventory of the national polychaete fauna. Thus, species reported from neighbouring countries but not (yet) from Greece are not included in this list, despite the fact that they are highly likely to occur in Greek water too.

Greece is located centrally in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and thus lies in one of the world's marine biodiversity hotspots (Bianchi and Morri 2000a, Coll et al. 2010). Its coastline stretches over 18,000 km, showing a variety of coastal landforms, from cliffs and rocky shores to beaches, lagoons and river deltas and encompassing around 9,800 islands and rocky islets (Issaris and Salomidi 2012). The Greek EEZ comprises parts of three biogeographically distinct water bodies: the Aegean Sea in the east, the Ionian Sea in the west and the Libyan Sea in the south. The Aegean Sea exchanges waters in the north with the Black Sea through the Bosphorus Strait, the Marmara Sea and the Strait of Dardanelles. Extensive faulting and vertical tectonic movements have resulted in the fracturing of the Hellenic mountain chains and the creation of deeply incised embayments and semi-enclosed basins, whereas active underwater volcanoes and shallow-water hydrothermal vents can be found in several places in the Aegean Sea (Dando et al. 1999; see also Sini et al. (2017) for a detailed overview of the ecology of the Aegean Sea). The island of Crete forms the southern border of the Aegean and separates it from the Libyan Sea. The Libyan Sea is characterised by deep sea features such as trenches, extensive deep sea plateaus, hydrothermal vents, cold seeps and mud volcanoes. It is part of the Levantine basin and linked to the Red Sea via the Suez canal which forms the point of entry for Lessepsian migrant species. In the west, the Ionian Sea communicates with the Western Mediterranean and the Adriatic Sea. The Greek part of the Ionian Sea (East Ionian Sea) is characterised by the existence of the deep Hellenic Trench with depths exceeding 5,000 m – the deepest part of the Mediterranean Sea. Primary production in the Mediterranean decreases towards the eastern basin and thus the Greek waters are highly oligotrophic (SoHelME 2005), characterised by a limited availability of nutrients, primarily phosphorus (Thingstad et al. 2005). However, within this oligotrophic environment relatively eutrophic areas do exist (e.g. the North-West Aegean is highly productive in terms of nutrients and biological production compared to the Ionian, the South Aegean and the Levantine basin (e.g. Lykousis et al. 2002)). Knowledge on the polychaete fauna in each of these regional seas is unequally distributed, as the overwhelming majority of benthic research (around 80% of studies) has been performed in the Aegean Sea, whereas the deep sea habitats characterising the Libyan Sea are almost completely unexplored.

Materials and methods

Literature resources

Existing checklists on Greek polychaetes were combined, complemented, verified and annotated with information on species occurrences in Greece, using over 260 bibliographic and online resources, covering almost 200 years of research (1832–2017). A comprehensive list of all references from Greece for each species is contained in Suppl. material 2. These sources include publications from scientific journals, book chapters, theses, conference proceedings and biogeographic and museum collection databases. In addition, unpublished records generated in the framework of research projects conducted within the Hellenic Centre of Marine Research (HCMR) after 2001 were used to assess the occurrence status of many controversial and non-native species (Suppl. material 1). We deliberately chose to include grey literature and database records, as many of these have been used in secondary works and we prefer to draw attention to doubtful records rather than ignoring them. The additions to the previous checklists comprise polychaete records from 486 sampling stations which were compiled from a) literature and data sources from after 2001 and b) literature and data sources from before 2001 if these had not been covered by previous checklists (Fig. 1). The majority of these stations were monitored regularly or occasionally. Samples were mainly collected from shallow soft-bottom habitats, though a few samples from pelagic, deep-sea and hard substrate habitats are also included.

Figure 1. — Sampling stations from which polychaetes were recorded, compiled from literature sources and databases which where not included in previous checklists.

The final checklist was submitted to the World Register of Marine Species and the Pan-European Species directories Infrastructure to replace the latest version by Faulwetter (2010).

How to read this checklist

The nomenclature used here follows the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) and the most recent taxonomic literature. Taxa are arranged alphabetically in hierarchical order (genera and species within families); suprafamiliar classifications are omitted. The inclusion of species follows a conservative approach: species with a questionable presence in Greek waters are included in the list and clearly indicated as such; we excluded only species that are either considered taxonomically indeterminable according to the most recent taxonomic works or where Greek records were shown to be misidentifications. These are presented separately at the end of the manuscript.

For each species, one or more of the following types of information may be provided:

1. Nomenclature

If no information is provided in the "Nomenclature" field: Species has only been recorded under its currently accepted name.

If information is provided in the "Nomenclature" field: Not a comprehensive list of synonyms (for this, the reader is advised to consult WoRMS), but all names under which the species has been reported from Greece (respective literature resources for each name in Suppl. material 2). Subjective and objective synonyms (subjective: two different type specimens exist and original descriptions exist, synonymy is based on expert opinion; objective: different names exist as a result of assigning a species to a different genus or rank but are based on the same type specimen) as well as different rank assignments (e.g. subgeneric vs. generic level) are listed. Misspellings and spelling variations (e.g. species epithets ending in -a vs. -us) are excluded. Misidentifications (i.e. specific specimens which were in the past identified as belonging to another species but then re-examined) are also omitted to avoid confusion; instead, a remark is given in the Notes field and the record is annotated in Suppl. material 2.

2. Native Status

If no information is provided in the "Native status" field: Species is considered native to the Mediterranean.

If information is provided in the "Native status" field: Contains information on the native status of the species in Greece, following the terminology and definitions by Zenetos et al. (2011):

non-native (established): Species with at least two independent published records from Greece, separated in time and space;
non-native (casual): Reported only once in the scientific or grey literature from Greece;
non-native (questionable): Non-native species reported from Greece whose presence in the country is questionable and needs to be confirmed by an expert, or which have an unresolved taxonomic status. In this paper, doubtful records of species with an alien origin are not indicated as non-native if they have never been reported before as alien from the Mediterranean, whereas species previously reported as alien from the Mediterranean Sea but shown here to be questionable are retained as "non-native (questionable)" to highlight their status for further assessment by experts;
cryptogenic: Species of unknown origin that could be either native or introduced, clear evidence for either origin being absent.

3. Notes

If no information is provided in the "Notes" field: Species has an uncontroversial taxonomic and biogeographic status and regular records from Greece and the Mediterranean exist. A full reference list of all reports from Greece for each species can be found in Suppl. material 2.

If information is provided in the "Notes" field: May contain information on:

the taxonomic history, nomenclatural or occurrence status where these are deemed useful for assessing the taxonomic or occurrence status of the species in Greece.
literature references reporting the species from Greece and additional information on the species' distribution: only in cases where the species has been reported fewer than three times from Greece (excluding checklists and other secondary works).
whether the species has originally been described from the Mediterranean.

Distribution information:

Where statements are made on the occurrence (or absence) of the species in other areas of the Mediterranean, this information was derived from a combined assessment of:

the checklist of Mediterranean polychaetes by Martín and Gil (2010);
recent regional checklists of polychaetes in the Mediterranean (e.g. Çınar 2005, Castelli et al. 2008, Ayari et al. 2009, Zaâbi et al. 2009, Çınar et al. 2014, Mikac 2015);
extensive unpublished notes by C. Arvanitidis covering the literature on Mediterranean polychaetes until ca. 1994;
literature research.

Information on species distributions outside the Mediterranean are derived from a combined assessment of literature sources and distribution records in the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) (unless a specific source is cited). Distribution information is not intended to list all known distributions of the species but rather to provide an estimate of the species’ likelihood to occur in the Mediterranean.

Questionable species:

Species are indicated as "questionable" if one or more of the following criteria are met:

the species concept is not clearly defined or outdated and in need of revision, rendering literature records highly uncertain;
species is indicated as possibly absent from the Mediterranean in a recent taxonomic work (preferably a review) based on examination of Mediterranean specimens;
species is in the Mediterranean reported exclusively (or almost exclusively) from Greece and has otherwise a distinctly different distribution range;
species has been reported only once in grey literature before 1993 (chosen as a cut-off date, as thorough investigations of the Greek polychaete fauna followed afterwards)

Species reported as "cf." in primary records are not indicated as questionable, as the modifier "cf." already implies uncertainties in the identification and often a possible deviation from the nominal species.

Species complexes:

Acrocirrus frontifilis

Ampharete octocirrata

(Sars, 1835)

Sabellides octocirrata (M. Sars, 1835)

Amphinomidae Lamarck, 1818

Chloeia candida

Kinberg, 1857

Chloeia viridis Schmarda, 1861

Ecological interactions

Native status

Aphroditidae Malmgren, 1867

Laetmonice hystrix

(Savigny in Lamarck, 1818)

Hermione hystrix (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) | Laetmonice hystrix (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean.

Pontogenia chrysocoma

(Baird, 1865)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean.

Arenicolidae Johnston, 1835

Abarenicola claparedi

(Levinsen, 1884)

Abarenicola claparedi (Levinsen, 1884) | Arenicola claparedei Levinsen, 1884

(Marenzeller, 1895)

Myzostoma asteriae Marenzeller, 1895

Notes

Originally described from Greece as parasitic on the starfish species Sclerasterias richardi (Perrier in Milne-Edwards 1882) and Sclerasterias neglecta (Perrier, 1891) collected near Santorini, Kythira and Samos; no other records from Greece. Almost nothing is known of the species' distribution; the extensive description of its anatomy by Stummer-Traunfels (1903) is based on specimens provided by Marenzeller, presumably from the same collection as the type material.

Capitellidae Grube, 1862

Capitella capitata

(Fabricius, 1780)

Capitella capitata (Fabricius, 1780) | Capitella capitata capitata (Fabricius, 1780)

Notes

Questionable status. Species complex. Several sibling species have been separated from Capitella capitata sensu lato worldwide since Grassle and Grassle (1976) showed it to constitute a complex of species. Blake (2009) restricts Capitella capitata sensu stricto to Arctic areas and considers Mediterranean specimens, including the description by Fauvel (1927), to show significant differences to Capitella capitata and thus to belong to other species. In Greece, there is evidence so far of at least another sibling species population (Gamenick et al. 1998). However, because of the high morphological similarity of the various sibling species, they cannot be reliably distinguished in routine investigations (Blake 2000). See also notes under Capitella teleta Blake, Grassle & Eckelbarger, 2009.

Capitella giardi

(Mesnil, 1897)

Capitella giardi (Mesnil, 1897) | Capitellides giardi Mesnil, 1897

Capitella minima

Langerhans, 1881

Capitella minima Langerhans, 1881 | Capitomastus minimus (Langerhans, 1881)

Leiocapitella dollfusi

(Fauvel, 1936)

Leiocapitella dollfusi (Fauvel, 1936) | Leiocapitella glabra Hartman, 1947

Notes

Bellan (1964a) proposed the synonymy of Leiocapitella glabra (type locality California) with Leiocapitella dollfusi (originally described from the Moroccan coasts) based on the overlapping variability in the chaetal formula of the two species. Ben-Eliahu and Fiege (1995), probably unaware of Bellan (1964a), proposed a possible synonymy of Leiocapitella dollfusi with Leiocapitella glabra on the basis of the identical hook dentition, in addition to the chaetal formula (Capaccioni-Azzati and El-Haddad 2015). However, it is noteworthy that the presence of branchiae in posterior segments, a character reported by Fauvel (1936a) for Leiocapitella dollfusi, has not been confirmed in material previously identified as Leiocapitella glabra (Hartman 1947, Ben-Eliahu and Fiege 1995), due to lack of posterior parts. In the present study, in agreement with Bellan (1964a), and Capaccioni-Azzati and El-Haddad (2015), we consider the older name Leiocapitella dollfusi as having priority over Leiocapitella glabra.

Leiocapitellides analis

Hartmann-Schröder, 1960

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (casual)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Akoumianaki (2004) and Neofitou et al. (2014). In the Mediterranean also known from Egypt (Abd-Elnaby 2009). Originally described from the Red Sea.

Leiochrus alutaceus

Ehlers, 1908

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (Akoumianaki 2004). Commonly distributed in the Pacific. Worldwide, records of this genus are rare and uncertain (e.g. Hilbig and Blake 2006, Probert et al. 2009). However, as species of Leiochrides can key out as Leiochrus in Fauchald (1977), the presence of the former genus in Greece is possible if the key by Fauchald has been used.

Mastobranchus trinchesii

Eisig, 1887

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Mediomastus capensis

Day, 1961

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (casual)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Maidanou et al. (2017). Originally from South Africa, in the Mediterranean also known from Italy (Castelli et al. 2008), Cyprus (Çınar 2005), Spain (Capaccioni-Azzati and El-Haddad 2015) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015). Zenetos et al. (2005) and Zenetos et al. (2010) question the identification of the species in the Mediterranean, but without providing specific information.

Mediomastus fragilis

Chaetopteridae Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833

Spiochaetopterus costarum

(Claparède, 1869)

Spiochaetopterus costarum (Claparède, 1869) | Telepsavus costarum Claparède 1869

Notes

Species complex. Spiochaetopterus costarum was long believed to be a cosmopolitan species but in fact the name has been applied to a number of pseudo-cryptic species (e.g. Bhaud 1998, Bhaud et al. 2003). Mediterranean specimens are currently considered to belong to Spiochaetopterus costarum sensu stricto, as the type locality of the species is in the Gulf of Naples.

Spiochaetopterus solitarius

(Rioja, 1917)

Phyllochaetopterus solitarius Rioja, 1917| Spiochaetopterus solitarius (Rioja, 1917)

Spiochaetopterus typicus

M. Sars, 1856

Notes

Reported from Greece by Makra and Nicolaidou (2000) and Tselepides (1992). In the Mediterranean also reported from France (Guille and Laubier 1966) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015). Bhaud (1998) restricts the species' distribution to the boreal Atlantic and considers it absent from the temperate waters of the Mediterranean, but the report by Tselepides is from deep waters (500 m and 700 m) off Crete, where environmental conditions could be more favourable for the species. Other boreal species have been shown to occur in deep Mediterranean waters (Fiege et al. 2000a).

Chrysopetalidae Ehlers, 1864

Arichlidon reyssi

(Katzmann, Laubier & Ramos, 1974)

Arichlidon reyssi (Katzmann, Laubier & Ramos, 1974) | Bhawania reyssi Katzmann, Laubier & Ramos, 1974

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Adriatic).

Chrysopetalum debile

(Grube, 1855)

Chrysopetalum debile (Grube, 1855) | Paleanotus debile (Grube, 1855)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Villfranche-sur-Mer, France).

Hyalopale bispinosa

Perkins, 1985

Notes

Recently identified from Greece (Watson and Chatzigeorgiou, submitted) based on two specimens from Crete (for details see Record 1; Record 2).

Paleanotus chrysolepis

Schmarda, 1861

Cirratulidae Carus, 1863

Aphelochaeta filiformis

(Keferstein, 1862)

Aphelochaeta filiformis (Keferstein, 1862) | Cirratulus filiformis Keferstein, 1862

Aphelochaeta marioni

(Saint-Joseph, 1894)

Aphelochaeta marioni (Saint-Joseph, 1894) | Tharyx marioni (Saint-Joseph, 1894)

Aphelochaeta cf. monilaris

Chaetozone caputesocis

(Saint-Joseph, 1894)

Caulleriella caputesocis (Saint-Joseph, 1894) | Chaetozone caputesocis (Saint-Joseph, 1894)

Chaetozone corona

Berkeley & Berkeley, 1941

Chaetozone corona Berkeley & Berkeley, 1941

Ecological interactions

Chaetozone zetlandica

McIntosh, 1911

Caulleriella zetlandica (McIntosh, 1911)

Notes

Chambers et al. (2011) remark that records of Chaetozone zetlandica might be misidentifications, as the Mediterranean environment differs significantly from conditions in the species' native distribution range in the North Atlantic.

Cirratulus cirratus

(O. F. Müller, 1776)

Notes

Species complex. Often considered cosmopolitan, but ecological, morphological and genetic differences have been found in specimens from different geographical locations (Petersen 1999, Carr et al. 2011, Weidhase et al. 2014).

Cirriformia tentaculata

(Montagu, 1808)

Audouinia tentaculata (Montagu, 1808) | Cirriformia tentaculata (Montagu, 1808)

Dodecaceria capensis

Day, 1961

Ecological interactions

Kirkegaardia dorsobranchialis

(Kirkegaard, 1959)

Monticellina dorsobranchialis (Kirkegaard, 1959) | Tharyx dorsobranchialis (Kirkegaard, 1959)

Notes

A species reported from worldwide locations, partly caused by inaccurate descriptions in the past; therefore Blake (2016) considers the presence of Kirkegaardia dorsobranchialis in the Mediterranean uncertain and possibly restricted to West and South Africa. Many Greek records of Kirkegaardia dorsobranchialis belong in fact to Kirkegaardia heterochaeta (Laubier, 1961), as Blake (1991) had synonymised Monticellina heterochaeta with Monticellina dorsobranchialis. The distinction between the two species is difficult. Kirkegaardia heterochaeta has a longer peristomium than Kirkegaardia dorsobranchialis and posesses a mid-dorsal ridge within the dorsal channel which is absent in Kirkegaardia dorsobranchialis. The most reliable factor for their separation is the methyl green staining pattern (Blake 2016).

Kirkegaardia heterochaeta

(Laubier, 1961)

Monticellina heterochaeta Laubier, 1961| Tharyx heterochaeta (Laubier, 1961)

Notes

Possibly underreported, as the species was considered a synonym of Kirkegaardia dorsobranchialis (Kirkegaard, 1959) by Blake (1991) and reported under the latter name until Blake (1996) revoked the synonymy. Type locality: Mediterranean (France).

Kirkegaardia tesselata

(Hartman, 1960)

Monticellina tesselata (Hartman, 1960)

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Koulouri et al. (2015). In the Mediterranean also reported from Spain (Desbruyères et al. 1973) and Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014). Çınar (2005) reports morphological differences in chaetal features between specimens from Cyprus and the original description of Kirkegaardia tesselata, concluding that the material might belong to an undescribed species. Blake (2016), having examined a specimen of Kirkegaardia from France, refers this specimen and the literature references of Monticellina tesselata by Çınar et al. (2014) and Çınar (2005) to an undescribed Kirkegaardia species (Kirkegaardia sp. A). He restricts the distribution of Kirkegaardia tesselata to California. Greek specimens possibly do not belong to Kirkegaardia tesselata but the material would require re-examination to confirm its identity.

Protocirrineris chrysoderma

(Claparède, 1868)

Cirratulus chrysoderma Claparède, 1868

Notes

Questionable status; species complex. Reported from Greece by NCMR (1989). Reported from worldwide locations but the species constitutes a complex of pseudo-cryptic species (Petersen 1991). Originally described from the Gulf of Naples and the only known species of the genus in the Mediterranean until the recent description of Protocirroneris purgamentorum Lezzi, Çınar & Giangrande, 2016. While it is possible that the species occurs in Greece, it has so far only been reported in grey literature and has not been found in almost three decades, therefore its presence in Greece is here considered questionable.

Tharyx killariensis

(Southern, 1914)

Caulleriella killariensis (Southern, 1914)| Heterocirrus killariensis (Southern, 1914) | Tharyx killariensis (Southern, 1914)

Timarete filigera

(Delle Chiaje, 1828)

Cirriformia filigera (Delle Chiaje, 1828) | Timarete filigera (Delle Chiaje, 1828)

Notes

Species complex. Timarete filigera has been recorded from worldwide locations, but many of these records probably belong to different species. Specimens from West Atlantic localities identified as Timarete filigera were re-examined morphologically and genetically by Magalhães et al. (2014) and shown to belong to undescribed species or to species previously treated as synonyms of Timarete filigera. Mediterranean specimens are currently considered to belong to Timarete filigera sensu stricto, as the type locality of the species is in the Gulf of Naples.

Timarete punctata

(Grube, 1859)

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (casual)

Notes

Species complex. Timarete punctata, originally described from the Caribbean, constitutes a complex of cryptic species. Molecular analyses of specimens morphologically identified as Timarete punctata by Seixas et al. (2017) revealed that samples from the West Atlantic and the Pacific comprise two cryptic species, one of them widely distributed and exhibiting a low genetic diversity, the other restricted to a single location. The authors hypothesise that the low genetic diversity of the widely distributed cryptic species could be attributed to a recent human-mediated introduction at these sites. In the Mediterranean reported from Greece (Maidanou et al. 2017) and Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014).

Cossuridae Day, 1963

Cossura coasta

Kitamori, 1960

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (questionable)

Notes

Questionable status. Arvanitidis (1994) questions the presence of the species in the area, as the description of the specimen found by Bogdanos and Fredj (1983) shows differences both to the species described by Kitamori (1960) and to Cossura soyeri Laubier, 1964. Without re-examination of the Mediterranean specimens referred to Cossura coasta, the status of the species in the area remains doubtful.

Cossura soyeri

Laubier, 1964

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Banyuls-sur-Mer, France)

Ctenodrilidae Kennel, 1882

Ctenodrilus serratus

(Schmidt, 1857)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Makra and Nicolaidou (2000), also found by Papageorgiou et al. (2006) (unpublished dataset). Type locality: Mediterranean.

Dorvilleidae Chamberlin, 1919

Dorvillea rubrovittata

(Grube, 1855)

Dorvillea rubrovittata (Grube, 1855) | Schistomeringos rubrovittata (Grube, 1855) | Staurocephalus rubrovittatus Grube, 1855

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Adriatic). Considered cosmopolitan. However, Jumars (1974) notes differences between populations and suggests the possibility of more than one species existing under the name of Dorvillea rubrovittata.

Dorvillea similis

(Crossland, 1924)

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (casual)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Corsini-Foka et al. (2015). In the Mediterranean also known from Turkey (Çınar 2009), natively distributed in the Indo-Pacific Ocean and Red Sea.

Ophryotrocha labronica

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Águilas, Spain).

Protodorvillea atlantica

(McIntosh, 1885)

Protodorvillea atlantica (McIntosh, 1885) | Schistomeringos atlanticus (McIntosh, 1885)

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Vamvakopoulou (1991). In the Mediterranean also known from Tunisia (Zaâbi et al. 2009) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015). Originally described from deep waters off the Azores (Atlantic); as the Greek record is from a lagoonal habitat, it must be considered questionable.

Protodorvillea biarticulata

Day, 1963

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (established)

Notes

In the Mediterranean reported from Greece (Bogdanos and Satsmadjis 1983, Bogdanos and Diapoulis 1984, Simboura et al. 1995b) and Egypt (Abd-Elnaby and Gab-Alla 2007), otherwise distributed in the Indo-Pacific, South Africa and Brazil.

Protodorvillea kefersteini

(McIntosh, 1869)

Protodorvillea kefersteini (McIntosh, 1869) | Schistomeringos kefersteini (McIntosh, 1869) | Staurocephalus kefersteini McIntosh, 1896

Schistomeringos neglecta

(Fauvel, 1923)

Dorvillea neglecta (Fauvel, 1932) | Schistomeringos neglecta (Fauvel, 1923)

Schistomeringos rudolphi

(Delle Chiaje, 1828)

Dorvillea rudolphi (Delle Chiaje, 1828) | Schistomeringos rudolphi (Delle Chiaje, 1828) | Staurocephalus rudolphi (Delle Chiaje, 1828)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Eulepethidae Chamberlin, 1919

Grubeulepis augeneri

Pettibone, 1969

Notes

One specimen from Greece in the collections of the Senckenberg Museum (SMF 15256, 35°52'58.2"N, 27°42'49.2"E, 115 m depth, coll. date 2005-09-05, det. D. Fiege). Type locality: Mediterranean (Adriatic).

Grubeulepis katzmanni

Pettibone, 1986

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Simboura (1987) and Zenetos et al. (1997). Type locality: Mediterranean (Adriatic). The original description by Pettibone (1986) is based on juveniles and needs to be completed with adult characters; Grubeulepis katzmanni may turn out to be a juvenile of Grubeulepis augeneri Pettibone, 1969 (Pettibone 1986).

Eunicidae Berthold, 1827

Eunice aphroditois

(Pallas, 1788)

Notes

Questionable status. Fauvel (1923) recorded Eunice roussaei Quatrefages, 1866 in the Adriatic Sea, but the species was later synonymised with Eunice aphroditois by Hartman (1944). Subsequently, several records of large-sized eunicids in the Mediterranean were assigned to the latter. After the resurrection of Eunice roussaei by Fauchald (1992), many authors suggested that literature records of Eunice aphroditois in the Mediterranean actually belong to Eunice roussaei (Parapar and Harto 2001, Zanol and Bettoso 2006, Çınar et al. 2014, Mikac 2015). Two specimens of Eunice aphroditois from the collections of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki were re-examined by the first author and identified as Eunice roussaei (Faulwetter et al. 2013); it is likely that all Greek records belong to Eunice roussaei.

Eunice floridana

(Pourtalès, 1867)

Lysidice ninetta

Eunice siciliensis Grube, 1840 | Palola siciliensis (Grube, 1840)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Palermo, Sicily, Italy).

Euphrosinidae Williams, 1852

Euphrosine foliosa

Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833

Euphrosine myrtosa

Savigny in Lamarck, 1818

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Bogdanos and Satsmadjis (1983). In the Mediterranean also reported from the Levantine Basin (Ben-Eliahu 1995) and questionably from the Adriatic (Mikac 2015), otherwise distributed in the Indo-Pacific. It might either be an overlooked alien species in the area or a misidentification.

Fabriciidae Rioja, 1923

Fabricia stellaris stellaris

(Müller, 1774)

Fabricia sabella (Ehrenberg, 1836) | Fabricia stellaris stellaris (O. F. Müller, 1774) |

Flabelligeridae de Saint-Joseph, 1894

Bradabyssa villosa

(Rathke, 1843)

Brada villosa (Rathke, 1843)

Pherusa plumosa

(Müller, 1776)

Pherusa plumosa (Müller, 1776) | Stylarioides plumosa (O.F. Müller, 1776)

Notes

Questionable status. Salazar-Vallejo (2014) revised the genus Pherusa and re-instated a number of species, many of which were previously considered synonyms of Pherusa plumosa. He restricts Pherusa plumosa in its diagnosis and distribution; currently it is believed to occur in the Arctic and temperate Atlantic Ocean and to be absent from the Mediterranean. The three currently known species of Pherusa occurring in the Mediterranean Sea – previously all grouped under the name Pherusa plumosa – are Pherusa incrustans Quatrefages, 1866, Pherusa mikacae Salazar-Vallejo, 2014 and Pherusa obscura Quatrefages, 1849. As the description by Fauvel (1927) is very general and includes a large range of characters which correspond to Pherusa plumosa sensu stricto, Pherusa obscura and Pherusa incrustans (Salazar-Vallejo 2014), all specimens identified using Fauvel’s key are questionable.

Piromis eruca

(Claparède, 1869)

Pherusa eruca (Claparède, 1869) | Piromis eruca (Claparède, 1869) | Stylarioides eruca (Claparède, 1869)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples)

Stylarioides monilifer

Delle Chiaje, 1841

Pherusa monilifera (Delle Chiaje, 1841)

Notes

Salazar-Vallejo (2011) revised the genus Stylarioides and reinstated Stylarioides hirsutus Lo Bianco, 1893, which Fauvel (1927) had synonymised with Stylarioides monilifer. Thus, specimens identified using the publication by Fauvel (1927) or works based on it (e.g. Castelli 1990) could belong to either of the two species. Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Therochaeta flabellata

(Sars in Sars, 1872)

Pherusa flabellata (M. Sars in G.O. Sars, 1872) | Therochaeta flabellata (M. Sars in G.O. Sars, 1872)

Notes

Questionable status. Salazar-Vallejo (2013) restricts Therochaeta flabellata to the North-East Atlantic Ocean and Arctic waters and assigns Mediterranean material, including the description by Fauvel (1927) to an undescribed species (informally named Therochaeta cf. flabellata “Mediterranean”, formal description pending). The Mediterranean form differs from the original description mainly in the size of the much larger sediment particles and in the lack of fusion of the first two chaetigers.

Glyceridae Grube, 1850

Glycera alba

(O.F. Müller, 1776)

Glycera alba (O.F. Müller, 1776) | Glycera minuta (Bobretzky, 1870)

Glycera gigantea Quatrefages, 1866

Glycera tridactyla

Schmarda, 1861

Glycera convoluta Keferstein, 1862 | Glycera tridactyla Schmarda, 1861

Notes

Böggemann (2002) considers Glycera convoluta a synonym of Glycera tridactyla based on comparisons with the original description and illustrations. A number of authors support this synonymy (e.g. Worsfold 2007, Parapar and Moreira 2015).

Glycera unicornis

Lamarck, 1818

Notes

See notes under Glycera rouxii Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833.

Goniadidae Kinberg, 1865

Glycinde bonhourei

Gravier, 1904

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (casual)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Simboura (2008). In the Mediterranean also known from Israel (Böggemann 2005), Egypt (Ben-Eliahu 1972a) and Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014). Originally described from Bonhoure (Djibuti).

Glycinde nordmanni

(Malmgren, 1866)

Eone nordmanni Malmgren, 1866 | Glycinde nordmanni (Malmgren, 1866)

Hesionidae Grube, 1850

Gyptis propinqua

Marion & Bobretzky, 1875

Gyptis propinqua Marion & Bobretzky, 1875 | Oxydromus propinquus (Marion & Bobretzky, 1875)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (France).

Hesione splendida

Savigny in Lamarck, 1818

Hesione pantherina Risso, 1826 | Hesione splendida Savigny in Lamarck, 1818

Hesiospina aurantiaca (M. Sars, 1862) | Hesiospina similis (Hessle, 1925)

Gyptis mediterranea Pleijel, 1993

Notes

Reported from Greece by Chatzigeorgiou et al. (2016). Type locality: Mediterranean (Banyuls-sur-Mer, France).

Nereimyra punctata

Notes

Reported from Greece by Arvanitidis (1994) based on a single specimen. Type locality: Mediterranean (Banyuls-sur-Mer, France). Pleijel (1998) considers the species a junior synonym of Podarkeopsis arenicolus (La Greca, 1946) but does not provide details and does not formalise the synonymy. As Rizzo and Salazar-Vallejo (2014) list both species in their key and recognise difference in the size of the eyes, length of the median antenna and chaetal details, the species is therefore treated as valid here, pending further information.

Psamathe fusca

Johnston, 1836

Kefersteinia cirrhata (Keferstein, 1862)

Syllidia armata

Quatrefages, 1866

Magalia perarmata Marion & Bobretzky, 1874 | Syllidia armata Quatrefages, 1866

Iospilidae Bergström, 1914

Phalacrophorus pictus

Greeff, 1879

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Antoniadou and Chintiroglou (2005) from a benthic sample of hard substrates at 3–15 m depth collected via SCUBA diving. No description or further information was provided for the taxon. Iospilidae are holopelagic and easily confused with benthic juvenile forms of other species (Jiméz-Cueto et al. 2006). Thus the record is considered doubtful here.

Lacydoniidae Bergström, 1914

Lacydonia laureci

Laubier, 1975

Notes

Lumbrineridae Schmarda, 1861

Gallardoneris iberica

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (casual)

Notes

New record for Greece. One specimen, Elafonisi, Crete, 35°16'20.7"N, 23°32'15.9"E, 1 m depth, fine sand, collected in the framework of the MEDCORE project (unpublished data from Papageorgiou et al. 2006). Literature used for identification: Miura (1980), Gravina and Cantone (1991). In the Mediterranean also known from Italy (Gravina and Cantone 1991). Originally described from South Africa.

Lumbrineriopsis paradoxa

(Saint-Joseph, 1888)

Lumbriconereis paradoxa Saint-Joseph, 1888 | Lumbrineriopsis paradoxa (Saint-Joseph, 1888) | Lumbrineris paradoxa Saint-Joseph, 1888

Lumbrineris coccinea

(Renier, 1804)

Lumbriconereis coccinea (Renier, 1804)| Lumbrineris coccinea (Renier, 1804)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean. Carrera-Parra (2006) considers records from outside the Mediterranean Sea doubtful.

Lumbrineris inflata

Moore, 1911

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Arvanitidis (2000a) and Kitsos (2003); the first Mediterranean record was by Giangrande et al. (1981). Arvanitidis (2000a) argues that the species may have been underreported in the Mediterranean due to its similarity with Lumbrineris coccinea (Renier, 1804). Carrera-Parra (2006) and D’Alessandro et al. (2016) consider Mediterranean records of the species doubtful based on its otherwise East Pacific distribution. Çınar (2009) argues that the description and illustrations of Lumbrineris inflata by Giangrande et al. (1981) fit the characters of Lumbrineris perkinsi Carrera-Parra, 2001. Lumbrineris inflata differs from Lumbrineris perkinsi mainly in the number of teeth of maxilla III (M III). Giangrande et al. (1981), as well as Arvanitidis (2000a) for Greece, report a maxillary formula which could correspond to Lumbrineris perkinsi ("M III with 3–4 teeth"). Although published descriptions and records from the Mediterranean indicate the presence of Lumbrineris perkinsi, re-examination of all the material is needed to draw conclusions about the identity of the Greek records.

Lumbrineris latreilli

Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834

Lumbriconereis latreilli Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834 | Lumbrineris latreilli Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834

Ninoe nigripes

Verrill, 1873

Ninoe kinbergi Ehlers, 1887 | Ninoe nigripes Verrill, 1873

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece as Ninoe kinbergi by Vamvakas (1970) and Vamvakas (1971). Arvanitidis (2000a) lists these records under the name Ninoe nigripes, following the synonymy established by Pettibone (1963). In the Mediterranean reported from the central basin as Ninoe kinbergi (Castelli et al. 2008) and as Ninoe nigripes by Mikac (2015) from the Adriatic Sea. Otherwise distributed in the West Atlantic.

Scoletoma emandibulata

(Pillai, 1961)

Lumbrineris emandibulata Pillai, 1961

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Dando et al. (1995) and Akoumianaki (2004). The record by Akoumianaki (2004) actually refers to Scoletoma emandibulata mabiti, as Ramos 1976 is given as the authority; it remains unclear whether the same holds true for the specimen of Dando et al. (1995). Originally described from the Indian Ocean.

Scoletoma emandibulata mabiti

(Ramos, 1976)

Lumbrineris emandibulata mabiti Ramos, 1976

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Catalan Coast).

Scoletoma fragilis

(O.F. Müller, 1776)

Lumbriconereis fragilis (O.F. Müller, 1776) | Lumbrineris fragilis (O.F. Müller, 1776) | Scoletoma fragilis (O.F. Müller, 1776)

Notes

Species complex. Frequently reported from Greece and other parts of the Mediterranean (Castelli et al. 2008, Ayari et al. 2009, Çınar et al. 2014, Mikac 2015). Otherwise distributed in the Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean and North Sea. However, molecular analyses revealed the existence of at least two putative cryptic species, one in the Atlantic and one in the Arctic Ocean (Carr et al. 2011).

Scoletoma funchalensis

(Kinberg, 1865)

Lumbriconereis funchalensis Kinberg, 1865 | Lumbrineris funchalensis (Kinberg, 1865) | Scoletoma funchalensis (Kinberg, 1865)

Notes

In the Mediterranean also known from the western and central basins (Campoy 1982, Castelli et al. 2008), Tunisia (Ayari et al. 2009), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015). Otherwise distributed in the North-East Atlantic. However, Oug (2011) noted that Scoletoma funchalensis is poorly known and the described characters by Fauvel (1923) could be confused with juveniles of several species.

Scoletoma impatiens

(Claparède, 1868)

Lumbriconereis impatiens (Claparède, 1868) | Lumbrineris impatiens Claparède, 1868 | Scoletoma impatiens (Claparède, 1868)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples). George and Hartmann-Schröder (1985) synonymised Scoletoma impatiens with the South African Scoletoma tetraura (Schmarda, 1861), but several authors do not accept this synonymy (see also notes under Scoletoma tetraura).

Scoletoma rovignensis

(Fauvel, 1940)

Lumbrineris rovignensis Fauvel, 1940 | Scoletoma rovignensis (Fauvel, 1940)

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Dounas (1986). Type locality: Mediterranean (Adriatic). While it is possible that the species occurs in Greece, it has so far only been reported in grey literature and has not been found in over three decades, therefore its presence in Greece is here considered questionable.

Scoletoma tetraura

(Schmarda, 1861)

Lumbrineris tetraura (Schmarda, 1861) | Scoletoma tetraura (Schmarda, 1861)

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Koukouras and Rousso (1991). In the Mediterranean also known from Turkey (Doğan et al. 2005; but considered questionable by Çınar et al. 2014), Cyprus (Çınar 2005), Italy (Castelli et al. 2008), Albania (Marzano et al. 2010) and the Adriatic (listed under Scoletoma impatiens (Claparède, 1968) by Mikac (2015)). Originally described from South Africa. George and Hartmann-Schröder (1985) synonymised the European species Scoletoma impatiens with Scoletoma tetraura. However, several authors question the presence of the latter in Europe and suggest using the name Scoletoma impatiens for specimens from the area until a more detailed revision becomes available (Martins et al. 2012, Çınar et al. 2014, Gómez et al. 2015, Mikac 2015, D’Alessandro et al. 2016). The main diagnostic character of the genus can be problematic, since several juvenile specimens of Lumbrineris and Hilbigneris species may lack composite hooded hooks and can be key out as Scoletoma (Oug 2011).

Axiothella constricta

(Claparède, 1869)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Axiothella rubrocincta

(Johnson, 1901)

Notes

Questionable status. Species complex. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (Dando et al. 1995). Distributed along the Pacific coast of North America where at least two morphologically indistinguishable forms with different life histories occur (Wilson 1983).

Chirimia biceps

(M. Sars, 1861)

Asychis biceps (M. Sars, 1861) | Chirimia biceps (M. Sars, 1861) | Chirimia biceps biceps (Sars, 1861)

Clymenella cf. koellikeri

(McIntosh, 1885)

Notes

In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (Simboura 1996). The specimens differ from Clymenella torquata (Leidy 1855) (originally from the East coast of North America but occurring non-natively on the Atlantic coast of Europe) in the shape and number of acicular chaetae and from Clymenella cincta (Saint-Joseph, 1894) (occurring in the Mediterranean) in the shape of the collar and of the nuchal organs. The Greek specimens are most similar to the Pacific species Clymenella koellikeri, from which they differ in the following characters: Nuchal slits of Clymenella koellikeri reach up to the middle of the cephalic plate (until the lateral notches in the Greek material) and the rim or the collar of the 4^th chaetiger is smooth or slightly wavy in Clymenella koellikeri, whereas one Greek specimen shows a small lateral recess at the rim of the collar (Simboura 1996). The species is found regularly in Greece but is usually reported at genus level due to its uncertain identity. It may be an overlooked or cryptic species.

Euclymene collaris

(Claparède, 1869)

Clymene collaris (Claparède, 1869) | Euclymene collaris (Claparède, 1869)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Euclymene lombricoides

(Quatrefages, 1866)

Clymene lombricoides Quatrefages, 1866 | Euclymene lombricoides (Quatrefages, 1866)

Euclymene oerstedii

(Claparède, 1863)

Clymene oerstedii Claparède, 1863 | Euclymene oerstedii (Claparède, 1863)

Euclymene palermitana

(Grube, 1840)

Clymene palermitana Grube, 1840 | Euclymene palermitana (Grube, 1840) | Praxillella palermitana (Grube, 1840)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Palermo, Sicily, Italy).

Heteroclymene robusta

Arwidsson, 1906

Clymene robusta (Arwidsson, 1906) | Euclymene robusta (Arwidsson, 1906) | Heteroclymene robusta Arwidsson, 1906

Johnstonia clymenoides

Quatrefages, 1866

Notes

Reported from Greece by Bogdanos and Satsmadjis (1983) and Xenopoulou (1987). In the Mediterranean also known from France, Spain and Israel (Mackie and Gobin 1993), Egypt (Abd-Elnaby 2008), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015), otherwise distributed along the European and North African Atlantic coasts (Mackie and Gobin 1993).

Leiochone leiopygos

(Grube, 1860)

Clymenura clypeata (Saint-Joseph, 1894) | Leiochone clypeata Saint-Joseph, 1894 | Leiochone leiopygos (Grube, 1860)

Lumbriclymene minor

Arwidsson, 1906

Macroclymene santandarensis

(Rioja, 1917)

Clymene santandarensis Rioja, 1917 | Euclymene santandarensis (Rioja, 1917) | Macroclymene santandarensis (Rioja, 1917)

Maldane capensis

(Day, 1961)

Asychis capensis Day, 1961 | Maldane capensis (Day, 1961)

Notes

(M. Sars in G.O. Sars, 1872)

Clymene affinis M. Sars in G.O. Sars, 1872 | Praxillella affinis (M. Sars in G.O. Sars, 1872)

Praxillella gracilis

(M. Sars, 1861)

Clymene gracilis Sars, 1861| Praxillella gracilis (M. Sars, 1861)

Praxillella lophoseta

(Orlandi, 1898)

Clymene lophosetosa Orlandi, 1898 | Praxillella lophoseta (Orlandi, 1898)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Praxillella praetermissa

(Malmgren, 1865)

Notes

Species complex. At least three putative cryptic species exist, one each in the Arctic and West Atlantic (Carr et al. 2011) and another in Portugal (Lobo et al. 2016).

Praxillura longissima

Arwidsson, 1906

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (Eleftheriou et al. 1990). Commonly distributed in the North-East Atlantic.

Rhodine gracilior

Tauber, 1879

Rhodine loveni

Malmgren, 1865

Myzostomatidae Benham, 1896

Myzostoma cirriferum

Leuckart, 1836

Notes

Reported from Greece by Chatzigeorgiou et al. (2016) based on a single specimen. In the Mediterranean also known from Tunisia (Wesenberg-Lund 1939b), France (Laubier and Paris 1962), Italy (Castelli et al. 2008) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015), otherwise distributed along the Atlantic coasts of Europe (Nygren and Pleijel 2015).

Nephtyidae Grube, 1850

Aglaophamus agilis

(Langerhans, 1880)

Aglaophamus rubella (Michaelsen, 1897) | Nephthys agilis Langerhans, 1880 | Nephthys rubella Michaelsen, 1897

Aglaophamus malmgreni

(Théel, 1879)

Aglaophamus malmgreni (Théel, 1879) | Nephthys malmgreni Théel, 1879

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by von Marenzeller (1902). Marenzeller's description differs from the current concept of Aglaophamus malmgreni in the first branchial chaetiger and the pharyngeal papillation. Marenzeller describes his specimens with branchiae starting at chaetigers 6–7 (in one specimen at chaetiger 10) and states that his specimens correspond to the description of Nephtys malmgreni by McIntosh (1900) (listed by McIntosh under the name Nephtys longisetosa) in the number of papillae. McIntosh describes 15 rows of 11–15 papillae. Branchial and papillation characters correspond to Aglaophamus pulcher (Rainer, 1991), but Marenzeller's material should be examined for confirmation. In the Mediterranean, Aglaophamus malmgreni has also been reported from the Adriatic Sea (Mikac 2015), otherwise it is distributed in circumpolar regions and records from southern Europe require confirmation (Ravara et al. 2010).

Aglaophamus pulcher

(Rainer, 1991)

Nephtys pulchra Rainer, 1991

Notes

Reported from Greece by Arvanitidis (2000a) but specimens of Aglaophamus malmgreni (Théel, 1897) by von Marenzeller (1902) could belong to Aglaophamus pulcher (see notes there). In the Mediterranean also known from abyssal canyons and plains in the western basin (Ravara et al. 2010), otherwise distributed in the North East Atlantic. May have been confused in the past with Nephtys hystricis McIntosh, 1900 and Nephtys incisa Malmgren 1865 (Rainer 1991) and therefore been overlooked in the area.

Inermonephtys inermis

(Ehlers, 1887)

Aglaophamus inermis (Ehlers, 1887) | Inermonephtys inermis (Ehlers, 1887)| Nephtys inermis Ehlers, 1887

Notes

Questionable status. Ravara et al. (2010) found morphological differences between European specimens identified as Inermonephtys inermis and the holotype from Florida and established a new species, Inermonephtys foretmontardoi Ravara, Cunha & Pleijel, 2010 for the European populations. Inermonephtys inermis is restricted to the West Atlantic. It is highly likely that Greek specimens of Inermonephtys inermis belong to Inermonephtys foretmontardoi, but no specimens have been re-examined yet for confirmation.

Micronephthys sphaerocirrata

(Wesenberg-Lund, 1949)

Micronephthys sphaerocirrata (Wesenberg-Lund, 1949)| Nephthys sphaerocirrata Wesenberg-Lund, 1949

Notes

Ravara et al. (2010) regard the presence of the species in the Mediterranean as doubtful due to its otherwise Indo-Pacific distribution. Greek specimens may also have been confused with Micronephthys stammeri (Augener, 1932) in the past.

Micronephthys stammeri

(Augener, 1932)

Micronephthys maryae San Martín, 1982| Micronephthys stammeri (Augener, 1932)

Nereididae Blainville, 1818

Alitta succinea

(Leuckart, 1847)

Neanthes succinea (Leuckart, 1847) | Nereis succinea Leuckart, 1847

Notes

Fauvel (1923) considered Nereis lamellosa Ehlers 1868 a synonym of Nereis succinea but revoked this synonymy in a subsequent publication, describing the differentiating characters (Fauvel 1936b). Later authors (e.g. Day 1967, Campoy 1982) continued to treat the species as synonymous. Thus, many reports of Alitta succinea may actually contain specimens of Nereis lamellosa, which in turn is probably underreported in the Mediterranean (Arvanitidis 2000a).

Alitta virens

(M. Sars, 1835)

Neanthes virens (M. Sars, 1835)

Notes

Questionable status. Species complex. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (Christomanos and Giannitsis 1962). Distributed in the North Atlantic and North Pacific and comprising at least two cryptic species with genetic and morphological differences in these two areas (Carr et al. 2011).

Ceratonereis (Composetia) costae

(Grube, 1840)

Ceratonereis (Composetia) costae (Grube, 1840) | Ceratonereis costae (Grube, 1840) | Nereis costae Grube, 1840 | Nereis (Ceratonereis) costae Grube, 1840

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean.

Ceratonereis (Composetia) hircinicola

(Eisig, 1870)

Ceratonereis hircinicola (Eisig, 1870) | Nereis hircinicola (Eisig, 1870)

Hediste diversicolor (O.F. Müller, 1776) | Nereis (Hediste) diversicolor Müller, 1776 | Nereis diversicolor Müller, 1776

Notes

Species complex. Multiple genetic lineages exist in Europe (Nygren 2014, Lobo et al. 2016) which could correspond to cryptic species. Vasileiadou et al. (2016) found genetically highly isolated populations with unique haplotypes in Greek lagoons.

Leonnates persicus

Wesenberg-Lund, 1949

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (casual)

Notes

New record for Greece. Two specimens, Argolikos Gulf, 37°33'34.9''N, 22°47'06''E, 16 m depth, sandy silt with biogenic detritus, collected during monitoring for the Water Framework Directive. Literature used for identification: Çınar et al. (2002). An Indo-Pacific species, in the Mediterranean also known from Israel (Ben-Eliahu 1991b) and Turkey (Çınar et al. 2002).

Micronereis variegata

Claparède, 1863

Neanthes acuminata

(Ehlers, 1868)

Neanthes caudata (sensu Delle Chiaje, 1827) | Nereis caudata (sensu Delle Chiaje, 1827)

Notes

Species complex. Reish et al. (2014) recovered four different putative cryptic species of Neanthes acuminata from worldwide locations (based on specimens traditionally referred to the species Neanthes acuminata, Neanthes caudata, and Neanthes arenaceodentata Moore, 1903, all of which are morphologically indistinguishable but could not be recovered by the analyses). From Europe, only specimens from Portugal were included in the analyses and it is currently unknown whether more cryptic species exist. Concerning nomenclature, Neanthes acuminata sensu lato should be used to refer to the species complex (Reish et al. 2014). While the name Neanthes caudata is often found in literature for the European species, it is not an available name. Delle Chiaje (1825) wrongly applied the name Spio caudatus Lamarck, 1818 to a nereidid, thus the name is based on a misidentification. The next available name is Neanthes acuminata (see detailed notes by G. Read for S. caudatus Lamarck, 1818, Spio caudatus sensu Delle Chiaje, 1827 and N. caudata (sensu Delle Chiaje, 1827)), a species described from the Gulf of Naples.

Neanthes agulhana

(Day, 1963)

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (casual)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Chatzigeorgiou et al. (2016). Originally from South Africa, in the Mediterranean also reported from Spain (Núñez 2004) and Italy (Occhipinti-Ambrogi et al. 2011).

Neanthes fucata

(Savigny in Lamarck, 1818)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Keklikoglou et al. (2013). Type locality: Eastern Mediterranean.

Neanthes kerguelensis

(McIntosh, 1885)

Neanthes kerguelensis (McIntosh, 1885) | Nereis kerguelensis McIntosh, 1885

Neanthes nubila

(Savigny, 1822)

Neanthes irrorata (Malmgren, 1867) | Neanthes nubila (Savigny, 1822) | Nereis irrorata (Malmgren, 1867)

Nereis falsa

Quatrefages, 1866

Nereis falsa Quatrefages, 1866 | Nereis splendida Grube, 1840

Nereis pulsatoria (Savigny, 1822) | Nereis zonata Malmgren, 1867

Nereis anomala (Gravier, 1900)| Pseudonereis anomala Gravier, 1900

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (established)

Notes

Frequently reported from Greece. Originally from the Red Sea, in the Mediterranean also known from Egypt (Fauvel 1937), Israel (Ben-Eliahu 1989), Turkey (Çınar and Ergen 2005) and Italy (D’Alessandro et al. 2015).

Websterinereis glauca

(Claparède, 1870)

Leptonereis glauca (Claparède, 1870)| Websterinereis glauca (Claparède, 1870)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Oenonidae Kinberg, 1865

Drilonereis filum

(Claparède, 1868)

Drilonereis filum (Claparède, 1868) | Drilonereis macrocephala Saint-Joseph, 1888

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples). Often considered cosmopolitan, but Helgason et al. (1990) note the possibility of more than one species being reported under Drilonereis filum, since a wide variation of characters is found in literature.

Notocirrus scoticus

McIntosh, 1869

Oligognathus bonelliae

Spengel, 1882

Ecological interactions

Parasite of

Bonellia viridis Rolando, 1822

Notes

Oligognathus bonelliae can be found in host bodies of the echiurid Bonellia viridis. Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Onuphidae Kinberg, 1865

Aponuphis bilineata

(Baird, 1870)

Aponuphis bilineata (Baird, 1870) | Hyalinoecia bilineata Baird, 1870

Notes

Species complex. Two colour morphs exist (Arias and Paxton 2015a) and molecular evidence of sibling species within Aponuphis bilineata are provided by Borisova et al. (submitted).

Aponuphis brementi

(Fauvel, 1916)

Aponuphis brementi (Fauvel, 1916) | Aponuphis fauveli (Rioja, 1918) | Hyalinoecia brementi Fauvel, 1916

Notes

Species complex. Arias and Paxton (2015a) consider Aponuphis fauveli a junior synonym of A. brementi, thus literature records of Aponuphis fauveli are here assigned to Aponuphis brementi. However, molecular evidence of sibling species within Aponuphis brementi were found by Borisova et al. (submitted). Type locality: Mediterranean (Bay of Roquebrun, France).

Diopatra neapolitana

Delle Chiaje, 1841

Diopatra neapolitana Delle Chiaje, 1841 | Diopatra neapolitana neapolitana Delle Chiaje, 1841

Notes

Diopatra neapolitana, originally described from the Gulf of Naples, used to be the only Diopatra species recorded along European coasts. However, several recent publications have demonstrated that more Diopatra species (Diopatra marocensis Paxton, Fadlaoui & Lechapt, 1995, Diopatra micrura Pires, Paxton, Quintino & Rodrigues, 2010, Diopatra biscayensis Fauchald, Berke & Woodin, 2012) are present along European coasts (e.g. Fauchald et al. 2012, Arias and Paxton 2013), including the Turkish Aegean (Çınar et al. 2014). Therefore, at least some of the Greek specimens of Diopatra neapolitana could belong to other Diopatra species.

Hyalinoecia tubicola

(O.F. Müller, 1776)

Notes

Species complex. Zaâbi et al. (2015) present evidence of possible cryptic species within Hyalinoecia tubicola in Tunisia.

Nothria conchylega

(Sars, 1835)

Nothria conchylega (Sars, 1835) | Onuphis conchylega Sars, 1835

Sarsonuphis fragosa (Ehlers, 1887)

Notes

Questionable status. Reported twice from Greece as Sarsonuphis cf. fragosa (Karakassis 1991, Tselepides 1992) and once as Sarsonuphis fragosa (Eleftheriou and Smith 2000). No other Mediterranean records, commonly distributed in the Caribbean Sea. The species is not included in any studies of Paradiopatra from southern Europe (e.g. Arvanitidis and Koukouras 1997, Arias and Paxton 2015b) and it is probably absent from the area. Literature records could belong to Paradiopatra calliopae Arvanitidis & Koukouras, 1997.

Paradiopatra lepta

(Chamberlin, 1919)

Onuphis lepta Chamberlin, 1919

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Vamvakas (1971). Arias and Paxton (2015b) doubt the validity of records from European coasts and suggest that this species has been confused with Paradiopatra bihanica, Intes & Le Loeuff, 1975 (Mediterranean records now accepted as Paradiopatra calliopae Arvanitidis & Koukouras, 1997) or Nothria maremontana Andre & Pleijel, 1989. Arvanitidis and Koukouras (1997) note that, where descriptions are available for onuphids recorded in the Mediterranean under the name Onuphis lepta, these differ from the original Onuphis lepta and are much closer to Paradiopatra calliopae. Although re-examination of material is required, the distribution in the region is considered doubtful.

Paradiopatra quadricuspis

(M. Sars in G.O. Sars, 1872)

Paradiopatra quadricuspis (M. Sars in G.O. Sars, 1872) | Sarsonuphis quadricuspis (M. Sars in G.O. Sars, 1872)

Notes

Questionable status. Budaeva and Fauchald (2011) doubt the presence of the species in the Mediterranean and suggest that Greek records by Arvanitidis and Koukouras (1997) may represent a new species. Their argument of a limited distribution from Norway to Iceland has been accepted also by other authors (Mikac 2015, Arias and Paxton 2015b, but see Çınar et al. 2014). Simboura (1996) found specimens of Sarsonuphis quadricuspis from Greece to differ from the type material but also from French material described by Bellan (1963). She considered it an undescribed species designated as Sarsonuphis sp.; but later found it to match the description of Paradiopatra calliopae Arvanitidis & Koukouras, 1997. Re-examination of material is required to draw conclusions about the identity of the Greek records but the species' distribution in the region is doubtful.

Rhamphobrachium brevibrachiatum

(Ehlers, 1874)

Onuphis brevibranchiata (Ehlers, 1874) | Rhamphobrachium brevibrachiatum (Ehlers, 1874)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Simboura (1996). In the Mediterranean also known from the central and western basins (Bellan 1964a, Castelli et al. 2008) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015); otherwise distributed in the North Atlantic and Japan.

Opheliidae Malmgren, 1867

Ophelia bicornis

Savigny in Lamarck, 1818

Ophelia bicornis Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 | Ophelia radiata (Delle Chiaje, 1828)

Notes

Species complex with a confused taxonomic history. Originally described from the Gulf of Naples. Fauvel (1927) considered Ophelia bicornis and Ophelia radiata as distinct based on the number of gill pairs (Ophelia radiata: 14 pairs; Ophelia bicornis: 15 pairs) and geographic distribution. However, both species and intermediate forms (with 14 gill pairs on one side and 15 on the other) have been found to co-occur by Britton-Davidian and Amoureux (1982), who also found genetic differences between the two forms in an Atlantic population, with asymmetric specimens belonging to either of the two genetic variants. Based on these findings, the authors consider the species distinct. However, they were not able to assign Mediterranean specimens to either of the two Atlantic forms. Maltagliati et al. (2005) consider the results inconclusive and refer to the complex as Ophelia bicornis sensu lato. Parapar (2012) studied individuals of both Ophelia radiata and Ophelia bicornis from the collections of the Natural History Museums in Copenhagen and Madrid and could not find any differences apart from the number of gill pairs — a character which he considered too unreliable for discrimination.

Ophelia limacina

(Rathke, 1843)

Ophelia borealis Quatrefages, 1866

Notes

Reported from Greece by Maidanou et al. (2017). In the Mediterranean also known from Israel (Ben-Eliahu 1995), Italy (Castelli et al. 2008), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015), otherwise distributed in the boreal regions of Europe.

Ophelia roscoffensis

Augener, 1910

Notes

Reported from Greece by Simboura (1996), Zenetos et al. (1997) (based on the same specimens); Identification confirmed by G. Bellan (pers. comm. in Simboura 1996). In the Mediterranean also known from France (Bellan 1964a) and Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014), otherwise known from the Atlantic coasts of France, Spain and from the British Isles. The Greek specimens differ from Atlantic ones by a reduced number of branchial pairs (Simboura 1996).

Ophelina acuminata

Ørsted, 1843

Ammotrypane aulogaster Rathke, 1843 | Ophelina acuminata Ørsted, 1843 | Ophelina aulogaster (Rathke, 1843)

Notes

Species complex. Comprises at least two putative cryptic species, one in the Atlantic, one in the Arctic Ocean (Carr et al. 2011).

Ophelina cylindricaudata

(Hansen, 1879)

Ammotrypane cylindricaudatus Hansen, 1879 | Ophelina cylindricaudata (Hansen, 1879)

Polyophthalmus pictus

(Dujardin, 1839)

Tachytrypane jeffreysii

McIntosh, 1879

Orbiniidae Hartman, 1942

Leitoscoloplos kerguelensis

(McIntosh, 1885)

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Akoumianaki (2004). In the Mediterranean also reported (questionably) from Spain / France (Ramos 1976b). Leitoscoloplos kerguelensis is a widely reported but much confused species with several incorrect re-descriptions and many wrongly identified specimens (Mackie 1987). The species is probably restricted to the Kerguelen Islands area and the Mediterranean material belongs to Leitoscoloplos kerguelensis sensu Ramos, 1976 which constitutes an undescribed species (Blake 2017).

Naineris laevigata

(Grube, 1855)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean.

Naineris quadraticeps

Day, 1965

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (questionable)

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (Harmelin 1969). Distributed in the Indo-Pacific; its occurrence in the Mediterranean is considered questionable (Zenetos et al. 2010).

Orbinia latreillii

(Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833)

Orbinia latreillii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833) | Phylo latreillii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833)

Orbinia sertulata

(Savigny, 1822)

Orbinia cuvierii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833)

Phylo foetida

(Claparède, 1869)

Aricia foetida Claparède, 1869 | Phylo foetida (Claparède, 1869) |Phylo foetida foetida (Claparède, 1870)

Notes

Species complex. Bleidorn et al. (2009) recover two putative cryptic species in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean (Sicily). Originally described from the Gulf of Naples, it is unknown whether more cryptic species exist in the Mediterranean and whether the Greek specimens belong to Phylo foetida sensu stricto or to a different species.

Phylo grubei

(McIntosh, 1910)

Aricia grubei McIntosh, 1919 | Phylo grubei (McIntosh, 1910)

Phylo kupfferi

(Ehlers, 1874)

Aricia kupfferi Ehlers, 1874 | Phylo kupfferi (Ehlers, 1874)

Phylo norvegica

(M. Sars in G.O. Sars, 1872)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Papadopoulos (1986); two additional specimens from Greece in the collections of the Senckenberg Museum (SMF 15218, 35°31'37.2"N, 27°13'28.2"E, 122 m depth, coll. date 2005-08-30, det: D. Fiege; SMF 15227, 35°31'33.6"N, 27°13'24''E, 126–142 m depth, coll. date 2005-08-30, det: D. Fiege). Records of Phylo norvegica from the Adriatic are doubtful and probably refer to Phylo foetida (Mikac 2015).

Protoaricia oerstedii

(Claparède, 1864)

Protoaricia oerstedii (Claparède, 1864)| Theostoma oerstedii (Claparède, 1864)

Scolaricia haasi Monro, 1937 | Scoloplos haasi (Monro, 1937)

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Dounas (1986). Type locality: Mediterranean (Israel). As the species is easily confused with Scoloplos armiger (Müller, 1776) (López 2009), records of Scoloplos armiger from Greece may comprise specimens belonging to Scoloplos haasi. While it is quite possible that the species occurs in Greece, it has so far only been reported in grey literature and has not been found in over three decades, therefore its presence in Greece is here considered questionable.

Scoloplos typicus

(Eisig, 1914)

Scolaricia typica Eisig, 1914

Notes

As the species is easily confused with Scoloplos armiger (Müller, 1776) (Mikac 2015), many records of Scoloplos armiger from Greece may refer to Scoloplos typicus. Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Oweniidae Rioja, 1917

Galathowenia fragilis

(Nilsen & Holthe, 1985)

Myriochele fragilis Nilsen & Holthe, 1985

Notes

Previously only known from the Arctic, the species was found in deep waters (>4000 m) off Crete by Fiege et al. (2000a) in large numbers, constituting to date the only records from Greece and the Mediterranean.

Galathowenia oculata

(Zachs, 1923)

Galathowenia oculata (Zachs, 1923) | Myriochele oculata Zachs, 1923

Fauvel, 1913

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Monaco).

Paraonidae Cerruti, 1909

Aricidea (Acmira) assimilis

Tebble, 1959

Aricidea assimilis Tebble, 1959 | Aricidea mutabilis Laubier & Ramos, 1974

Notes

Aricidea assimilis was included in the checklist by Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001) as separate from Aricidea mutabilis, but the species are considered synonymous by Katzmann and Laubier (1975) and Aricidea mutabilis has not been re-instated since. The species has often been misidentified as Aricidea (Acmira) lopezi Berkeley & Berkeley, 1956 (see notes there) and may in fact be a complex of species (Langeneck 2017). Type locality: Mediterranean (Israel).

Aricidea (Acmira) catherinae

Laubier, 1967

Aricidea catherinae Laubier, 1967 | Aricidea (Acmira) catherinae Laubier, 1967

Notes

Species complex. Molecular and morphological analyses by Langeneck (2017) revealed that specimens from the Mediterranean identified as Aricidea (Acmira) catherinae contain at least three pseudocryptic species which can be differentiated genetically, morphologically and on the basis of ecological characters. Type locality: Mediterranean (Banyuls-sur-Mer, France).

Aricidea (Acmira) cerrutii

Laubier, 1966

Aricidea (Acmira) cerrutii Laubier, 1966 | Aricidea cerrutii Laubier, 1966 | Aricidea jeffreysii (McIntosh, 1879) [sensu Cerruti / sensu Fauvel] | Paraonis paucibranchiata Cerruti, 1909

Notes

Aricidea jeffreysii sensu Cerruti, 1909 (non McIntosh, 1879), on which the description and illustrations of Fauvel (1927) are based, was referred to Aricidea (Acmira) cerrutii by Laubier (1967). Paraonis paucibranciata is considered a juvenile form by Strelzov (1973) who placed it into synonymy with Aricidea (Acmira) cerrutii. However, Paraonis paucibranchiata in this case would have nomenclatural priority over Aricidea cerrutii — an issue which is not resolved here. Type locality: Mediterranean (Albères, France).

Aricidea (Acmira) lopezi

Berkeley & Berkeley, 1956

Aricidea fauveli Hartman, 1957| Aricidea lopezi lopezi Berkeley & Berkeley, 1956

Notes

Questionable status. Records from Greece exist almost exclusively under the name Aricidea fauveli, despite the fact that they were recorded after Strelzov (1973) had synonymised the two species. It is therefore likely that they were identified using the key by Day (1967) which only includes Aricidea fauveli. Castelli (1987) attributes several Mediterranean records of Aricidea lopezi to Aricidea (Acmira) assimilis Tebble, 1959, which he considers synonymous with Aricidea fauveli. In the Mediterranean, Aricidea lopezi / Aricidea fauveli used to be distinguished from Aricidea assimilis on the basis of the length of the antenna (short in Aricidea lopezi, long in Aricidea assimilis) but molecular analyses by Langeneck (2017) revealed two clades related to depth which were incongruent with the two different morphotypes. It is therefore likely that Mediterranean specimens of Aricidea (Acmira) lopezi belong to different species.

Aricidea (Acmira) neosuecica

Hartman, 1965 sensu Laubier & Ramos, 1974

Aricidea neosuecica Hartman, 1965 | Aricidea neosuecica Hartman, 1965 sensu Laubier & Ramos, 1974

Notes

Questionable status. Amongst the Greek reports of the species, only Arvanitidis (1994) explicitly refers his specimens to Aricidea neosuecica sensu Laubier and Ramos 1974 (non Hartman, 1965). Laubier and Ramos' description of a single specimen of Aricidea cf. neosuecica differs substantially from that of Hartman (1965b) from New England (Arvanitidis 1994) and could constitute a juvenile of Aricidea (Acmira) simonae Laubier & Ramos 1974 (Hartley 1981), whereas Hartman's species is referred to Aricidea (Acmira) simplex Day, 1963 by Aguirrezabalaga (2012). The actual identity of the Greek specimens is currently unknown.

Aricidea (Acmira) simonae

Laubier & Ramos, 1974

Aricidea simonae Laubier & Ramos, 1974 | Aricidea (Acmira) simonae Laubier & Ramos, 1974

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Adriatic).

Aricidea (Acmira) simplex

Day, 1963

Aricidea (Acesta) simplex Day, 1963 | Aricidea (Acmira) simplex Day, 1963 | Aricidea simplex Day, 1963| Aricidea suecica simplex Day, 1963

Notes

The species is poorly defined and, as a result, has been reported from a variety of habitats and locations worldwide; Mediterranean specimens probably belong to Aricidea simonae (Langeneck 2017).

Aricidea (Aricidea) capensis

Day, 1961

Aricidea (Aricidea) capensis Day, 1961 | Aricidea capensis Day, 1961

Notes

Questionable status. Aricidea (Aricidea) capensis is usually reported from the Mediterranean as the subspecies Aricidea (Aricidea) capensis bansei Laubier & Ramos, 1974, whereas Aricidea capensis is considered to be restricted to South Africa. Arvanitidis (1994) refers the Greek records of Aricidea capensis by Bogdanos and Satsmadjis (1983) and Karakassis (1991) to Aricidea (Aricidea) capensis bansei. However, Aricidea capensis is frequently reported from Greece at species level (Simboura and Nicolaidou 2001) and Conides et al. (1999) report both Aricidea capensis and Aricidea capensis bansei in the same study.

Aricidea (Aricidea) capensis bansei

Laubier & Ramos, 1974

Aricidea (Aricidea) capensis bansei Day, 1961 | Aricidea capensis bansei Laubier & Ramos, 1974

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Baie de Rosas, Spain).

Aricidea (Aricidea) longicirrata

Hartmann-Schröder, 1965

Aricidea longicirrata Hartmann-Schröder, 1965

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Xenopoulou (1987), no other Mediterranean records. Distributed along the Pacific coast of tropical and South America (de León-González et al. 2006).

Aricidea (Aricidea) longobranchiata

Day, 1961

Aricidea (Aricidea) longobranchiata Day, 1961 | Aricidea longobranchiata Day, 1961

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean reported from Greece (e.g. Bogdanos and Satsmadjis 1983, Bogdanos and Satsmadjis 1987, Simboura 1996; full reference list in Suppl. material 2) and France (Grémare et al. 1998) Records from Turkey belong to Aricidea (Acmira) assimilis Tebble, 1959 (Çınar et al. 2014). Otherwise distributed in tropical waters of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean and on the coasts of South Africa.

Aricidea (Aricidea) minima

Strelzov, 1973

Aricidea minima Strelzov, 1973

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (Spiliotis 1991, Zenetos et al. 1997). Originally described from the Patagonian Shelf.

Aricidea (Aricidea) minuta

Southward, 1956

Aricidea (Aricidea) minuta Southward, 1956 | Aricidea minuta Southward, 1956

Notes

Reported from Greece by Simboura (1996), in the Mediterranean also reported from the coasts of Spain (Laubier and Ramos 1974). Otherwise distributed along the Atlantic coasts of Europe.

Aricidea (Aricidea) pseudoarticulata

Hobson, 1972

Aricidea (Aricidea) fragilis mediterranea Laubier & Ramos, 1974 | Aricidea fragilis mediterranea Laubier & Ramos, 1974 | Aricidea pseudoarticulata Hobson, 1972

Notes

Aricidea fragilis mediterranea – a Mediterranean species originally described from southern France – was synonymised with Aricidea pseudoarticulata by Aguirrezabalaga and Gil (2008) but without examination of type material. This synonymy extends the distribution range of Aricidea pseudoarticulata to nearly cosmopolitan, including the Pacific (native range of Aricidea pseudoarticulata) and Atlantic Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea.

Aricidea (Aricidea) rosea

Reish, 1968

Aricidea (Acmira) lopezi rosea Reish, 1968 | Aricidea lopezi rosea Reish, 1968

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (NCMR 1989, Simboura 1996; based on the same specimens). Distributed along the Pacific coasts of America.

Aricidea (Aricidea) wassi

Pettibone, 1965

Aricidea wassi Pettibone, 1965 | Aricidea (Aricidea) wassi Pettibone, 1965

Notes

Reported from Greece by Simboura and Zenetos (2005). In the Mediterranean also reported from Italy (Castelli et al. 2008), Egypt (Abd-Elnaby 2009), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015), otherwise reported from the North Atlantic and North Pacific (Hartley 1981).

Aricidea (Strelzovia) belgicae

(Fauvel, 1936)

Aedicira belgicae (Fauvel, 1936) | Paraonis belgicae Fauvel, 1936

Notes

Questionable status. The species has a complex taxonomic history. Most reports and taxonomic accounts are not based on the holotype, but on a re-description by Monro (1939), which was later found to be based on non-type specimens belonging to two different species (Hartley 1984, López 2008). Aricidea (Strelzovia) belgicae had been considered eurybathic and cosmopolitan, but is in fact considered restricted to the deep waters of the Antarctic and most reports (including those from Greece, see Suppl. material 2 for a full list) must be considered misidentifications (López 2008).

Aricidea (Strelzovia) claudiae

Laubier, 1967

Aricidea (Allia) claudiae Laubier, 1967 | Aricidea claudiae Laubier, 1967

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Banyuls-sur-Mer, France).

Aricidea (Strelzovia) curviseta

Day, 1963

Aricidea (Allia) curviseta Day, 1963 | Aricidea curviseta Day, 1963

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (e.g. Bogdanos and Satsmadjis 1983, Bogdanos and Satsmadjis 1987, Simboura 1996; full reference list in Suppl. material 2). Distributed in the Indian Ocean and tropical Atlantic. As the species shows a wide polymorphism of the prostomial antenna (Strelzov 1973), Mediterranean specimens could have been misidentified and belong in fact to Aricidea (Strelzovia) claudiae Laubier, 1967 (J. Langeneck, pers. comm).

Aricidea (Strelzovia) hartmani

Strelzov, 1968

Aricidea (Allia) hartmani Strelzov, 1968 | Aricidea hartmani Strelzov, 1968

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (NCMR 1992, Simboura 1996, Zenetos et al. 1997, Pancucci-Papadopoulou et al. 1999); these could in fact belong to the Mediterranean species Aricidea (Strelzovia) mariannae Katzmann & Laubier, 1975, which shows similarities to Aricidea (Strelzovia) hartmani, especially in shape and length of the antenna (J. Langeneck, pers. comm). Aricidea (Strelzovia) hartmani is commonly distributed in Arctic regions.

Aricidea (Strelzovia) mediterranea

(Laubier & Ramos, 1974)

Aedicira mediterranea Laubier & Ramos, 1974

Notes

The species was described as including two different morphological forms (based on antennal shape) by Laubier and Ramos (1974) from the Western Mediterranean. Aguirrezabalaga and Gil (2009) revised the species and split Aricidea (Strelzovia) mediterranea into two species based on these forms, Aricidea (Strelzovia) mediterranea and Aricidea (Strelzovia) sardai Aguirrezabalaga & Gil, 2009. The records from Greece could belong to either of the two species and require further examination.

Aricidea (Strelzovia) monicae

Laubier, 1967

Aricidea (Allia) monicae Laubier, 1967 | Aricidea monicae Laubier, 1967

Notes

Reported from Greece by Koulouri et al. (2015). Type locality: Mediterranean (Banyuls-sur-Mer, France).

Aricidea (Strelzovia) quadrilobata

Webster & Benedict, 1887

Aricidea quadrilobata Webster & Benedict, 1887

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Dounas (1986). In the Mediterranean also reported from Italy (Castelli et al. 2008), the Adriatic (Mikac 2015) and the Malta Escarpment (Langeneck et al. 2017b), otherwise known from the North Atlantic. Aricidea (Strelzovia) quadrilobata sensu Strelzov (1973) was referred to Aricidea (Strelzovia) antennata Annenkova, 1934 by Aguirrezabalaga and Gil (2009). Thus, if Strelzov's work was used to identify the Greek specimens of Aricidea (Strelzovia) quadrilobata, they may actually correspond to Aricidea antennata. In addition, as the species has so far only been reported in grey literature and has not been found in over three decades, its presence in Greece is here considered questionable.

Aricidea (Strelzovia) suecica

Eliason, 1920

Aricidea suecica Eliason, 1920

Notes

Questionable status. Usually reported in the Mediterranean as the subspecies Aricidea suecica meridionalis Laubier & Ramos, 1974, but Dando et al. (1995) and Koulouri et al. (2015) report Aricidea suecica at species level.

Aricidea (Strelzovia) suecica meridionalis

Laubier & Ramos, 1974

Aricidea suecica meridionalis Laubier & Ramos, 1974

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Baie de Rosas, Spain).

Cirrophorus branchiatus

Ehlers, 1908

Cirrophorus branchiatus Ehlers, 1908| Cirrophorus lyriformis (Annenkova, 1934)

Levinsenia gracilis

(Tauber, 1879)

Levinsenia gracilis (Tauber, 1879) | Paraonis gracilis (Tauber, 1879) | Paraonis gracilis gracilis (Tauber, 1879) | Tauberia gracilis (Tauber, 1879)

Levinsenia multibranchiata

(Hartman, 1957)

Levinsenia multibranchiata (Hartman, 1957) | Tauberia multibranchiata (Hartman, 1957)

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (Nicolaidou et al. 1993, IOFR 1984, Papadopoulos 1986). Originally described from southern California.

Levinsenia oculata

(Hartman, 1957)

Levinsenia oculata (Hartman, 1957) |Paraonis gracilis oculata Hartman, 1957

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean reported from Greece (e.g. Bogdanos and Satsmadjis 1983, Bogdanos and Satsmadjis 1987, Simboura 1996; full reference list in Suppl. material 2) and Italy (Castelli et al. 2008). Italian specimens probably belong to an undescribed species (Castelli et al. 2008). Originally described from southern California.

Levinsenia reducta

(Hartman, 1965)

Levinsenia reducta (Hartman, 1965) | Tauberia reducta (Hartman, 1965)

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean reported from Greece (e.g. Simboura 1987, Simboura 1996, Makra and Nicolaidou 2000, Bogdanos et al. 2002; full reference list in Suppl. material 2) and Egypt (Abd-Elnaby 2009). Commonly distributed in the Caribbean and the tropical West Atlantic.

Levinsenia tribranchiata

Çınar, Dağlı & Açik, 2011

Notes

Reported from Greece by Katsiaras and Simboura (2015). Type locality: Sea of Marmara.

Paradoneis armata

Glémarec, 1966

Cirrophorus harpagoneus (Storch, 1967) | Paradoneis armata Glémarec, 1966

Cirrophorus lyra (Southern, 1914) | Paradoneis lyra (Southern, 1914) | Paraonis lyra Southern, 1914

Paraonis fulgens

(Levinsen, 1884)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Xenopoulou (1987), also found by Papageorgiou et al. (2006) (unpublished data). In the Mediterranean also reported from the Gulf of Lions (Laubier and Ramos 1974), Spain (Torres-Gavila 2008), Italy (Castelli et al. 2008) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015), otherwise distributed along the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America.

Pectinariidae Quatrefages, 1866

Amphictene auricoma

(O.F. Müller, 1776)

Amphictene auricoma (O.F. Müller, 1776) | Pectinaria (Amphictene) auricoma (O.F. Müller, 1776) | Pectinaria auricoma (O.F. Müller, 1776)

Amphictene capensis

(Pallas, 1766)

Pectinaria capensis (Pallas, 1766)

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (e.g. Bogdanos and Satsmadjis 1983, Simboura et al. 1995a, Simboura 1996; full reference list in Suppl. material 2). Commonly distributed along the coasts of South Africa and in the Indo-Pacific.

Lagis koreni

Malmgren, 1866

Lagis koreni Malmgren, 1866 | Pectinaria (Lagis) koreni (Malmgren, 1866) | Pectinaria koreni (Malmgren, 1866)

Notes

Species complex. At least two cryptic species with a strong genetic divergence exist along the north coast of France (Jolly et al. 2005, Jolly et al. 2006).

Lagis neapolitana

Claparède, 1869

Pectinaria (Lagis) neapolitana (Claparède, 1869) | Pectinaria neapolitana Claparède, 1869

Notes

Reported from Greece by Arvanitidis (2000a). Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples). Considered a synonym of Lagis koreni Malmgren, 1866 by Fauvel (1927), thus it may have been overlooked in the area. Surugiu (2006) provides an overview of the differences between Lagis koreni and Lagis neapolitana.

Pectinaria belgica

(Pallas, 1766)

Pectinaria (Pectinaria) belgica (Pallas, 1766)

Petta pusilla

Malmgren, 1866

Notes

Reported from worldwide locations, but records from outside the North-East Atlantic probably belong to other species (Hutchings and Peart 2002).

Phyllodocidae Ørsted, 1843

Eumida punctifera

(Grube, 1860)

Eulalia punctifera (Grube, 1860) | Eumida punctifera (Grube, 1860) | Pirakia punctifera (Grube, 1860)

Eumida sanguinea

(Ørsted, 1843)

Eulalia sanguinea Ørsted, 1843 | Eumida sanguinea (Ørsted, 1843)

Notes

Species complex. Nygren and Pleijel (2011) recovered ten cryptic species in European specimens identified as Eumida sanguinea. They restrict the distribution of Eumida sanguinea to the Skagerrak, Kattegat and southern England. Five cryptic species were discovered from the Mediterranean: Eumida asterope Nygren & Pleijel 2011, Eumida maia Nygren & Pleijel 2011, Eumida merobe Nygren & Pleijel 2011, Eumida sp. (all from southern France and morphologically identical to Eumida sanguinea except for their pigmentation patterns) and Eumida taygete Nygren & Pleijel 2011 from Croatia, (morphologically identical to Eumida sanguinea sensu stricto). These new species are almost impossible to identify based on their morphology, thus the authors recommend the use of the name "Eumida sanguinea sensu lato" or "Eumida sanguinea complex" for all records which are not resolved through molecular methods.

Hesionura coineaui

(Laubier, 1962)

Notes

New record for Greece. Three specimens, Elafonisi, Crete, 35°16'20.7"N, 23°32'15.9"E, 1 m depth, fine sand; 3 specimens, Pachia Ammos, Crete, 35°06'39.6"N, 25°48'32.4"E, 1–5 m depth, fine to coarse sand, collected in the framework of the MEDCORE project (unpublished data from Papageorgiou et al. 2006). Literature used for identification: Alós (2004). Type locality: Mediterranean (Argèles, France).

Hesionura elongata

(Southern, 1914)

Hesionura elongata (Southern, 1914) | Pseudomystides elongata (Southern, 1914)

Hypereteone foliosa

(Quatrefages, 1865)

Eteone lactea Claparède, 1868

Notes

Reported from Greece by Simboura (1996) and NCMR (1997) as Eteone lactea, a Mediterranean species (type locality Gulf of Naples), which was synonymised with Hypereteone foliosa by Pleijel (1991).

Krohnia lepidota

(Krohn, 1845)

Callizonella lepidota (Krohn, 1845)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Wesenberg-Lund (1939a). Type locality: Mediterranean (Sicily).

Mysta picta

(Quatrefages, 1866)

Eteone picta Quatrefages, 1866 | Mysta picta (Quatrefages, 1866)

Mysta siphodonta

(Delle Chiaje, 1822)

Eteone siphonodonta Claparède, 1868 | Eteone syphodonta (Delle Chiaje, 1822) | Eteone (Mysta) siphonodonta (Claparède, 1868) | Mysta siphonodonta (Claparède, 1868)

Alciopa cantraini (Delle Chiaje, 1828)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Wesenberg-Lund (1939a) and Gogou (2009). Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Nereiphylla paretti

Blainville, 1828

Nereiphylla paretti Blainville, 1828 | Phyllodoce paretti (Blainville, 1828)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Vamvakas (1971) and NCMR (2000b). In the Mediterranean also known from France (Bellan 1964a), Spain (Méndez and Cardell 1996), Cyprus (Çınar 2005), Italy (Castelli et al. 2008), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015); otherwise distributed along the Atlantic coasts of Europe and in the Black Sea.

Nereiphylla pusilla

(Claparède, 1870)

Genetyllis nana (de Saint Joseph, 1908) | Nereiphylla pusilla (Claparède, 1870) | Paranaitis pusilla (Claparède, 1870)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Nereiphylla rubiginosa

(Saint-Joseph, 1888)

Eulalia rubiginosa (de Saint Joseph, 1888) | Genetyllis rubiginosa (de Saint-Joseph, 1888) | Nereiphylla rubiginosa (de Saint-Joseph, 1888) | Phyllodoce rubiginosa de Saint-Joseph, 1888

Phyllodoce lineata

(Claparède, 1870)

Anaitides lineata (Claparède, 1870) | Paranaitis lineata (Claparède, 1870) | Phyllodoce (Anaitides) lineata (Claparède, 1870) | Phyllodoce (Paranaitis) lineata (Claparède, 1870) | Phyllodoce lineata (Claparède, 1870)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Phyllodoce longipes

Notes

Reported from Greece by Chatzigeorgiou et al. (2016) based on a single specimen. In the Mediterranean also reported from Spain (San Martín et al. 1981a), Italy (Castelli et al. 2008), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015). Otherwise distributed along the Atlantic coasts of Europe (Pleijel 1988).

Pseudomystides limbata

(Saint-Joseph, 1888)

Mystides limbata Saint-Joseph, 1888 | Pseudomystides limbata (Saint-Joseph, 1888)

Pseudomystides limbata nigrolineata

(Day, 1957)

Ancistrosyllis falcata (Day, 1957) | Pilargis falcata Day, 1957

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (e.g. Bogdanos and Satsmadjis 1983, Bogdanos and Nicolaidou 1985, Bogdanos and Satsmadjis 1987, Nicolaidou and Papadopoulou 1989; full reference list in Suppl. material 2). Commonly distributed in South Africa and the Indian Ocean.

Ancistrosyllis fioronii

Fiege & Böggemann, 1999

Notes

One specimen from Greece in the collections of the Senckenberg Museum (SMF 11218, 39°16'05.4"N, 23°43'04.8"E, 1252–1255 m depth, coll. date 1998-01-01, det. D. Fiege). No other Mediterranean records. Originally described from the North Sea.

Ancistrosyllis groenlandica

McIntosh, 1879

Ancistrosyllis hamata

(Hartman, 1960)

Ancistargis hamata (Hartman, 1960) | Ancistrosyllis hamata (Hartman, 1960)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Arvanitidis (1994) and Simboura (1996). In the Mediterranean also known from Spain (Campoy 1982), Israel (Ben-Eliahu 1995), Italy (Castelli et al. 2008) and Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014), otherwise known from the temperate and tropical Atlantic and from the coasts of California.

Otopsis chardyi

Katzmann, 1974

Notes

Reported from Greece by Arvanitidis (2000a) based on a single specimen. Type locality: Mediterranean (Adriatic).

Pilargis verrucosa

Saint-Joseph, 1899

Pseudexogone dineti

(Katzmann, Laubier & Ramos, 1974)

Synelmis dineti Katzmann, Laubier & Ramos, 1974

Notes

Reported from Greece by Simboura (1996). Type locality: Mediterranean (Adriatic).

Sigambra parva

(Day, 1963)

Ancistrosyllis parva Day, 1963 | Sigambra parva (Day, 1963)

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (established)

Notes

Considered a synonym of Sigambra tentaculata (Treadwell, 1941) until it was re-established by Moreira and Parapar (2002) based on differences in the arrangement and number of the pharyngeal papillae. Still, a level of confusion concerning the species in the Sigambra tentaculata complex and their distribution remains. Moreira and Parapar (2002) consider Sigambra tentaculata to possibly be restricted to the East coast of North America and identify specimens from the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Spain as Sigambra parva – a non-native species originally described from South Africa. On the other hand, specimens of Sigambra parva from the Turkish Aegean were re-identified as Sigambra tentaculata (Çınar et al. 2014). The taxonomic and native status of the genus in the Mediterranean is therefore in need of revision.

Sigambra robusta

(Ehlers, 1908)

Ancistrosyllis robusta Ehlers, 1908

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (Bogdanos and Satsmadjis 1983, Bogdanos and Nicolaidou 1985, Bogdanos and Satsmadjis 1987, Bogdanos et al. 2002). Commonly distributed in the tropical Atlantic.

Sigambra tentaculata

(Treadwell, 1941)

Notes

See notes under Sigambra parva.

Polycirridae Malmgren, 1867

Amaeana trilobata

(Sars, 1863)

Amaeana trilobata Amaea trilobata (Sars, 1863) | Amaeana trilobata (Sars, 1863)

Poecilochaetus fulgoris

Claparède in Ehlers, 1875

Poecilochaetus serpens

Allen, 1904

Polynoidae Kinberg, 1856

Acholoe squamosa

(Delle Chiaje, 1825)

Acholoe astericola (Delle Chiaje, 1841) | Acholoe squamosa (Delle Chiaje, 1825)

Notes

Opinions on the validity of the name Acholoe squamosa are divided. Delle Chiaje (1825) described Nereis squamosa, but when he moved the species to Polynoe he used the replacement name Polynoe astericola (Delle Chiaje 1841: 106) possibly to avoid confusion with Savigny's 1818 Polynoe squamata (Pettibone 1996). Thus, Pettibone (1996) and Barnich and Fiege (2003) use Acholoe astericola as the valid name. However, as Savigny's species is Polynoe squamata (Savigny 1818: 309), not squamosa and Delle Chiaje was apparently aware of this, as he uses the name squamata alongside squamosa (Delle Chiaje 1841: 57, 106). Thus, there was no secondary homonymy and, as Nereis squamosa is an available name, there was and is no need for a replacement name. Therefore, we here consider Acholoe squamosa to be the valid name (see also WoRMS for additional information). Reported from Greece by Arvanitidis (1994). Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Adyte hyalina

(G.O. Sars, 1873)

Adyte assimilis (McIntosh, 1874)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Koulouri et al. (2015). In the Mediterranean also known from Italy (Bock et al. 2010), Spain (Núñez et al. 2011) and Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014), otherwise distributed in the North East Atlantic and the North Sea (Bock et al. 2010).

Antinoe aequiseta

Kinberg, 1856

Harmothoe aequiseta (Kinberg, 1856)

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (Papadopoulos 1986). Distributed along the coasts of South Africa and in the Indian Ocean.

Bathyfauvelia affinis

(Fauvel, 1914)

Bathyfauvelia affinis (Fauvel, 1914) | Macellicephala annae Reyss, 1968

Harmothoe extenuata

(Grube, 1840)

Harmothoe extenuata (Grube, 1840) | Lagisca extenuata (Grube, 1840)

Harmothoe imbricata (Linnaeus, 1767)

Notes

Species complex. At least 6 different putative cryptic species – of which two occur in the Atlantic, four in the Arctic and three in the Pacific – were found by Carr et al. (2011). Nygren et al. (2010b) showed that different colour morphs in Scandinavia all belong to the same species. Whether the Mediterranean specimens belong to the same species as those from northern Europe is currently unknown.

Harmothoe impar

(Johnston, 1839)

Harmothoe impar (Johnston, 1839) | Harmothoe reticulata (Claparède, 1870)

Lepidonotus tenuisetosus

(Gravier, 1902)

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (casual)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Chatzigeorgiou et al. (2016). Originally from the Red Sea, in the Mediterranean also known from Israel and Egypt (Barnich and Fiege 2003), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015).

Macellicephala laubieri

Harmothoe ljungmani (Malmgren, 1867) | Malmgreniella ljungmani (Malmgren, 1867)

Malmgrenia lunulata

(Delle Chiaje, 1830)

Harmothoe lunulata (Delle Chiaje, 1830) | Malmgreniella lunulata (Delle Chiaje, 1830)

Notes

Easily confused with congeners, thus literature records should be treated with care (Barnich and Fiege 2001). Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Paradyte cf. crinoidicola

(Potts, 1910)

Ecological interactions

Subadyte pellucida

(Ehlers, 1864)

Adyte pellucida (Ehlers, 1864) | Scalisetosus fragilis (Claparède, 1868) | Scalisetosus pellucidus (Ehlers, 1864) | Subadyte pellucida (Ehlers, 1864)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Adriatic).

Protodrilidae Hatschek, 1888

Lindrilus flavocapitatus

(Uljanin, 1877)

Protodrilus flavocapitatus (Uljanin, 1877)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Koukouras (1979) and Dounas (1988). In the Mediterranean also known from Italy (Castelli et al. 2008) and France (Martínez et al. 2017), otherwise mainly distributed in the Black Sea. Many genus-level records of protodrilids exist in literature and in unpublished datasets from Greece; therefore it is likely that Lindrilus flavocapitatus is more widespread in Greece than currently known.

Sabellariidae Johnston, 1865

Lygdamis muratus

(Allen, 1904)

Lygdamis muratus (Allen, 1904) | Pallasia murata Allen, 1904

Phalacrostemma cidariophilum

Marenzeller, 1895

Notes

Originally described from various locations in Greece (detailed stations and coordinates are listed in von Marenzeller (1902)). Subsequently reported from Greece by Bellan (1964b).

Sabellaria alcocki

Gravier, 1906

Sabellaria alcocki Gravier, 1906 | Sabellaria spinulosa alcocki Gravier, 1906

(Montagu, 1813)

Branchiomma vesiculosum (Montagu, 1813) | Megalomma vesiculosum (Montagu, 1813)

Notes

Questionable status. Giangrande and Licciano (2008) re-examined several specimens previously identified as Megalomma vesiculosum from the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Sea and Mediterranean Spain and found all of them to belong to Megalomma lanigera (Grube, 1846) (now Acromegalomma lanigerum, see Gil and Nishi 2017). They conclude that Megalomma vesiculosum is absent from the Mediterranean and that all Mediterranean material of Megalomma vesiculosum should be assigned to Megalomma lanigera.

Amphicorina armandi

(Claparède, 1864)

Amphicorina armandi (Claparède, 1864) | Oridia armandi (Claparède, 1864) | Oriopsis armandi (Claparède, 1864)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Port-Vendres, France).

Amphiglena mediterranea

Notes

Knight-Jones and Perkins (1998) consider the distribution of the species insufficiently known but possibly restricted to the Atlantic coasts of Europe; several Mediterranean records could belong to other species.

Branchiomma bairdi

(McIntosh, 1885)

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (casual)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Corsini-Foka et al. (2015). A West Atlantic / East Pacific species which has been reported in the Mediterranean from Italy (Giangrande et al. 2012), Malta (Arias et al. 2013b), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014) and Tunisia (Khedhri et al. 2017).

Branchiomma bombyx

(Dalyell, 1853)

Branchiomma bombyx (Dalyell, 1853) | Dasychone bombyx (Dalyell, 1853)

Branchiomma luctuosum

(Grube, 1870)

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (established)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Arvanitidis (2000a) based on a single specimen, found again afterwards (HCMR, unpublished data). A Red Sea species has been reported in the Mediterranean from Italy (Licciano and Giangrande 2008), Spain (El Haddad et al. 2009) and Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014).

Branchiomma lucullanum

(Delle Chiaje, 1828)

Branchiomma lucullanum (Delle Chiaje, 1828) | Dasychone lucullana (Delle Chiaje, 1828)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Chone duneri

Dialychone acustica

Claparède, 1870

Chone acustica (Claparède, 1870) | Dialychone acustica Claparède, 1870

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Dialychone arenicola

(Langerhans, 1881)

Chone arenicola Langerhans, 1881

Notes

Reported from Greece by NCMR (1997) in the Mediterranean also known from Italy (Castelli et al. 2008) and Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014), otherwise known from the Atlantic Ocean (Madeira).

Dialychone collaris

(Langerhans, 1881)

Chone collaris Langerhans, 1881 | Dialychone collaris (Langerhans, 1881)

Dialychone longiseta

(Giangrande, 1992)

Chone longiseta Giangrande, 1992

Euratella salmacidis

(Claparède, 1869)

Euratella salmacidis (Claparède, 1869) | Laonome salmacidis Claparède, 1869

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Hypsicomus stichophthalmos

(Grube, 1863)

Hypsicomus stichophthalmos (Grube, 1863) | Potamilla stichophthalmos (Grube, 1863)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean.

Jasmineira caudata

Langerhans, 1880

Jasmineira elegans

Saint-Joseph, 1894

Laonome kroyeri

Malmgren, 1866

Myxicola infundibulum

Notes

Questionable status. Knight-Jones (1983) re-examined the specimens of Potamilla torrelli of Fauvel (1927) and referred them to Demonax brachychona (Claparède, 1870) (now accepted as Parasabella saxicola (Grube, 1861). Thus, it is likely that all specimens under the name Potamilla torelli which were identified using Fauvel's work belong to Potamilla saxicola. Species of Demonax (now Parasabella) were usually overlooked or misidentified during the last century due to a very narrow description of the genus, as specimens with broadly hooded inferior thoracic chaetae used to be referred to Potamilla; consequently, records of Potamilla torelli from the Mediterranean are probably misidentifications Giangrande (1994). The presence of Potamilla torelli in the Mediterranean is furthermore doubted by Knight-Jones et al. (1991) who consider it to be distributed in Arctic regions.

Pseudopotamilla reniformis

(Bruguière, 1789)

Potamilla reniformis (Bruguière, 1789)| Pseudopotamilla reniformis (Bruguière, 1789)

Notes

Questionable status. Knight-Jones et al. (2017) investigate specimens of Pseudopotamilla reniformis from various locations in Europe, restrict the distribution of Pseudopotamilla reniformis to cold northern waters and re-instate Pseudopotamilla saxicava (Quatrefages 1866) for specimens from temperate and tropical waters, including the Mediterranean, noting that the description of Pseudopotamilla reniformis by Fauvel (1927) contains figures of both Pseudopotamilla reniformis and Pseudopotamilla saxicava. Greek records of Pseudopotamilla reniformis probably belong to Pseudopotamilla saxicava.

Sabella discifera

Grube, 1874

Megalomma linaresi (Rioja, 1917) | Sabella discifera Grube, 1874

Notes

Reported from Greece by Arvanitidis (1994) as Sabella discifera, by Fassari (1982) as Megalomma linaresi. Type locality of Sabella discifera: Mediterranean (Adriatic).

Sabella pavonina

Savigny, 1822

Sabella spallanzanii

(Gmelin, 1791)

Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin, 1791) | Spirographis spallanzanii (Viviani, 1805)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (neotype from Malta).

Saccocirridae Czerniavsky, 1881

Saccocirrus papillocercus

Bobretzky, 1872

Notes

The genus Saccocirrus was recently split into the two genera Saccocirrus Bobretzky, 1872 (without pharynx, mainly occurring in the Mediterranean and along European coasts) and Pharyngocirrus Di Domenico, Martínez, Lana and Worsaee, 2014 (with pharynx, in tropical latitudes) based on morphological and molecular analyses (Di Domenico et al. 2014).

Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867

Asclerocheilus capensis

Day, 1963

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (NCMR 1992, Simboura 1996). Distributed in the tropical and South Atlantic and the Indian Ocean.

Asclerocheilus intermedius

(Saint-Joseph, 1894)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Fassari (1982) and Arvanitidis (1994). In the Mediterranean also known from Cyprus (Çınar 2005), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015), otherwise distributed in the Atlantic.

Hyboscolex longiseta

Schmarda, 1861

Ecological interactions

Native status

Type locality: Mediterranean (Croatia).

Serpulidae Rafinesque, 1815

Apomatus ampulliferus

Philippi, 1844

Apomatus ampulliferus Philippi, 1844 | Protula ampullifera (Philippi, 1844)

Jugaria granulata (Linnaeus, 1767)

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (Christomanos 1963). Commonly distributed in boreal waters (Jirkov 2001).

Ditrupa arietina

(O. F. Müller, 1776)

Ditrupa arietina (O.F. Müller, 1776) | Ditrupa subulata (Deshayes, 1825) in Berkeley, 1835

Notes

Hartley (2014) points out different ecological preferences between populations of Ditrupa arietina in the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic and a sudden increase in population densities in the Western Mediterranean in the late 1980s, indicating the possibility of an unknown cryptic invasive species.

Ficopomatus enigmaticus

(Fauvel, 1923)

Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel, 1923) | Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel, 1923

Rioja, 1941

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (casual)

Notes

Species complex. Reported from Greece by Ulman et al. (2017). In the Mediterranean also known from Israel (Ben-Eliahu 1991a), Turkey (Çınar 2006) and Spain (Ulman et al. 2017). Probably originating from the Mexican Pacific (Ulman et al. 2017), but the species has been shown to constitute a complex of cryptic and pseudo-cryptic species (Bastida-Zavala and ten Hove 2003, Sun et al. 2016). The identity of Mediterranean specimens, their introduction status in the Mediterranean and the potential native range cannot be determined without molecular methods.

Hydroides dianthus

(Verrill, 1873)

Notes

Species complex. Hydroides dianthus was originally described from Connecticut and long believed to be non-native in the Mediterranean (Zibrowius 1973b, Zenetos et al. 2017). A recent study by Sun et al. (2017) shows, however, that Hydroides dianthus could originate from the Mediterranean, as the species shows the highest genetic diversity in the Mediterranean (nine out of ten haplotypes present, as opposed to only two haplotypes in the USA). The authors recovered also a putative cryptic species, Hydroides cf. dianthus, probably originating from the Gulf of Mexico and apparently recently introduced to the Black Sea.

Hydroides dirampha

Mörch, 1863

Hydroides dirampha Mörch, 1863 | Hydroides lunulifera (Claparède, 1870)

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (established)

Notes

Originally described from the Caribbean, established throughout the Mediterranean (Zibrowius 1973b).

Hydroides elegans

(Haswell, 1883)

Ecological interactions

Hydroides pseudouncinata

Zibrowius, 1968

Hydroides pseudouncinata Zibrowius, 1968 | Hydroides pseudouncinata pseudouncinata Zibrowius, 1968

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Marseille).

Hydroides stoichadon

Zibrowius, 1971

Notes

Reported from Greece by Simboura (1996) and Kitsos et al. (2005). Type locality: Mediterranean (off the French coast).

Janita fimbriata

(Delle Chiaje, 1822)

Janita fimbriata (Delle Chiaje, 1822) | Janita (Omphalopoma) fimbriata (Delle Chiaje, 1822) | Omphalopomopsis fimbriata (Delle Chiaje, 1822)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Janua heterostropha

(Montagu, 1803)

Janua (Dexiospira) pagenstecheri (Quatrefages, 1866) | Janua pagenstecheri (Quatrefages, 1866) | Janua pagenstecheri gnonomica (Bailey, 1969) | Spirorbis (Janua) gnomonicus Bailey, 1969| Spirorbis (Janua) pagenstecheri Quatrefages, 1866

Josephella marenzelleri

Caullery & Mesnil, 1896

Metavermilia acanthophora

(Augener, 1914)

Metavermilia acanthophora (Augener, 1914) | Vermiliopsis acanthophora Augener, 1914

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (Bogdanos and Nicolaidou 1985, Bogdanos and Satsmadjis 1987). Commonly distributed in the Indo-Pacific region (Kupriyanova et al. 2015).

Metavermilia multicristata

(Philippi, 1844)

Metavermilia multicristata (Philippi, 1844) | Vermilia multicristata Philippi, 1844

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean.

Metavermilia taenia

Zibrowius, 1971

Notes

Questionable status. One specimen from Greece in the collections of the Senckenberg Museum (SMF 22101, 34°57'20.34"N, 26°11'04.62"E, 107–117 m depth, coll. date 2005-08-31, det. H Zibrowius, 2005). Identification uncertain, entry indicated with a question mark. No other Mediterranean records; originally described from off the Portuguese coast.

Neodexiospira pseudocorrugata

(Bush, 1905)

Neodexiospira pseudocorrugata (Bush, 1905) | Spirorbis (Janua) parvulus Bailey, 1969

Notes

Records likely also comprise those recorded under the name Spirorbis corrugatus which were identified using Fauvel (1927) (see also entry for Spirorbis corrugatus (Montagu, 1803) in Table 1 for detailed notes on taxonomy and nomenclature).

Nidificaria clavus

(Harris, 1968)

Nidificaria clavus (Harris, 1968) | Spirorbis (Pileolaria) clavus Harris, 1968

Pileolaria heteropoma

(Zibrowius, 1968)

Pileolaria heteropoma (Zibrowius, 1968) | Spirorbis (Pileolaria) heteropoma Zibrowius, 1968

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Marseille).

Pileolaria militaris

Claparède, 1870

Pileolaria militaris Claparède, 1870| Spirorbis mediterraneus Caullery & Mesnil, 1896 | Spirorbis (Pileolaria) militaris (Claparède, 1870)

Protolaeospira (Protolaeospira) striata (Quiévreux, 1963) | Protolaeospira striata (Quiévreux, 1963) | Spirorbis (Marsipospira) striatus (Quiévreux, 1963)

Protula intestinum

(Lamarck, 1818)

Protula intestinum (Lamarck, 1818) | Serpula graeca Brullé, 1832

Semivermilia agglutinata

(Marenzeller, 1893)

Semivermilia agglutinata (Marenzeller, 1893) | Vermilia agglutinata Marenzeller, 1893

Serpula vermicularis

Linnaeus, 1767

Serpula vermicularis Linnaeus, 1767 | Serpula vermicularis echinata Gmelin, 1791

Simplaria pseudomilitaris

(Thiriot-Quiévreux, 1965)

Simplaria pseudomilitaris (Thiriot-Quiéreux, 1965) | Spirorbis (Pileolaria) pseudomilitaris Thiriot-Quiévreux, 1965)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Villefranche-sur-Mer).

Spiraserpula massiliensis

(Zibrowius, 1968)

Serpula massiliensis Zibrowius, 1968 | Spiraserpula massiliensis (Zibrowius, 1968)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Marseille).

Spirobranchus lamarcki

(Quatrefages, 1866)

Pomatoceros lamarckii (Quatrefages, 1866)

Spirobranchus polytrema

(Philippi, 1844)

Pomatostegus polytrema (Philippi, 1844) | Spirobranchus polytrema (Philippi, 1844)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean.

Spirobranchus tetraceros

(Schmarda, 1861)

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (established)

Notes

Species complex with a confused taxonomic status, comprising one species in the Caribbean and several in the Indo-Pacific (Ben-Eliahu and ten Hove 2011). Reported from Greece by Ben-Eliahu (1991a) and Ulman et al. (2017). Originally from the Red Sea, in the Mediterranean also known from Egypt (Ben-Eliahu and Fiege 1996), Israel (Fishelson 2000), Cyprus (Çınar 2005), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014) and Italy (Ulman et al. 2017).

Spirobranchus triqueter

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Pomatoceros triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758) | Spirobranchus triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758)

Spirorbis cuneatus

Gee, 1964

Spirorbis (Spirorbis) cuneatus Gee, 1964 | Spirorbis cuneatus Gee, 1964

Spirorbis marioni

Caullery & Mesnil, 1897

Ecological interactions

Native status

Spirorbis (Pileolaria) endoumensis Zibrowius, 1968 | Vinearia endoumensis (Zibrowius, 1968)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Bailey (1969). Type locality: Mediterranean (Marseille).

Vinearia koehleri

(Caullery & Mesnil, 1897)

Spirorbis (Pileolaria) koehleri (Caullery & Mesnil, 1897) |Vinearia koehleri (Caullery & Mesnil, 1897)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (La Ciotat, France).

Siboglinidae Caullery, 1914

Lamellibrachia anaximandri

Southward, Andersen & Hourdez, 2011

Notes

Originally described from the Anaximander Seamount (Eastern Mediterranean), paratypes from the Olimpi mud volcano, south of Crete, ca. 2000 m depth. Previously recorded as Lamellibrachia sp. by Olu-Le Roy et al. (2004) from the Olimpi mud volcano and by Hughes and Crawford (2006) from the wreck of the SS Persia, south-east of Crete.

Siboglinum cf. carpinei

Ivanov, 1970

Notes

Reported from Greece by Southward et al. (2011) from the Olimpi mud volcano, south of Crete. Type locality: Mediterranean (west of Corsica).

Sigalionidae Malmgren, 1867

Claparedepelogenia inclusa

(Claparède, 1868)

Claparedepelogenia inclusa (Claparède, 1868) | Psammolyce inclusa (Claparède, 1868)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Euthalenessa oculata

(Peters, 1854)

Euthalenessa oculata (Peters, 1854) | Thalenessa dendrolepis (Claparède, 1868)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Fimbriosthenelais minor

(Pruvot & Racovitza, 1895)

Fimbriosthenelais minor (Pruvot & Racovitza, 1895) | Sthenelais minor Pruvot & Racovitza, 1895

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Banyuls-sur-Mer).

Fimbriosthenelais zetlandica

(McIntosh, 1876)

Sthenelais papillosa Day, 1960

Heteropelogenia articulata

(Day, 1960)

Psammolyce articulata Day, 1960

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (Makra and Nicolaidou 2000). Distributed along the coasts of South Africa and in the Indian Ocean.

Labioleanira yhleni

(Malmgren, 1867)

Labioleanira yhleni (Malmgren, 1867) | Leanira yhleni Malmgren, 1867| Sthenolepis yhleni (Malmgren, 1867)

Neoleanira tetragona

Notes

Questionable status. Barnich and Fiege (2003) doubt the presence of Pholoe minuta in the Mediterranean and suggest that records should be attributed to Pholoe inornata Johnston, 1839. Pholoe minuta is very likely absent from Greece. See notes under Pholoe inornata for information on higher classification.

Pholoides dorsipapillatus

(Marenzeller, 1893)

Pholoe dorsipapillata Marenzeller, 1893 | Pholoides dorsipapillatus (Marenzeller, 1893)

Notes

The original description is based on specimens collected in Egypt and Greece (harbour of Santorini). See notes under Pholoe inornata Johnston, 1839 for information on higher classification.

Pisione remota

(Southern, 1914)

Pisione remota (Southern, 1914) | Praegeria remota Southern, 1914

Notes

Species of Pisione are mainly distinguished on the basis of number and shape of male copulatory organs (Yamanishi 1998, Gonzalez et al. 2017b). Juvenile specimens are often erroneously assigned to Pisione remota (A. Martínez, pers. comm.) and the diversity of the genus in Europe might be underestimated (Martins et al. 2012b). As at least three species of Pisione are known to occur in the Mediterranean (Martins et al. 2012b), more than one species of the genus could in fact be present in Greece (R. Martins, pers. comm.).

Sigalion mathildae

Audouin & Milne Edwards in Cuvier, 1830

Sigalion squamosus

Delle Chiaje, 1830

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Sthenelais boa

(Johnston, 1833)

Sthenelais boa (Johnston, 1833) | Sthenelais ctenolepis Claparède, 1868

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Sthenelais limicola

(Ehlers, 1864)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Croatia).

Sphaerodoridae Malmgren, 1867

Sphaerodoridium claparedii

(Greeff, 1866)

Sphaerodoridium claparedii (Greeff, 1866) | Sphaerodorum claparedii Greeff, 1866

Sphaerodoridium minutum

(Webster & Benedict, 1887)

Sphaerodoropsis minuta (Webster & Benedict, 1887) | Sphaerodoridium minutum (Webster & Benedict, 1887) | Sphaerodorum minutum (Webster & Benedict, 1887)

Sphaerodorum gracilis

(Rathke, 1843)

Sphaerodorum flavum Ørsted, 1843

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Goumenaki (2005). In the Mediterranean also known from Italy (Castelli et al. 2008), Spain (Serrano-Samaniego 2012) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015). Present in the adjacent Sea of Marmara (Çınar et al. 2014). Otherwise distributed in the North Atlantic. While it is possible that the species occurs in Greece, it has so far only been reported in grey literature; its presence is therefore preliminarily considered questionable, pending confirmation.

Spintheridae Augener, 1913

Spinther arcticus

(M. Sars, 1851)

Spinther miniaceus Grube, 1860

Notes

Several specimens from Greece in the collections of the Natural History Museum Vienna (8 specimens, Inv. No. 109, Acq. No. 929, Zante [=Zakynthos Island], acquisition date 1874; leg. E. v. Marenzeller; many specimens, Inv. No. 107, Acq. No. 12583, Zante [=Zakynthos Island], acquisition date 1887, det. R. Drasche). Type locality of S. miniaceus: Mediterranean (North Adriatic).

Spionidae Grube, 1850

Aonidella cirrobranchiata

(Day, 1961)

Prionospio cirrobranchiata Day, 1961

Polydora guillei Laubier & Ramos, 1974

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Baie de Rosas, Spain).

Aurospio banyulensis

(Laubier, 1966)

Prionospio banyulensis Laubier, 1966

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Banyuls-sur-Mer, France).

Boccardia polybranchia

(Haswell, 1885)

Boccardia polybranchia (Haswell, 1885) | Polydora (Boccardia) polybranchia Haswell, 1885

Notes

Originally described from Australia and reported from worldwide locations. However, Radashevsky (2015) notes that the characters of the material from type locality are poorly known and that the insufficient original description could have led to reports from worldwide locations. Therefore several records possibly have been confused or constitute undescribed species.

Boccardiella cf. ligerica

Dipolydora coeca

(Ørsted, 1843)

Dipolydora coeca (Ørsted, 1843)| Polydora caeca (Ørsted, 1843)

Dipolydora flava

(Claparède, 1870)

Dipolydora flava (Claparède, 1870) | Polydora flava Claparède, 1870

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Dipolydora quadrilobata

(Jacobi, 1883)

Polydora quadrilobata Jacobi, 1883

Notes

Reported from Greece by Akoumianaki (2004). In the Mediterranean also known from the Adriatic (Mikac 2015). Reported also from the Black Sea, Romania (Kurt Şahin and Çınar 2012), otherwise distributed in the North Atlantic.

Dispio magnus

(Day, 1955)

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (casual)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Simboura (1996). In the Mediterranean also known from the central basin (Zenetos et al. 2012). Originally described from South Africa.

Laonice cirrata

Malacoceros ciliatus (Keferstein, 1862) | Scolelepis ciliata (Keferstein, 1862)

Malacoceros vulgaris

Johnston, 1827

Malacoceros girardi Quatrefages, 1834 | Malacoceros vulgaris Johnston, 1827 | Scolelepis girardii (Quatrefages, 1834)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Dando et al. (1995) as Malacoceros vulgaris, but Arvanitidis (2000a) and Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001) use the name Malacoceros girardi. Pettibone (1963) synonymised Malacoceros girardi with Malacoceros vulgaris and only the latter is accepted as valid by several later authors (e.g. Dauvin et al. 2003, Delgado-Blas and Díaz-Díaz 2010, Mikac 2015). However, the name Malacoceros girardi has been recently used for records from the Mediterranean (e.g. Castelli et al. 2008, Dağli 2008, Çınar et al. 2014). Herein, we follow the suggested synonymy by Pettibone (1963), since no contradicting evidence has been presented in the literature.

Microspio mecznikowianus

(Claparède, 1869)

Microspio mecznikowianus (Claparède, 1869) | Paraspio mecznikowianus (Claparède, 1869)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Paraprionospio coora

Wilson, 1990

Ecological interactions

Native status

Cryptogenic

Notes

Reported from Greece by Simboura et al. (2010) who report some slight morphological deviations from the original description and Katsiaras and Simboura (2015). In the Mediterranean also known from Turkey (Yokoyama et al. 2010, Çınar et al. 2014), Spain (Zenetos et al. 2010), Tunisia (Zaâbi et al. 2012) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015), otherwise known from the Pacific Ocean (Australia, Far East).

Paraprionospio pinnata

(Ehlers, 1901)

Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers, 1901) | Prionospio pinnata Ehlers, 1901

Notes

Questionable status. Several authors suggest that Mediterranean records of this species should be assigned to Paraprionospio coora (Yokoyama et al. 2010, Simboura et al. 2010, Mikac 2015).

Polydora ciliata

(Johnston, 1838)

Notes

Species complex. Mustaquim (1986) and Mustaquim (1988) provided behavioural (boring and tube-dwelling) and genetic evidence of two forms present under Polydora ciliata; morphological differences between the forms are also reported. Radashevsky and Pankova (2006), regarding European material, assign the tube-dwelling form to Polydora ciliata and the boring form to Polydora calcarea (Templeton, 1836). The presence of Polydora ciliata in the Mediterranean was questioned by Çinar et al. (2005) and Dağlı et al. (2011); but see also Mikac (2015). The former authors suggest that Polydora ciliata could have been confused with Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 or Polydora agassizii Claparède, 1869; a Mediterranean species synonymised with Polydora ciliata by Carazzi (1893), but resurrected by Radashevsky and Hsieh (2000). Until re-examination of the Greek material is possible, these records are retained under Polydora ciliata in this checklist.

Polydora cornuta

Bosc, 1802

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (casual)

Notes

Species complex. Rice et al. (2008) provide molecular evidence of at least three putative cryptic species present in North America. Reported from Greece by Simboura et al. (2008). Originally described from South Carolina; in the Mediterranean also known from Spain (Tena et al. 2000), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014) and from Adriatic lagoons (Bertasi 2016). Also reported from the Black Sea (Kurt Şahin and Çınar 2012, Radashevsky and Selifonova 2013).

Polydora hoplura

Claparède, 1868

Notes

Often found boring in oysters. Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples). Sato-Okoshi et al. (2016), in agreement with the taxonomic observations of Radashevsky and Migotto (2016), provided molecular evidence that Polydora uncinata Sato-Okoshi, 1998 is a synonym of Polydora hoplura.

Polydora spongicola

Berkeley & Berkeley, 1950

Ecological interactions

Native status

Prionospio (Prionospio) ehlersi Fauvel, 1928 | Prionospio ehlersi Fauvel, 1928

Prionospio multibranchiata

Berkeley, 1927

Minuspio multibranchiata (Berkeley, 1927) | Prionospio multibranchiata Berkeley, 1927 | Prionospio (Minuspio) multibranchiata Berkeley, 1927

Notes

Questionable status. Species complex. Reported frequently from Greece and other parts of the Mediterranean (Çınar 2005, Castelli et al. 2008, Mikac 2015). However, Mediterranean records probably belong to Prionospio maciolekae Dağlı and Çınar 2011 (see remarks there and under Prionospio cirrifera Wirén 1883). Otherwise distributed in the West Atlantic and East Pacific. Simboura (1996) describes two forms of Prionospio cf. multibranchiata, the one with longer gills which was later re-identified as Prionospio pulchra Imajima, 1990.

Prionospio pulchra

Imajima, 1990

Ecological interactions

Native status

Scolelepis bonnieri

(Mesnil, 1896)

Nerine bonnieri Mesnil, 1896 | Scolelepis bonnieri (Mesnil, 1896)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Harmelin (1969) and Antoniadou and Chintiroglou (2005). In the Mediterranean also reported from the central basin (Castelli et al. 2008), Cyprus (Çınar 2005) and Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014), otherwise known from the Atlantic coast of Europe.

Scolelepis cantabra

(Rioja, 1918)

Nerinides cantabra Rioja, 1918 | Pseudomalacoceros cantabra (Rioja, 1918) | Scolelepis cantabra (Rioja, 1918)

Notes

The new species Scolelepis neglecta Surugiu, 2016 was described after re-examination of Mediterranean material which was previously identified as Scolelepis squamata (O.F. Müller, 1806) and Scolelepis cantabra (Surugiu 2016). Reports of Scolelepis cantabra from Greece could therefore also comprise specimens of Scolelepis neglecta.

Scolelepis foliosa

(Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833)

Nerine foliosa (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833) | Scolelepis foliosa (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833)

Scolelepis gilchristi

(Day, 1961)

Nerinides gilchristi Day, 1961

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Nicolaidou and Pitta (1986). In the Mediterranean also known from Egypt (Ben-Eliahu 1972a) and Italy (Cantone and Fassari 1982). However, as the species is not included in subsequent reviews / checklists from Italy (Lardicci 1989, Castelli et al. 2008), it was probably considered a misidentification by the later authors. Originally described from South Africa.

Scolelepis squamata

(O.F. Müller, 1806)

Nerine cirratulus (Delle Chiaje, 1831) | Scolelepis mesnili (Bellan & Lagardère, 1971) | Scolelepis squamata (Müller, 1806)

Notes

Could comprise specimens of Spiophanes neglecta Surugiu, 2016 (see notes under Scolelepis cantabra (Rioja, 1918).

Scolelepis tridentata

(Southern, 1914)

Nerinides tridentata Southern, 1914 | Pseudomalacoceros tridentata (Southern, 1914) | Scolelepis tridentata (Southern, 1914)

Spio decoratus

Bobretzky, 1870

Spio filicornis

(Müller, 1776)

Notes

Questionable status. Frequently reported, but its presence in the Mediterranean has been questioned by Simboura (1996). In addition, Meißner et al. (2011) redescribed the species from the type locality (Iluilârssuk, Greenland) and concluded that traditionally used diagnostic characters are inappropriate. The same authors limit the species' distribution to Greenland and encourage the re-examination of material from other locations.

Spio multioculata

(Rioja, 1918)

Spiophanes bombyx

Syllidae Grube, 1850

Amblyosyllis formosa

(Claparède, 1863)

Amblyosyllis dorsigera Claparède, 1864 | Amblyosyllis formosa (Claparède, 1863) | Pterosyllis formosa Claparède, 1863

Notes

Three Amblyosyllis species have been recorded so far from the Mediterranean (Amblyosyllis formosa, Amblyosyllis dorsigera (Claparède, 1864) and Amblyosyllis madeirensis Langerhans, 1879); Amblyosyllis dorsigera is currently considered a synonym of Amblyosyllis formosa. However, the characters traditionally used to distinguish these three species (number and type of pharyngeal teeth) seem not to be consistent (Çınar and Ergen 2002) and the genus is in need of revision. At least two species of Amblyosyllis occur in Greece, as Arvanitidis (1994) reports both Amblyosyllis formosa and Amblyosyllis madeirensis in the same study; therefore both records are here retained as valid pending further analyses resolving their identity. Type locality: Mediterranean (Port-Vendres, France).

Amblyosyllis madeirensis

Langerhans, 1879

Notes

Reported from Greece by Arvanitidis (2000a). In the Mediterranean also known from Italy (Mikac 2015, Castelli et al. 2008) and Spain (San Martín 2003). See also notes for Amblyosyllis formosa (Claparède, 1863).

Anoplosyllis edentula

Claparède, 1868

Syllides edentulus (Claparède, 1868)

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by IOFR (1984). Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples). While it is possible that the species occurs in Greece, it has so far only been reported in grey literature and has not been found in over three decades, therefore its presence in Greece is here considered questionable.

Autolytus rubrovittatus

Claparède, 1864

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Karakassis (1991). Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples). As type material has been lost and the original description is insufficient, the taxon is considered of unclear generic affiliation (Nygren 2004) and all subsequent records must be considered questionable.

Branchiosyllis cirropunctata

(Michel, 1909)

Syllis cirropunctata Michel, 1909 | Syllis (Typosyllis) cirropunctata Michel, 1909 | Typosyllis cirropunctata (Michel, 1909)

Notes

Treated as a synonym of Branchiosyllis exilis (Gravier, 1900) for many years (e.g. Licher 1999, San Martín 2003) and resurrected by San Martín et al. (2008), thus it may be underreported in Greece. Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Branchiosyllis exilis

(Gravier, 1900)

Notes

Species complex. The complex of pseudo-cryptic species around Branchiosyllis exilis is confused and in need of revision and it is likely that specimens around the world recorded under the name Branchiosyllis exilis belong to different species (San Martín et al. 2008). Specimens from the Mediterranean recorded as Branchiosyllis exilis could also belong to the native Mediterranean species Branchiosyllis cirropunctata (Michel, 1909), as the two species differ mainly in the shape of the shaft head of the falcigers and Branchiosyllis cirropunctata was considered a synonym of Branchiosyllis exilis until recently.

Brania arminii

(Langerhans, 1881)

Brania arminii (Langerhans, 1881) | Brania oculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)

Brania pusilla

(Dujardin, 1851)

Brania pusilla (Dujardin, 1851) | Grubea pusilla (Dujardin, 1851)

Brevicirrosyllis weismanni

(Langerhans, 1879)

Pionosyllis weismanni Langerhans, 1879

Epigamia alexandri

(Malmgren, 1867)

Autolytus longeferiens Saint Joseph, 1887

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Kisseleva (1983). In the Mediterranean also reported from Egypt (Fauvel 1937) and Italy (Castelli et al. 2008) but Nygren (2004) restricts it to the Arctic, the North-West Atlantic and the North Pacific.

Erinaceusyllis cryptica

(Ben-Eliahu, 1977)

Erinaceusyllis cryptica (Ben-Eliahu, 1977) | Sphaerosyllis cryptica Ben-Eliahu, 1977

Notes

Reported from Greece by Arvanitidis (1994), also found by Papageorgiou et al. (2006) (unpublished data). Widely distributed in the Mediterranean (Musco and Giangrande 2005).

Erinaceusyllis erinaceus

(Claparède, 1863)

Sphaerosyllis erinaceus Claparède, 1863

Eurysyllis tuberculata

Ehlers, 1864

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Kvarner Bay, Adriatic).

Eusyllis assimilis

(Webster, 1879)

Exogone (Exogone) dispar (Webster, 1879) | Exogonedispar (Webster, 1879)

Exogone lopezi

San Martín, Ceberio & Aguirrezabalaga, 1996

Exogone (Exogone) lopezi San Martín, Ceberio & Aguirrezabalaga, 1996

Notes

Deep sea species, in the Mediterranean only known from the bathyal zone of the North Aegean (Simboura and Zenetos 2005). In the Mediterranean also reported from deep waters off Sardinia (Busoni 2013), otherwise known from the Atlantic coasts of the Iberian Peninsula.

Exogone naidina

Ørsted, 1845

Exogone (Exogone) naidina Ørsted, 1845 | Exogone gemmifera Pagenstecher, 1862 | Exogone naidina Ørsted, 1845

Exogone rostrata

Naville, 1933

Exogone (Exogone) rostrata Naville, 1933 | Exogone rostrata Naville, 1933

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Banyuls-sur-Mer, France).

Exogone sorbei

San Martín, Ceberio & Aguirrezabalaga, 1996

Exogone sorbei San Martín, Ceberio & Aguirrezabalaga, 1996 | Exogone (Exogone) sorbei San Martín, Ceberio & Aguirrezabalaga, 1996

Notes

Deep sea species, in the Mediterranean only known from the bathyal zone of the North Aegean (Simboura and Zenetos 2005). Otherwise known from the Atlantic coasts of the Iberian Peninsula.

Exogone torulosa

(Claparède, 1864)

Spermosyllis torulosa Claparède, 1864

Notes

Questionable status. A poorly known species which is frequently reported in ecological lists, but no recent descriptions exist (the newest being by Fauvel (1923), who reproduces description and illustrations by Claparède (1864) and Soulier (1904)). The species is not included in the treatise of the family by San Martín (2003). Type locality: Mediterranean (Port-Vendres, France).

Exogone verugera

(Claparède, 1868)

Exogone (Exogone) verugera (Claparède, 1868) | Exogone verugera (Claparède, 1868)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Haplosyllis spongicola

(Grube, 1855)

Haplosyllis hamata (Claparède, 1868) | Haplosyllis spongicola (Grube, 1855) | Syllis spongicola Grube, 1855 | Syllis (Haplosyllis) spongicola Grube, 1855

Notes

Species complex. The taxonomy of the species is confused, with a long list of synonyms. Originally described from the Northern Adriatic but reported from worldwide locations (Martín et al. 2003), with three different morphotypes in the Western Mediterranean. Currently, three well-described species of Haplosyllis are known the Mediterranean: Haplosyllis spongicola, Haplosyllis chamaeleon Laubier, 1960 and Haplosyllis granulosa (Lattig, San Martín & Martin, 2007). The description of Haplosyllis spongicola by San Martín (2003) is referred in part to Haplosyllis granulosa (Lattig et al. 2007). In addition, a number of Haplosyllis species have been described from the Mediterranean and the Black Sea which are currently regarded as incertae sedis due to lost type material and insufficient descriptions (Lattig and Martín 2009). Eastern Mediterranean records should also be examined for possible occurrences of the Red Sea species Haplosyllis djiboutiensis Gravier, 1900.

Myrianida brachycephala

(Marenzeller, 1874)

Autolytus brachycephalus (Marenzeller, 1874)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Adriatic).

Myrianida convoluta

(Cognetti, 1953)

Autolytus convolutus Cognetti, 1953 | Myrianida convoluta (Cognetti, 1953)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Myrianida edwarsi

(Saint Joseph, 1887)

Autolytus edwarsi Saint Joseph, 1887 | Myrianida edwarsi (Saint Joseph, 1887)

Myrianida inermis

(Saint Joseph, 1887)

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Faulwetter et al. (2011a) based on a single specimen. In the Mediterranean also known from Italy (Somaschini 1988). Nygren (2004) restricts its distribution to the North-East Atlantic and North-East Pacific. Mediterranean specimens could be misidentifications in which the trepan was overlooked. In addition, the Greek specimen was identified using the key and description by San Martín (2003) which, according to Nygren (2004), corresponds only in part to Myrianida inermis.

Myrianida pinnigera

(Montagu, 1808)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Arvanitidis (2000a) based on a single specimen. Widely distributed in the Mediterranean (Nygren 2004).

Myrianida prolifera

(O.F. Müller, 1788)

Autolytus prolifer (O.F. Müller, 1788) | Myrianida prolifera (O.F. Müller, 1788)

Autolytus rubropunctatus (Grube, 1860)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Kraljevica, Croatia).

Neopetitia amphophthalma

(Siewing, 1956)

Petitia amphophthalma Siewing, 1956

Notes

Species complex. Reported from Greece by von Soosten et al. (1998) in the framework of a molecular analysis. Greek specimens differ genetically from those from the type locality (Arcachon Bay), but the authors do not consider the differences significant enough to separate different species (von Soosten et al. 1998, Westheide and Hass-Cordes 2001).

Nudisyllis divaricata

(Keferstein, 1862)

Nudisyllis divaricata (Keferstein, 1862) | Pionosyllis divaricata (Keferstein, 1862)

Nudisyllis pulligera

(Krohn, 1852)

Pionosyllis pulligera (Krohn, 1852) | Pionosyllis serrata Southern, 1914

Opisthodonta longocirrata

(Saint-Joseph, 1887)

Pionosyllis longocirrata Saint Joseph, 1887

Pionosyllis dionisi Núñez & San Martín, 1991

Notes

Reported from Greece by NCMR (1995) and Simboura (1996), identification confirmed by G. San Martín (pers. comm. in Simboura 1996). In the Mediterranean also known from the Western Mediterranean (Musco and Giangrande 2005), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015), otherwise known from the Canary Islands and Antarctica (San Martín et al. 2009).

Paraehlersia ferrugina

(Langerhans, 1881)

Ehlersia ferrugina Langerhans, 1881 | Langerhansia ferrugina (Langerhans, 1881) | Paraehlersia ferrugina (Langerhans, 1881) | Syllis ferrugina (Langerhans, 1881)

Parapionosyllis brevicirra

Day, 1954

Parapionosyllis cabezali

Parapar, San Martín & Moreira, 2000

Parapionosyllis elegans

(Pierantoni, 1903)

Notes

Parapionosyllis minuta

Exogone hebes (Webster & Benedict, 1884) | Exogone (Parexogone) hebes (Webster & Benedict, 1884) | Parexogone hebes (Webster & Benedict, 1884)

Parexogone meridionalis

Cognetti, 1955

Exogone parahomoseta mediterranea San Martín, 1984

Notes

New record for Greece. Three specimens, Elafonisi, Crete, 35°16'20.7"N, 23°32'15.9"E, 1 m depth, fine sand, collected in the framework of the MEDCORE project (unpublished data from Papageorgiou et al. 2006). Literature used for identification: Cognetti (1955), San Martín (2003). Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Parexogone wolfi

San Martín, 1991

Exogone (Parexogone) wolfi San Martín, 1991

Notes

Reported from Greece from the bathyal zone of the North Aegean (Simboura and Zenetos 2005). In the Mediterranean also known from Cyprus (Çınar et al. 2003), otherwise distributed on both sides of the Atlantic (San Martín 2003).

Perkinsyllis anophthalma

(Capaccioni & San Martín, 1990)

Pionosyllis anophthalma Capaccioni & San Martín, 1990

Notes

Reported from Greece by Simboura et al. (2007). Type locality: Mediterranean (Catalonia, Spain).

Plakosyllis brevipes

Hartmann-Schröder, 1956

Plakosyllis brevipes Hartmann-Schröder, 1956 | Plakosyllis quadrioculata Perkins, 1981

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean.

Proceraea aurantiaca

Claparède, 1868

Autolytus aurantiacus (Claparède, 1868) | Proceraea aurantiaca Claparède, 1868

Notes

Has often been confused with similar species, especially with Proceraea paraurantiaca Nygren, 2004 and older records should be treated with caution (Nygren 2004). Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Proceraea picta

Ehlers, 1864

Autolytus pictus (Ehlers, 1864) | Proceraea picta Ehlers, 1864

Notes

As preserved specimens of Proceraea picta are often impossible to distinguish from other species, literature records need to be treated with care (Nygren 2004). Type locality: Mediterranean (Croatia).

Procerastea nematodes

Langerhans, 1884

Procerastea nematodes Langerhans, 1884 | Procerastea perrieri Gravier, 1900

Notes

Reported from Greece as Procerastea perrieri by Nicolaidou et al. (1986) and Simboura et al. (1995b), subsequently listed as Procerastea nematodes by Arvanitidis (2000a) and Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001). In the Mediterranean also reported from Italy (Castelli et al. 2008), otherwise distributed along the Atlantic coasts of Europe. Nygren (2004) restricts the species' distribution to the North-East Atlantic and the North-East Pacific.

Prosphaerosyllis brevicirra

(Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)

Sphaerosyllis brevicirra Hartmann-Schröder, 1960

Notes

Questionable status. Records of Sphaerosyllis brevicirra from the Western Mediterranean by Alós (1989) and from the Aegean Sea (Simboura 1996, Çınar 1999) belong to an undescribed Prosphaerosyllis species (San Martín 2003). Faulwetter et al. (2011a) examined the holotype of Prosphaerosyllis brevicirra from the Red Sea and found that the species bears a conspicuous papilla on each dorsal cirrus. All descriptions and illustrations of Prosphaerosyllis brevicirra from the Mediterranean lack these papillae. In addition, these specimen descriptions differ from Prosphaerosyllis brevicirra by the absence of dorsal cirri on chaetiger 2 (reported as present by Alós (1989) but in fact absent (San Martín 2003) and by thicker aciculae.

Prosphaerosyllis campoyi

(San Martín, Acero, Contonente & Gomez, 1982)

Prosphaerosyllis campoyi (San Martín, Acero, Contonente & Gomez, 1982) | Sphaerosyllis campoyi San Martín, Acero, Contonente & Gomez, 1982

Notes

Reported from Greece by Faulwetter et al. (2011a), also found by Papageorgiou et al. (2006) (unpublished data). Type locality: Mediterranean (Andalusia, Spain).

Prosphaerosyllis tetralix

(Eliason, 1920)

Sphaerosyllis tetralix Eliason, 1920

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Dando et al. (1995); the record by Zenetos et al. (1997) probably belongs to a different species. Records from throughout the Mediterranean exist but at least some of them belong to other species (Faulwetter et al. 2011a) and the species is probably restricted to the colder waters of the North Sea and North-East Atlantic (Olivier et al. 2012). During the last years, several new Prosphaerosyllis species have been described from Europe and the Mediterranean and Mediterranean species of the genus need to be revised. The Greek record is from near hydrothermal vents where temperatures are probably unfavourable for the species and must be considered questionable.

Prosphaerosyllis xarifae

(Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Faulwetter et al. (2011a). Widely distributed in the Mediterranean (Musco and Giangrande 2005).

Pseudosyllis brevipennis

Grube, 1863

Pseudosyllis brevipennis Grube, 1863 | Syllis brevipennis (Grube, 1863) | Trypanosyllis coeliaca Claparède, 1868 | Typosyllis brevipennis (Grube, 1863)

Notes

Pseudosyllis brevipennis was considered a synonym of Trypanosyllis coeliaca Claparède, 1868 by San Martín (2003), although Pseudosyllis brevipennis, being the older name, should have priority over Trypanosyllis coeliaca. San Martín (2003), however, considered the former a nomen dubium and chose the latter as the preferred name (San Martín 2003, Álvarez-Campos et al. 2017). A molecular analysis using multiple loci (Álvarez-Campos et al. 2017) reveals that Trypanosyllis coeliaca differs distinctly from other Trypanosyllis species and is much closer related to Xenosyllis, Eurysyllis and Plakosyllis. These authors re-instate Pseudosyllis brevipennis, designate a neotype from Rovigno (Croatia) and place Trypanosyllis coeliaca into synonymy with Pseudosyllis brevipennis.

Salvatoria alvaradoi

(San Martín, 1984)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Faulwetter et al. (2011a). Type locality: Mediterranean (Balearic Islands).

Salvatoria clavata

(Claparède, 1863)

Brania clavata (Claparède, 1863) | Grubea clavata (Claparède, 1863) | Grubeosyllis clavata (Claparède, 1863) | Salvatoria clavata (Claparède, 1863)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Salvatoria euritmica

(Sardá, 1984)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Faulwetter et al. (2011a). Widely distributed in the Mediterranean Sea (Musco and Giangrande 2005), originally described from Gibraltar.

Salvatoria limbata

(Claparède, 1868)

Grubeosyllis limbata (Claparède, 1868) | Pseudobrania limbata (Claparède, 1868) | Salvatoria limbata (Claparède, 1868)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Salvatoria neapolitana

(Goodrich, 1930)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Faulwetter et al. (2011a) and Keklikoglou et al. (2013). Type locality: Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples).

Salvatoria tenuicirrata

(Claparède, 1864)

Brania tenuicirrata (Claparède, 1864)

Notes

Reported from Greece by Arvanitidis (2000a). Type locality: Mediterranean (Balearic Islands).

Streptodonta pterochaeta

(Southern, 1914)

Opisthodonta pterochaeta Southern, 1914

Syllis armillaris (O.F. Müller, 1776) | Syllis (Typosyllis) armillaris (O.F. Müller, 1776) | Typosyllis armillaris (O.F. Müller, 1776)

Ehlersia cornuta (Rathke, 1843) | Langerhansia cornuta (Rathke, 1843) | Syllis cornuta Rathke, 1843

Syllis gerlachi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960) | Syllis truncata cryptica Ben-Eliahu, 1977 | Syllis (Typosyllis) truncata cryptica Ben-Eliahu, 1977

Syllis hyalina Grube, 1863 | Typosyllis hyalina (Grube, 1863) | Typosyllis (Syllis) hyalina (Grube, 1863)

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean (Croatia).

Syllis jorgei

Notes

Reported from Greece by Keklikoglou et al. (2013). Syllis mayeri is a Caribbean species which was first reported from the Mediterranean (Lebanon) by Aguado and San Martín (2007) as Syllis cf. mayeri. The authors compared their material to the type material and found slight differences in the length of the anterior dorsal cirri and the pharynx. They note that Syllis mayeri and other "cosmopolitan" Syllis species possibly constitute species complexes. The Greek material corresponds exactly to the description of Aguado and San Martín (2007) and may belong to an undescribed species.

Syllis nigricirris

Grube, 1863

Syllis nigricirris Grube, 1863 | Syllis (Typosyllis) nigricirris Grube, 1863

Notes

Licher (1999) considers the species as valid, but notes that the characteristic black colour of the dorsal cirri may disappear in ethanol-preserved specimens which would make an unambiguous identification difficult. Greek records are all from before 1987 and were probably identified using Fauvel (1923); the increased use of the keys by San Martín (1984) and San Martín (2003) which do not contain the species could explain the absence of records since then. Type locality: Mediterranean (Adriatic).

Syllis parapari

San Martín & López, 2000

Notes

Probably recorded under the name Syllis cornuta before the year 2000 (see discussion under Syllis cornuta). In the Mediterranean also known from Cyprus, (Çınar and Ergen 2003), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015), otherwise known from the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula and from the British Isles (San Martín 2003, San Martín and Worsfold 2015).

Syllis prolifera

Krohn, 1852

Syllis prolifera Krohn, 1852 | Typosyllis prolifera (Krohn, 1852)

Syllis variegata

Grube, 1860

Syllis variegata Grube, 1860 | Syllis (Typosyllis) variegata Grube, 1860 | Typosyllis variegata (Grube, 1860)

Pionosyllis lamelligera Saint Joseph, 1887 | Synmerosyllis lamelligera (Saint-Joseph, 1886)

Trypanosyllis aeolis

Langerhans, 1879

Notes

Notes

Type locality: Mediterranean.

Amphitritides gracilis

(Grube, 1860)

Amphitritides kuehlmanni

Loimia medusa (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818)

Ecological interactions

Native status

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Papazacharias (1991) from the North Aegean. In the Mediterranean also reported from the Adriatic (Mikac 2015) and Spain (Alós 1984), otherwise distributed in Arctic waters.

Neoamphitrite edwardsi

(Quatrefages, 1865)

Amphitrite edwardsi (Quatrefages, 1865) | Neoamphitrite edwardsi (Quatrefages, 1865)

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Karlou and Melea (1977). In the Mediterranean also known from Spain (Tena et al. 1991), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014) and the Adriatic (Mikac 2015), otherwise distributed along the Atlantic coasts of Europe. While it is possible that the species occurs in Greece, it has so far only been reported in grey literature and has not been found in the last four decades, therefore its presence in Greece is here considered questionable.

Neoamphitrite figulus

(Dalyell, 1853)

Amphitrite johnstoni Malmgren, 1865 | Neoamphitrite figulus (Dalyell, 1853)

Neoamphitrite groenlandica

(Malmgren, 1866)

Amphitrite groenlandica Malmgren, 1866

Notes

Questionable status. In the Mediterranean only reported from Greece (Bogdanos and Satsmadjis 1983, Nicolaidou and Papadopoulou 1989). Distributed in the North Atlantic.

Nicolea venustula

(Montagu, 1819)

Nicolea zostericola

Ørsted, 1844

Pista cristata

(Müller, 1776)

Pista cristata (Müller, 1776) | Pista lornensis (Pearson, 1969)| Scionella lornensis Pearson, 1969

Notes

Scionella lornensis was synonymised with Pista cristata (Müller, 1776) by Jirkov and Leontovich (2017). However, both Scionella lornensis and Pista cristata are reported in the same publication by Arvanitidis (2000a) (who identified them using the key and descriptions by Holthe (1986)). Mikac and Hutchings (2017), in a paper published concurrently with the work by Jirkov and Leontovich (2017), consider several European records of Scionella lornensis (including those from Greece) as potential misidentifications and possibly belonging to either Pista adriatica Mikac & Hutchings, 2017 or Pistella rovignensis Mikac & Hutchings, 2017.

Proclea graffii

(Langerhans, 1884)

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Bogdanos and Satsmadjis (1983) and NCMR (1995). In the Mediterranean also reported from the Adriatic (Mikac 2015), otherwise distributed in the Arctic. Given the rarity of records in the Mediterranean and the native distribution range of the species, the Greek records are considered questionable.

Terebella ehrenbergi

Gravier, 1906

Ecological interactions

Native status

Non-native (questionable)

Notes

Questionable status. Reported from Greece by Arvanitidis (1994). Originally from the Red Sea, in the Mediterranean also reported from the western Mediterranean (Pérès 1954), Cyprus (Ben-Eliahu 1972b) and Israel (Ben-Eliahu 1976b). The taxonomy of the species is confused, as two different descriptions exist in literature: Terebella ehrenbergi sensu Day, 1967 and Terebella ehrenbergi sensu Rullier, 1972, differing in the shape of the notochaetae (denticulated / smooth) and the number of abdominal chaetigers with notochaetae (posterior 20–40 segments without notochaetae vs. posterior 10–15 segments) (Ben-Eliahu 1976b). Ben-Eliahu (1976b) compared material from the Israeli coasts of the Mediterranean with museum specimens from the Red Sea identified by Gravier and by Fauvel and found the former to lack calyx-type chaetae on abdominal chaetigers. However, as this may be a size-dependent character, it is currently unknown whether Mediterranean species belong to Terebella ehrenbergi Gravier, 1906 or to a different species.

Terebella lapidaria

Linnaeus, 1767

Telothelepodidae Nogueira, Fitzhugh & Hutchings, 2013

Parathelepus collaris

(Southern, 1914)

Thelepodidae Hessle, 1917

Streblosoma bairdi

Malmgren, 1866)

Thelepus cincinnatus

(Fabricius, 1780)

Thelepus setosus

Table 1.

Species reported from Greece in previous publications but in fact absent from the area, with unclear identity (e.g. nomina dubia), or wrongly applied names.

Family	Scientific name	Reported as	Remarks
Acoetidae	Euarche tubifex Ehlers, 1887	Euarche tubifex	Arvanitidis (2000a) lists Aegean Sea records of Eupanthalis kinbergi McIntosh, 1876 under the name Euarche tubifex; subsequently the name was included in the Greek checklist by Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001). Arvanitidis (2000a) follows Pettibone (1989) who assigns many Mediterranean records of Eupanthalis kinbergii, including those of Fauvel (1923), to Euarche tubifex. While it is highly likely that Euarche tubifex is present in Greece, it could not yet be confirmed.
Ampharetidae	Amage gallasii Marion, 1875	Amage gallasii	Reported by Arvanitidis (2000a) for the Aegean Sea based on records from the Turkish Aegean (Ergen 1987); subsequently erroneously included in the Greek checklist by Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001).
Capitellidae	Dasybranchus carneus Grube, 1870	Dasybranchus carneus	Reported by Arvanitidis (2000a) for the Aegean Sea based on records from the Turkish Aegean (Ergen 1987); subsequently erroneously included in the Greek checklist by Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001).
Cirratulidae	Timarete anchylochaeta (Schmarda, 1861)	Timarete anchylochaeta	Reported by Arvanitidis (2000a) for the Aegean Sea based on records from the Sea of Marmara (Rullier 1963); subsequently erroneously included in the Greek checklist by Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001).
Cirratulidae	Timarete dasylophius (Marenzeller, 1879)	Timarete dasylophius	Reported by Arvanitidis (2000a) for the Aegean Sea based on records from the Sea of Marmara (Rullier 1963); subsequently erroneously included in the Greek checklist by Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001).
Cossuridae	Cossura delta Reish, 1958	Cossura delta	Reported by Faulwetter (2010). Records of Cossura soyeri Laubier, 1964 were reported as Cossura delta, as this was the accepted name in WoRMS at the time of compilation.
Eunicidae	Eunice oerstedii Stimpson, 1853	Eunice oerstedii	European specimens could belong to Eunice dubitata Fauchald, 1974 or a closely-related species (Wisnens 1989). The available descriptions of Eunice oerstedii are confusing and probably based on different species, thus its status was considered indeterminable by Fauchald (1992). Not listed in the key to global Eunice species by Carrera-Parra and Salazar-Vallejo (1998).
Eunicidae	Eunice stigmatura (Verril, 1990)	Eunice stigmatura	Recorded from a single specimen by Chatzigeorgiou et al. (2016) which was re-examined and found to be an incomplete and unidentifiable specimen.
Eunicidae	Marphysa disjuncta Hartman, 1961	Marphysa disjuncta	Reported from Greece by Simboura et al. (2010). However, Kurt Şahin (2014) doubts its presence in the Mediterranean after re-examination of available material, including some of the Greek specimens of the former authors.
Eunicidae	Lysidice hebes (Verrill, 1900)	Nematonereis hebes	Reported by Faulwetter (2010). Records of Lysidice unicornis (Grube, 1840) were reported as Nematonereis hebes, as this was the accepted name in WoRMS at the time of compilation.
Fabriciidae	Pseudofabriciola capensis (Monro, 1937)	Pseudofabriciola capensis	Records in OBIS (Arvanitidis 2000b) could not be traced back to any source and are believed to be a misidentification or database artefact.
Fabriciidae	Pseudofabriciola filamentosa (Day, 1963)	Fabricia filamentosa	Fitzhugh et al. (1994) re-examined all specimens identified previously as Fabricia filamentosa from Greece (Simboura 1990) and described them as a new species, Pseudofabriciola longipyga Fitzhugh, Giangrande & Simboura, 1994.
Glyceridae	Glycera alba adspersa Fauvel, 1939	Glycera alba adspersa	Reported by Faulwetter (2010), but in fact has only been recorded by Rullier (1963) from the Bosporus and not from Greece. Considered indeterminable by Böggemann (2002).
Glyceridae	Glycera papillosa Grube, 1857	Glycera papillosa	Considered indeterminable by Böggemann (2002). The holotype is lost and, based on the original description, it could be a synonym of either Glycera capitata Ørsted, 1843 or Glycera lapidum Quatrefages, 1866.
Hesionidae	Leocrates chinensis Kinberg, 1866	Leocrates chinensis	The Mediterranean species Leocrates claparedii (Costa in Claparède, 1868) was considered synonymous with Leocrates chinensis by Hartman (1965a), the synonymy was revoked by Pleijel (1998). Greek specimens were initially identified as Leocrates claparedii using the key by Fauvel (1923) but reported under the name Leocrates chinensis. The latter name has survived in checklists and databases of introduced species (e.g. Zenetos et al. 2010, ELNAIS), but the specimens behind these records actually belong to the native species Leocrates claparedii.
Hesionidae	Neogyptis rosea (Malm, 1874)	Gyptis rosea	Recorded by Chatzigeorgiou et al. (2016), but the specimen was re-examined and actually belongs to Neogyptis mediterranea (Pleijel, 1983).
Hesionidae	Orseis pulla Ehlers, 1864	Orseis pulla	Considered indeterminable by Pleijel (1998).
Longosomatidae	Heterospio reducta Laubier, Picard & Ramos, 1973	Heterospio reducta	Records in OBIS (Arvanitidis 2000b) could not be traced back to any source and is believed to be a misidentification or database artefact.
Lumbrineridae	Lumbrineris labrofimbriata Saint-Joseph, 1888	Lumbrineris labrofimbriata	Species considered a juvenile form and thus invalid by Carrera-Parra (2006). Not listed as a Mediterranean species in recent regional reviews (Carrera-Parra et al. 2011, D’Alessandro et al. 2016).
Lumbrineridae	Lumbrineris cingulata Ehlers, 1897	Lumbrineris cingulata	Reported by Chatzigeorgiou et al. (2016), but specimens were re-examined and actually belong to Lumbrineris luciliae Martins, Carrera-Parra, Quintino & Rodrigues, 2012.
Lumbrineridae	Lumbrineris perkinsi Carrera-Parra 2001	Lumbrinerides perkinsi	Name applied by Simboura et al. (2010) to literature records of Lumbrineris inflata Moore, 1911, based on conclusions by Çınar (2009). However, specimens subsequently identified as Lumbrineris perkinsi (unpublished data) were re-examined and found to belong to Gallardoneris iberica thus the presence of Lumbrineris perkinsi in Greece is not confirmed.
Lumbrineridae	Scoletoma debilis (Grube, 1878)	Scoletoma debilis	Reported by Arvanitidis (2000a) for the Aegean Sea based on records from the Turkish Aegean and the Sea of Marmara (Ergen 1987, Rullier 1963); subsequently erroneously included in the Greek checklist by Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001).
Nephtyidae	Nephtys longosetosa Ørsted, 1842	Nephtys longosetosa	Reported by Arvanitidis (2000a) for the Aegean Sea based on records from the Turkish Aegean (Ergen 1987); subsequently erroneously included in the Greek checklist by Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001).
Nephtyidae	Nephtys paradoxa Malm, 1874	Nephtys paradoxa	Reported by Arvanitidis (2000a) for the Aegean Sea based on records from the Turkish Aegean (Ergen 1987); subsequently erroneously included in the Greek checklist by Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001).
Nereididae	Neanthes arenaceodentata (Moore, 1903)	Nereis arenaceodonta	Multiple records in OBIS which are database artefacts. Originally recorded as Nereis caudata (sensu Delle Chiaje, 1827), which was listed as a synonym of Nereis arenaceodentata in WoRMS when datasets were submitted to OBIS. The latter name was erroneously used to standardise the taxonomy.
Oenonidae	Arabella semimaculata (Moore, 1911)	Arabella semimaculata	Reported by Chatzigeorgiou et al. (2016), but the specimen was re-examined and actually belongs to Arabella iricolor (Montagu, 1804).
Opheliidae	Ophelia neglecta Schneider, 1892	Ophelia neglecta	Specimens reported in OBIS belong in fact to Ophelia roscoffensis Augener, 1910.
Paraonidae	Aricidea nolani Webster & Benedict, 1887	Aricidea nolani	Considered indeterminable (Hartley 1981), as the type material consists of fragments of two different species.
Paraonidae	Paraonides neapolitana (Cerruti, 1909)	Cirrophorus neapolitanus; Paraonides neapolitana; Paraonis neapolitana	Considered of uncertain identity, as the original description may be based on artefacts resulting from the fixation method and the type material is lost (see Langeneck et al. (2017a) for detailed information).
Paraonidae	Levinsenia flava (Strelzov, 1973)	Levinsenia flava	Greek specimens were re-examined by A. Castelli and identified tentatively as Levinsenia cf. oculata (Hartman, 1957), but possibly belong to an undescribed species.
Phyllodocidae	Lugia pterophora (Ehlers, 1864)	Lugia pterophora	Considered indeterminable by Pleijel (1991) as the original description is probably based on juveniles and the type material is lost.
Phyllodocidae	Paranaitis capensis (Day, 1960)	Paranaitis capensis	Considered an indeterminable species of Paranaitis by Kato and Pleijel (2003) who examined the holotype and found it in a poor condition preventing its identification.
Phyllodocidae	Phyllodoce lamelligera (Gmelin in Linnaeus, 1788)	Anaitides lamelligera; Phyllodoce lamelligera	The species and its authorship are confused. The species was described by Gmelin in Linnaeus (1788), citing a "Nereis lamellifera Pallas 1788" but introducing a misspelling (lamellifera became lamelligera). Fauvel (1923) lists "Johnston, 1865" as the author, although Johnston (1865) merely reports the species from the UK. Both original descriptions (Gmelin and Pallas) could fit a variety of species. Therefore, Pleijel (1991) considers the species (listed by him as Nereis lamellifera) indeterminable (see also Mikac 2015). Alós (2004) lists Phyllodoce lamelligera Johnston 1865 as a synonym of Phyllodoce madeirensis Langerhans, 1880, presumably on the basis of the description by Fauvel (1923), as the same incorrect authority is given.
Phyllodocidae	Phyllodoce schmardaei Day, 1963	Phyllodoce macrophthalma	Phyllodoce macrophthalma Schmarda, 1861 is a junior homonym to P. macrophthalma Grube 1856. Day (1963) described Phyllodoce macrophthalma Schmarda into synonymy with it. Pleijel (1991), however, considers both Phyllodoce macrophthalma Schmarda and Phyllodoce macrophthalma Grube nomina dubia.
Phyllodocidae	Protomystides bidentata (Langerhans, 1880)	Mystides bidentata; Protomystides bidentata	Considered indeterminable by Pleijel (1991) due to the absence of type material. Alós (2004) provides a description of Phyllodoce bidentata, but gives no reference to the basis of the description (no type material or material from the type locality seems to have been studied). Thus, it is not certain whether the species of Alós (2004) is actually the same species as the one described by Langerhans. All Greek records are from before 2004 and therefore need to be re-examined.
Phyllodocidae	Pterocirrus limbatus (Claparède, 1868)	Pterocirrus limbata	Controversial species with a confused history of descriptions and many misidentifications (Alós 2004). Considered a nomen dubium by Pleijel (1991), re-described by Alós (2004) but not on the basis of type material or material from the type locality. The single record from Greece (Simboura 1996) would need to be re-examined to confirm its identity.
Pilargidae	Ancistrosyllis cingulata (Korschelt, 1893)	Ancistrosyllis cingulata	Larval form, probably indeterminable even to genus according to modern experts (G .Read in WoRMS). Fiege and Böggemann (1999) do not include it in their revision of the genus.
Pilargidae	Sigambra constricta (Southern, 1921)	Sigambra constricta	Reported by Arvanitidis (2000a) for the Aegean Sea based on records from the Turkish Aegean and the Sea of Marmara (Ergen 1987, Rullier 1963); subsequently erroneously included in the Greek checklist by Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001).
Poecilochaetidae	Elicodasia mirabilis Laubier & Ramos, 1973	Elicodasia mirabilis	Nomen dubium, may be a posterior end of Poecilochaetus fauchaldi Pilato & Cantone, 1976 (Santos and Mackie 2008).
Polycirridae	Polycirrus haematodes (Claparède, 1864)	Polycirrus hematodes	Considered of uncertain identity by Glasby and Hutchings (2014) as the type material was not deposited, Claparède's description is insufficient to delimit the species and several species were possibly confused under this name in the past.
Polycirridae	Polycirrus pallidus (Claparède, 1864)	Polycirrus pallidus	Considered of uncertain identity by Glasby and Hutchings (2014) as the type material is lost or was never deposited.
Polycirridae	Polycirrus tenuisetis Langerhans, 1881	Polycirrus tenuisetis	Considered of uncertain identity by Glasby and Hutchings (2014) as the type material is lost or was never deposited.
Polynoidae	Eunoe mammiloba Czerniavsky, 1882	Eunoe mammiloba	Records in OBIS (Dounas 1988) but not contained in original report, databasing error is assumed.
Polynoidae	Harmothoe johnstoni (McIntosh, 1876)	Harmothoe johnstoni	Indeterminable as the original description and the holotype are incomplete (Barnich and Fiege 2000a, Barnich and Fiege 2009).
Polynoidae	Harmothoe minuta (Potts, 1910)	Harmothoe minuta	Reported by Arvanitidis (2000a) for the Aegean Sea based on records from the Turkish Aegean and the Sea of Marmara (Ergen 1976, Rullier 1963). Considered indeterminable by Barnich and Fiege (2000a) as the original description and the holotype are incomplete.
Sabellariidae	Sabellaria alcocki fauveli	Sabellaria alcocki fauveli	Proposed by Arvanitidis (1994) as a new subspecies, but was never validly published and therefore does not constitute an available name. Even if it were available, it would constitute a junior homonym of Sabellaria fauveli Gravier, 1908.
Sabellariidae	Tetreres porrectus (Ehlers, 1908)	Lygdamis porrectus; Lygdamis (Pallasia) porrectus	Reported by Pérès (1959), but the specimen belongs in fact to Lygdamis muratus Allen, 1904 (Bhaud 1975, G. Bellan pers. comm. to C. Arvanitidis).
Sabellidae	Bispira crassicornis (Sars, 1851)	Bispira crassicornis; Sabellacrassicornis	Arvanitidis (2000a) listed Aegean Sea records of Sabella fabricii Krøyer, 1856 under the name Bispira crassicornis (following Fauvel (1927) in the synonymy but giving priority to the older name). The record in OBIS by Antoniadou (1998) from the North Aegean was originally recorded as Sabella fabricii (Antoniadou 2003); the name Bispira crassicornis was applied during data management. Bispira crassicornis is nowadays considered distinct from Sabella fabricii (Knight-Jones and Perkins 1998).
Sabellidae	Bispira mariae Lo Bianco, 1893	Bispira mariae	Reported by Arvanitidis (2000a) for the Aegean Sea based on records from the Turkish Aegean (Knight-Jones et al. 1991); subsequently erroneously included in the Greek checklist by Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001).
Sabellidae	Bispira viola (Grube, 1863)	Bispira viola	Reported by Arvanitidis (2000a) for the Aegean Sea based on records from the Turkish Aegean (Knight-Jones et al. 1991); subsequently erroneously included in the Greek checklist by Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001).
Sabellidae	Branchiomma moebii Knight-Jones, 1994	Branchiomma moebii	Reported by Arvanitidis (2000a) for the Aegean Sea based on records from the Turkish Aegean (Knight-Jones et al. 1991); subsequently erroneously included in the Greek checklist by Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001).
Sabellidae	Chone kroyeri Sars, 1862	Chone kroyeri	Records in OBIS (Zenetos 1986) were subsequently found to be a misidentification.
Sabellidae	Potamilla neglecta (Sars, 1851)	Potamilla neglecta	Reported by Koukouras et al. (1992), record was referred to Demonax brachychona (Claparède, 1870) by Arvanitidis (1994).
Scalibregmatidae	Polyphysia crassa (Ørsted, 1843)	Polyphysia crassa	Reported by Simboura (1996) but the specimen belongs in fact to the Mediterranean subspecies Polyphysia crassa fauveli (Laubier, 1959).
Serpulidae	Hydroides uncinata (Phillipi, 1844)	Hydroides uncinata	Considered indeterminable by Read et al. (2017), as the original taxon description is insufficient to identify the species and the name has been applied to a number of different species in the past (see also notes in WoRMS)
Serpulidae	Spirorbis corrugatus (Montagu, 1803)	Januacorrugatus; Spirorbis (Janua) corrugatus; Spirorbis corrugatus	Spirorbis corrugatus (Montagu, 1803) is an insufficiently described species with a sinistrally coiled tube and type material is not retained (Knight-Jones et al. 1975, Knight-Jones and Knight-Jones 1977). Most authors actually refer to the dextral species described by Caullery and Mesnil (1897) which was re-described by Bush (1905) as Spirorbis pseudocorrugatus (now Neodexiospira pseudocorrugata). The description of Spirorbis corrugatus by Fauvel (1927) refers in fact to Neodexiospira pseudocorrugata.
Sigalionidae	Pholoe fauveli Kirkegaard, 1983	Pholoe fauveli	Kirkegaard (1983) examined specimens of Pholoe synophthalmica Claparède, 1868 by Fauvel (1923) and assigned them to Pholoe fauveli. Consequently, Arvanitidis (2000a) listed all Greek records of Pholoe synophthalmica under the name Pholoe fauveli, assuming that all of them were identified using the key by Fauvel (1923). Pholoe synophthalmica is nowadays considered a synonym of Pholoe inornata Johnston, 1839 and Pholoe fauveli is considered absent from the Mediterranean and possibly a synonym of Pholoe inornata (Barnich and Fiege 2003).
Spionidae	Dipolydora caulleryi (Mesnil, 1897)	Polydora caulleryi	Radashevsky and Simboura (2013) examined all Greek material and assigned it to Dipolydora blakei (Maciolek, 1984).
Spionidae	Prionospio malmgreni Claparède, 1870	Prionospio malmgreni	Considered indeterminable by Maciolek (1985) and Sigvaldadóttir and Mackie (1993). Reported to have up to 9 pairs of branchiae in the original description, a character that was never observed again (Sigvaldadóttir and Mackie 1993). The description of Prionospio malmgreni by Fauvel (1927) actually belongs to Prionospio fallax Söderström,1920 (Sigvaldadóttir and Mackie 1993), thus Mediterranean records probably belong to Prionospio fallax (Mikac 2015,Çınar et al. 2014).
Spionidae	Spio martinensis Mesnil, 1896	Spio martinensis	Record in OBIS (Zenetos 1986) is possibly a misidentification and was later removed from a revised version of the dataset; these corrections were not incorporated in the OBIS data.
Syllidae	Autolytus roseus Claparède, 1864	Autolytus roseus	Indeterminable, as types do not exist; species probably is the female stolon of Proceraea madeirensis Nygren, 2004 (Nygren 2004).
Syllidae	Dioplosyllis cirrosa Gidholm, 1962	Dioplosyllis cirrosa	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Eastern Mediterranean. During digitisation, the centre of the Eastern Mediterranean was georeferenced, which falls into the Greek EEZ. The only Eastern Mediterranean records are from Cyprus (Çınar and Ergen 2003).
Syllidae	Epigamia macrophtalma (Marenzeller, 1875)	Autolytus sardai	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Eastern Mediterranean. During digitisation, the centre of the Eastern Mediterranean was georeferenced, which falls into the Greek EEZ. The only Eastern Mediterranean records are from Cyprus (Çınar et al. 2003).
Syllidae	Erinaceusyllis belizensis (Russel, 1989)	Erinaceusyllis belizensis	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Eastern Mediterranean and Turkey. During digitisation, the centre of the Eastern Mediterranean was georeferenced, which falls into the Greek EEZ and the Turkish record was wrongly placed into the Greek EEZ in the North Aegean. The only Eastern Mediterranean records are from the Turkish Aegean (Çınar and Ergen 2002).
Syllidae	Eusyllis kupfferi Langerhans, 1879	Eusyllis kupfferi	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Eastern Mediterranean. During digitisation, the centre of the Eastern Mediterranean was georeferenced, which falls into the Greek EEZ. The only Eastern Mediterranean records are from Cyprus (Çınar and Ergen 2003) and Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014).
Syllidae	Inermosyllis balearica (San Martín, 1982)	Inermosyllis balearica	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Eastern Mediterranean. During digitisation, the centre of the Eastern Mediterranean was georeferenced, which falls into the Greek EEZ. The only Eastern Mediterranean records are from Lebanon (Aguado and San Martín 2007).
Syllidae	Myrianida dentalia (Imajima, 1966)	Autolytus dentalius	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Eastern Mediterranean. During digitisation, the centre of the Eastern Mediterranean was georeferenced, which falls into the Greek EEZ. The only Eastern Mediterranean records are from Cyprus (Çınar et al. 2003). Nygren (2004) restricts the distribution to the North-West Atlantic and North Pacific.
Syllidae	Opisthodonta serratisetosa (López, San Martín & Jiménez, 1997)	Pionosyllis serratisetosa	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Eastern Mediterranean. During digitisation, the centre of the Eastern Mediterranean was georeferenced, which falls into the Greek EEZ. The only Eastern Mediterranean records are from Cyprus (Çınar and Ergen 2003).
Syllidae	Parapionosyllis gestans Pierantoni, 1903	Parapionosyllis cf. gestans	Reported by Simboura (1996) as Parapionosyllis cf. gestans sensu Campoy 1892. Campoy's species was later described as a new species, Parapionosyllis cabezali Parapar, San Martín & Moreira, 2000 and Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001) referred the Greek records to the latter.
Syllidae	Parapionosyllis labronica Cognetti, 1965	Parapionosyllis labronica	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Eastern Mediterranean and Turkey. During digitisation, the centre of the Eastern Mediterranean was georeferenced, which falls into the Greek EEZ and the Turkish record was wrongly placed into the Greek EEZ in the North Aegean. The only Eastern Mediterranean records are from the Turkish Aegean (Çınar and Ergen 2002).
Syllidae	Paraprocerastea crocantinae San Martín & Alós, 1989	Paraprocerastea crocantinae	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Eastern Mediterranean and Turkey. During digitisation, the centre of the Eastern Mediterranean was georeferenced, which falls into the Greek EEZ and the Turkish record was wrongly placed into the Greek EEZ in the North Aegean. The only Eastern Mediterranean records are from the Turkish Aegean (Çınar and Ergen 2002).
Syllidae	Parexogone caribensis (San Martín, 1991)	Exogone caribensis	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Eastern Mediterranean and Turkey. During digitisation, the centre of the Eastern Mediterranean was georeferenced, which falls into the Greek EEZ and the Turkish record was wrongly placed into the Greek EEZ in the North Aegean. The only Eastern Mediterranean records are from the Turkish Aegean (Çınar and Ergen 2002).
Syllidae	Parexogone cognettii Castelli, Badalamenti & Lardici, 1987	Exogone cognettii	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Eastern Mediterranean and Turkey. During digitisation, the centre of the Eastern Mediterranean was georeferenced, which falls into the Greek EEZ and the Turkish record was wrongly placed into the Greek EEZ in the North Aegean. The only Eastern Mediterranean records are from the Turkish Aegean (Çınar et al. 2014).
Syllidae	Prosphaerosyllis longipapillata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1979)	Prosphaerosyllis longipapillata	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Eastern Mediterranean. During digitisation, the centre of the Eastern Mediterranean was georeferenced, which falls into the Greek EEZ. The only Eastern Mediterranean records are from Cyprus (Çınar et al. 2003) and Turkey (Çınar 2009).
Syllidae	Streptospinigera templadoi (San Martín, 1984)	Streptosyllis templadoi	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Eastern Mediterranean and Turkey. During digitisation, the centre of the Eastern Mediterranean was georeferenced, which falls into the Greek EEZ and the Turkish record was wrongly placed into the Greek EEZ in the North Aegean. The only Eastern Mediterranean records are from the Turkish Aegean (Çınar and Ergen 2002).
Syllidae	Syllis heterochaeta Moore, 1909	Langerhansia heterochaeta; Syllis heterochaeta	Records in OBIS are database artefacts: the species recorded in the original datasets is Tharyx heterochaeta / Monticellina heterochaeta Laubier, 1961; during taxon standardisation, taxa were incorrectly matched only on the specific epithet.
Syllidae	Syllis hyllebergi (Licher, 1999)	Syllis hyllebergi	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Eastern Mediterranean. During digitisation, the centre of the Eastern Mediterranean was georeferenced, which falls into the Greek EEZ. The only Eastern Mediterranean records are from Cyprus and the Israeli coast (Licher 1999)
Syllidae	Syllis lutea (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)	Syllis lutea	Reported by Arvanitidis (1994) who used the key and description by San Martín (1984) for identification which actually belong to Syllis jorgei San Martín & López, 2000. Syllis lutea is absent from the Mediterranean (San Martín 2003). Arvanitidis' specimens are therefore assigned to Syllis jorgei.
Syllidae	Syllis pontxioi San Martín & López, 2000	Syllis pontxioi	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Eastern Mediterranean, Cyprus and Turkey. During digitisation, the centre of the Eastern Mediterranean was georeferenced, which falls into the Greek EEZ and the Turkish record was wrongly placed into the Greek EEZ in the North Aegean. The only Eastern Mediterranean records are from the Turkish Aegean (Çınar and Ergen 2002) and from Cyprus (Çınar and Ergen 2003).
Syllidae	Syllis schulzi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)	Syllis schulzi	Reported by Zenetos et al. (2011) as an alien species, with a reference to its first report by Arvanitidis (1994). However, Arvanitidis (1994) lists the species to occur in the Western Mediterranean, not in Greece.
Syllidae	Syllis vivipara Krohn, 1869	Syllis vivipara	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Eastern Mediterranean. During digitisation, the centre of the Eastern Mediterranean was georeferenced, which falls into the Greek EEZ. The only Eastern Mediterranean records are from the Italian Salento (Corriero et al. 2004).
Syllidae	Trypanedenta gemmipara (Johnson, 1901)	Trypanosyllis gemmipara	Considered a synonym of Trypanosyllis aeolis Langerhans, 1897 by San Martín (2003), re-instated by Álvarez-Campos et al. (2017) and possibly restricted to to the Indo-Pacific area. The only Greek specimens reported under this name by Arvanitidis (1994) actually belong to Trypanosyllis aeolis (see discussion there).
Syllidae	Trypanosyllis gigantea (McIntosh, 1885)	Trypanosyllis gigantea	Records in OBIS were digitised from Musco and Giangrande (2005) who list it to occur in the Greek Aegean, based on Licher (1999) who in turn cites Arvanitidis (1994) for this record. However, Arvanitidis (1994) lists the species to occur in the Adriatic, not in the Aegean. The record is believed to be erroneous.
Terebellidae	Axionice arborea (Moore, 1903)	Loimia arborea	Reported by Faulwetter (2010). Records of Loimia medusa (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) were reported as Loimia arborea, as this was the accepted name in WoRMS at the time of compilation. The genus Loimia Malmgren, 1866 is considered a synonym of Axionice Malmgren, 1866 by Jirkov and Leontovich (2017).

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Figure 2. — Numbers of polychaete species per family in Greece and their status (present / questionable).

Table 2.

New reports of non-native species in Greece. Assessment of the establishment status in Greece follows the terminology and definitions by Zenetos et al. (2011).

Species	Reference	Date and location of first detection in Greece	Origin	Other Mediterranean reports	Establishment status in Greece
Eurythoe complanata	Chatzigeorgiou et al. (2016)	2008: Alykes, Northern Crete	Caribbean	Cyprus (Ben-Eliahu 1972b), Israel (Ben-Eliahu 1976a, Arias et al. 2013a), Turkey (Ergen and Çınar 1997), Alboran Sea (Arias et al. 2013a)	casual
Linopherus canariensis	Chatzigeorgiou et al. (2016)	2007: Alykes, Northern Crete; Elounda, Northern Crete	Atlantic (Canary Islands)	Lebanon (Laubier 1966), Turkey (Ergen and Çınar 1997) (as Pseudeurythoe acarunculata), Cyprus (Çınar 2009), Italy (Cosentino and Giacobbe 2010), Egypt (Dorgham et al. 2014)	cryptogenic
Leiocapitellides analis	Akoumianaki (2004); Neofitou et al. (2014)	2000-2001: Maliakos Gulf	Red Sea	Egypt (Abd-Elnaby 2009)	casual
Mediomastus capensis	Maidanou et al. (2017)	Elounda Bay, Northern Crete	South Africa	Italy (Castelli et al. 2008), Cyprus (Çınar 2005), Spain (Capaccioni-Azzati and El-Haddad 2015)	casual
Timarete punctata	Maidanou et al. (2017)	2006: Elounda Bay, Northern Crete	Caribbean	Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014)	casual
Lumbrinerides neogesae	Papageorgiou et al. 2006 (unpublished); this study	2002-2003: Elafonisi Island, South-West Crete	South Africa	Italy (Gravina and Cantone 1991)	casual
Leonnates persicus	this study	2013: Argolikos Gulf	Indo-Pacific	Israel (Ben-Eliahu 1991b), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2002)	casual
Neanthes agulhana	Chatzigeorgiou et al. (2016)	2007: Alykes, Northern Crete; Elounda, Northern Crete	South Africa	Spain (Núñez 2004), Italy (Occhipinti-Ambrogi et al. 2011)	casual
Lepidonotus tenuisetosus	Chatzigeorgiou et al. (2016)	2008: Alykes, Northern Crete	Red Sea	Israel and Egypt (Barnich and Fiege 2003), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014), Adriatic Mikac 2015)	casual
Exogone breviantennata	Dando et al. (1995)	1992: Milos	circumtropical	Lebanon (Aguado and San Martín 2007), Turkey (Çınar et al. 2014)	casual

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Table 3.

Taxa reported at genus level with no species-level representatives known from Greece

Genus	Notes
Abyssoninoe Orensanz, 1990	New record for Greece. Two specimens, off Limnos island NE Aegean, 77–220 m depth, collected in the framework of the Perseus project (Suppl. material 1).
Acanthicolepis McIntosh, 1900	Reported by Koukouras et al. (1985).
Branchiocapitella Fauvel, 1932	Reported by Vamvakopoulou (1991). Currently considered a synonym of Capitella Blainville, 1828 (Magalhães and Bailey-Brock 2012).
Apistobranchus Levinsen, 1883	Reported by Eleftheriou et al. (1990), Simboura (1996).
Fauveliopsis McIntosh, 1922	Reported by Eleftheriou et al. (1990), Karakassis (1991), Simboura et al. (1995a), Simboura (1996).
Hipponoe Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1830	Reported by Simboura et al. (1995b).
Meiodorvillea Jumars, 1974	Reported by Simboura (1996).
Perolepis Ehlers, 1908	Reported by Simboura and Zenetos (2005).
Polygordius Schneider, 1868	Reported by NCMR (1995), NCMR (1997), NCMR (1998).
Tomopteris Eschscholtz, 1825	Reported by Ramfos et al. (2005), Ramfos et al. (2006), Isari et al. (2010).
Paraleiocapitella Thomassin, 1970	Paraleiocapitella is considered a synonym of Notomastus (Ewing, 1982), although Green (2002) argues that Paraleiocapitella should be differentiated from Notomastus based on chaetal characters. Paraleiocapitella is monotypic, thus if the generic identification of the Greek specimens (Nicolaidou and Papadopoulou 1989, Eleftheriou et al. 1990, Simboura 1996) is correct, they probably belong to Notomastus mossambicus (Thomassin, 1970), an alien species first reported from the Mediterranean by Çınar (2005).

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Of the 836 species-level taxa reported from Greece and not explicitly excluded from this checklist, Syllidae are the most species-rich family (133 species / 15.9% of all species), followed by the Serpulidae (62 / 7.4%), Spionidae (54 / 6.5%), Paraonidae (39 / 4.7%) , Sabellidae (38 / 4.5%), Phyllodocidae (37 / 4.4%), Polynoidae (31 / 3.7%) and Maldanidae (30 / 3.6%). Together, these eight families constitute 50.7% of the Greek polychaete species richness (Fig. 3). Twenty-six families are represented by less than 5 species and 17 families have never been reported from Greece: Aberrantidae Wolf, 1987, Alvinellidae Desbruyères & Laubier, 1986, Antonbruunidae Fauchald, 1977, Dinophilidae Remane, 1925, Hartmaniellidae Imajima, 1977, Histriobdellidae Vaillant, 1890, Ichthyotomidae Eisig, 1906, Iphionidae Kinberg, 1856, Laetmonectidae Buzhinskaya, 1986, Nerillidae Levinsen, 1883, Parergodrilidae Reisinger, 1925, Pontodoridae Bergström, 1914, Protodriloididae Purschke & Jouin, 1988, Psammodrilidae Swedmark, 1952, Travisiidae Hartmann-Schröder, 1971, Trochochaetidae Pettibone, 1963 and Uncispionidae Green, 1982.

Figure 3. — Percentages of species numbers of the eight most species-rich polychaete families in Greek waters compared to the remaining families.

The Greek polychaete fauna was poorly studied until the 1960-70s, with only occasional publications and a total number of 108 species reported from Greek waters until 1960. Subsequently, marine research was performed much more systematically and studies on polychaete communities were published frequently, adding a substantial number of species to the national faunal inventory (Fig. 4). Up to date, a total of 18 species-level taxa new to science were described from the country’s waters (Table 4). Despite the continuous research on benthic communities, 285 species (34.1%) have been only reported once or twice from Greek waters and 90 species have not been reported since 1993 (Table 5, Suppl. material 2). Since the publication of the last checklist of Greek polychaetes by Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001), 102 species were newly recorded from Greek waters. Another 53 species, reported from Greece before 2001 but not listed by Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001), were recovered from literature as a result of increased availability of electronic resources and the inclusion of habitats not covered previously (deep sea, pelagic waters).

Figure 4. — Cumulative numbers of known polychaete records from the Greek EEZ (blue line), superimposed on the number of publications containing polychaete records (red bars). Checklists and other secondary works are excluded.

Table 4.

Species originally described from Greek waters (i.e. the Exclusive Economic Zone as defined by marineregions.org).

Family	Described as	Currently accepted as	Type locality
Acrocirridae	Flabelligella mediterranea Kolmer, 1985	Flabelligena mediterranea (Kolmer, 1985)	Hellenic Trench, Matapan Deep 4690 m, mud, 35°49.8'N, 22°20.7'E
Ampharetidae	Uschakovius enigmaticus Laubier, 1973	Uschakovius enigmaticus Laubier, 1973	Hellenic Trench, Matapan Deep 3174 m, 36°01.8'N, 22°24.6'E
Amphinomidae	Amphinome savigny Brullé, 1832	Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1776)	Methana, Saronikos Gulf, Greece
Capitellidae	Peresiella clymenoides Harmelin, 1968	Peresiella clymenoides Harmelin, 1968	Mediterranean Sea (Marseilles, Crete and Santorini)
Fabriciidae	Pseudofabriciola longipyga Fitzhugh, Giangrande & Simboura, 1994	Pseudofabriciola longipyga Fitzhugh, Giangrande & Simboura, 1994	Geras Gulf, Lesvos Island, 21 m, muddy sand
Lacydoniidae	Lacydonia laureci Laubier, 1975	Lacydonia laureci Laubier, 1975	Hellenic Trench, Matapan Deep 4690 m, mud, 35°49.8'N,22°20.7'E
Asteriomyzostomidae	Myzostoma asteriae Marenzeller, 1895	Asteriomyzostomum asteriae (Marenzeller, 1895)	Santorini, Kythira and Samos
Onuphidae	Paradiopatra calliopae Arvanitidis & Koukouras, 1997	Paradiopatra calliopae Arvanitidis & Koukouras, 1997	Aegean Sea, off Mount Athos coast, 80-300 m, silty sand to silt, 40°20'25"N,24°18'05"E
Orbiniidae	Scoloplos chevalieri candiensis Harmelin, 1969	Scoloplos chevalieri candiensis Harmelin, 1969	Kaloi Limenes, Crete, 7-11 m, Halophila stipulacea and Cymodocea nodosa meadows
Sabellariidae	Phalacrostemma cidariophilum Marenzeller, 1895	Phalacrostemma cidariophilum Marenzeller, 1895	Several locations near Crete and Kythira
Serpulidae	Serpula graeca Brullé, 1832	Protula intestinum (Lamarck, 1818)	Methana, Saronikos Gulf, Greece
Serpulidae	Spirorbis (Janua) gnomonicus Bailey, 1969	Janua heterostropha (Montagu, 1803)	Emborios Cave, Chios, Aegean Sea, 8-10 m
Serpulidae	Spirorbis (Janua) parvulus Bailey, 1969	Neodexiospira pseudocorrugata (Bush, 1905)	Emborios Cave, Chios, Aegean Sea
Serpulidae	Vermilia agglutinata Marenzeller, 1893	Semivermilia agglutinata (Marenzeller, 1893)	Mediterranean Sea (Libya and Greece)
Sigalionidae	Pholoe dorsipapillata Marenzeller, 1893	Pholoides dorsipapillatus (Marenzeller, 1893)	Mediterranean Sea (Greece and Egypt)
Syllidae	Myrianida rodosensis Çınar, 2015	Myrianida rodosensis Çınar, 2015	Rhodes, Faliraki port,1 m, photophilic algae, 36°20.13'N, 28°12.52'E,
Syllidae	Streptosyllis nunezi Faulwetter et al., 2008	Streptosyllis nunezi Faulwetter et al., 2008	Pachia Ammos, Crete, 1–5 m, coarse sand, 35°06'43''N, 25°48'34''E
Terebellidae	Amphitritides kuehlmanni Arvanitidis & Koukouras, 1995	Amphitritides kuehlmanni Arvanitidis & Koukouras, 1995	Evoikos Gulf, coast of Loukissia, 5 m, on rocks with Cystoseira, 38°28'55"N, 23°29'10"E

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Table 5.

Species not found in Greece since 1993 (chosen as a cut-off date, as thorough investigations of the Greek polychaete fauna (e.g. Arvanitidis 1994, Simboura 1996) followed afterwards. Except for museum specimens, dates are publication dates, not collection dates.

Year of last report	Species
1887	Spinther arcticus
1895	Asteriomyzostomum asteriae
1902	Aglaophamus malmgreni, Leocrates atlanticus
1939	Krohnia lepidota, Lopadorrhynchus appendiculatus, Lopadorrhynchus brevis, Lopadorrhynchus nationalis, Lopadorrhynchus uncinatus, Rhynchonereella moebii, Torrea candida, Travisiopsis lanceolata, Vanadis crystallina, Vanadis formosa
1959	Aphrodita perarmata, Phyllochaetopterus gracilis
1961	Alkmaria romijni
1962	Alitta virens, Bushiella (Jugaria) granulata
1964	Phalacrostemma cidariophilum
1969	Naineris quadraticeps, Vinearia endoumensis
1971	Ninoe nigripes, Paradiopatra lepta
1973	Bathyfauvelia affinis, Uschakovius enigmaticus
1975	Lacydonia laureci
1977	Neoamphitrite edwardsi
1982	Hyboscolex longiseta, Odontosyllis dugesiana
1983	Aonidella cirrobranchiata, Epigamia alexandri, Eulalia bilineata, Eunice floridana, Eunice roussaei, Euphrosine myrtosa, Manayunkia aestuarina, Pareurythoe borealis
1984	Anoplosyllis edentula, Ophryotrocha labronica, Parapionosyllis elegans
1985	Prionospio decipiens
1986	Antinoe aequiseta, Aricidea (Strelzovia) quadrilobata, Lumbrinerides acuta, Maldane capensis, Maupasia coeca, Phylo norvegica, Scolelepis gilchristi, Scoloplos haasi, Spiophanes duplex
1987	Aricidea (Aricidea) longicirrata, Goniadella gracilis, Johnstonia clymenoides, Metavermilia acanthophora, Opisthodonta longocirrata, Streptosyllis bidentata, Syllis nigricirris
1988	Lindrilus flavocapitatus
1989	Desdemona ornata, Eunice norvegica, Gattyana cirrhosa, Proclea graffii, Protocirrineris chrysoderma, Sabellaria eupomatoides
1990	Neoamphitrite groenlandica, Oxydromus agilis, Praxillura longissima, Syllides longocirratus
1991	Arabella geniculata, Autolytus rubrovittatus, Boccardiella cf. ligerica, Claparedepelogenia inclusa, Malacoceros tetracerus, Neoamphitrite affinis, Neoleanira tetragona, Nephtys ciliata, Notomastus lineatus, Paranaitis kosteriensis, Phylo kupfferi, Protodorvillea atlantica, Scoletoma tetraura
1992	Ampharete grubei, Bathyvermilia langerhansi, Eunice schizobranchia, Eunoe assimilis, Nicomache trispinata, Polyodontes frons
1993	Diplocirrus hirsutus, Levinsenia multibranchiata, Pelagobia longicirrata, Perinereis tenuisetis, Pseudomystides limbata nigrolineata

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The present list reports 836 species from Greece (including those considered questionable). This corresponds to 75.6% of the species reported by Martin and Gil (2010) from the Mediterranean (1,105 species, standardised to currently accepted names). Simboura and Nicolaidou (2001) report 753 species from Greece vs. 1,015 species from the Mediterranean, corresponding to 74.18%. Martín and Gil (2010) list 359 species in the Mediterranean checklist that are not known from Greece, whereas the Greek checklist contains 67 species not contained in the Mediterranean checklist (excluding questionable species and those described after 2010). Compared to the most recent (and thus comparable) inventories from neighbouring countries and regional seas, Greece shows similar species numbers to Italy (872 species, Castelli et al. 2008) and slightly higher numbers than the Adriatic Sea (756 species, Mikac 2015) and the Mediterranean coasts of Turkey (excluding the Sea of Marmara; 641 species, Çınar et al. (2014); all lists standardised to currently accepted names and including species indicated as questionable). Species unique to each of these checklists (not contained in any of the other three checklists) number 147 for Greece, 48 for the Adriatic, 135 for Italy and 70 for the Turkish Mediterranean (excluding the Sea of Marmara).

Discussion

Advanced imaging and molecular techniques have given a boost to polychaete systematics and taxonomy. This has not only resulted in up-to-date taxonomic descriptions, reviews and identification keys but also in a refined understanding of regional polychaete diversity and biogeography. Many polychaete species used to be considered cosmopolitan or widely distributed (e.g. Hutchings 1998). Lately, however, there is increasing evidence that these widely distributed species actually comprise endemic forms and cryptic species. Thus, many species seem to be restricted to much smaller geographical areas than was previously assumed (examples include Chone duneri (Tovar-Hernández et al. 2007), Cirratulus cirratus (Weidhase et al. 2014), Terebellides stroemii (Parapar et al. 2013), Marphysa sanguinea (Hutchings et al. 2012), Inermonephtys inermis (Ravara et al. 2010), Myriochele heeri (Parapar 2006), Pholoe minuta (Barnich and Fiege 2003), Magelona cincta (Wilson 1958)) and many of these species are probably absent from the Mediterranean.

One reason for worldwide reports of many species and thus their assumed cosmopolitanism lies in the use of inadequate literature for the identification of species (Hutchings 1998, Klautau et al. 1999). This is also the case in the Mediterranean, where many of the reported “cosmopolitan” or boreal species were identified using literature covering non-Mediterranean species. Thus, especially reports from older literature need to be treated with care, as many of these specimens may in fact belong to different, possibly endemic, species. Several Mediterranean taxa display morphological differences compared to material from the native distribution range of the species they were originally assigned to, indicating the existence of endemic forms (e.g. Ophelia roscoffensis Augener, 1910, Galathowenia oculata (Zachs, 1923), Syllis rosea magna (Westheide 1974) sensu Ben-Eliahu 1977, Aphelochaeta monilaris (Hartman, 1960) or Therochaeta flabellata (Sars in Sars, 1872)). Increasingly, many of these taxa are being revised and either described as species new to science or re-instated as previously synonymised Mediterranean species (e.g. Acromegalomma lanigerum (Grube, 1846), Sternaspis thalassemoides Otto, 1821, Pherusa mikacae Salazar-Vallejo, 2014, Prionospio maciolekae Dağlı and Çınar 2011, Syllis parapari San Martín & López, 2000 or Terebellides mediterranea Parapar, Mikac & Fiege, 2013). Over the last years, the increasing availability of updated keys which employ reliable, unique and age-independent diagnostic characters have allowed for a much finer distinction between species and have led to many reports of species new for Greece or the Mediterranean.

Another factor causing uncertainty, concerning the diversity and distribution of polychaete species worldwide, is the increasing discovery of cryptic species through molecular methods (Nygren 2014). Carr et al. (2011) show that polychaete diversity in Canadian waters is highly underestimated, as molecular analyses have revealed one quarter of the 333 morphologically recognised species to actually comprise two or more putative cryptic species. Similarly, many species occurring in the Mediterranean have been shown to actually form complexes of genetically distinct species within the basin (e.g. Eulalia viridis (Linnaeus, 1767), Eurythoe complanata (Pallas, 1776), Lysidice ninetta Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833, Myxicola infundibulum Montagu, 1808, Ophryotrocha puerilis Claparède & Mecznikow, 1869, Perinereis cultrifera Grube, 1840, Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834), Syllis gracilis Grube, 1840 or Trypanosyllis zebra (Grube, 1860)). As only few of these studies include material from Greece, it remains unknown whether Greek populations of these species actually belong to the nominal taxon or to a different sibling species within the complex. Currently, 51 names (6.1%) of the Greek inventory are considered to refer to species complexes and resolving them will lead to major advances concerning our knowledge of the polychaete fauna in Greece and the Mediterranean.

This increased research effort contributes to an enhanced understanding of polychaete diversity, systematics and distribution but also introduces a high level of uncertainty for legacy records. The re-instatement or description of new species from a complex of cryptic or pseudo-cryptic species invariably renders most literature records under this name questionable, as they could belong to either of the species within this complex (e.g. Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 1843, Spiophanes reyssi Laubier, 1964, Stylarioides monilifer Delle Chiaje, 1841, Sternaspis scutata Ranzani, 1817, Branchiosyllis exilis (Gravier, 1900) or Haplosyllis spongicola (Grube, 1855)). However, in some cases the identity of these records can be resolved a posteriori, if information on the literature used for identification is available. A general recommendation of good practice is, therefore, to always provide a list of the literature used for identification alongside any published list of species. Similarly, revisionary publications and species lists should, where possible, report not only the currently accepted name but also the subjective synonyms under which the species were originally recorded. Failing to do so may lead to incorrect distribution records if the synonymised species is re-instated later (e.g. see reports of the non-native species Cossura delta Reish, 1958, Leocrates chinensis Kinberg, 1866, Loimia arborea Moore, 1903 and Nematonereis hebes Verrill, 1900 from Greece (Table 1) which had originally been recorded as Cossura soyeri Laubier, 1964, Leocrates claparedii (Costa in Claparède, 1868), Loimia medusa (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) and Nematonereis unicornis (Grube, 1840) but were reported from Greece using the former names which were accepted at that time).

Despite a high number of changes compared to the last published checklist (Simboura and Nicolaidou 2001), the Greek polychaete fauna continues to represent ca. 75% of the Mediterranean inventory (74.2% in 2001, 75.6% this study). However, many families remain understudied in Greece and have only been reported at genus level or not at all. Most of these families include species associated with certain habitats which in turn are understudied, such as deep sea, pelagic and interstitial habitats and hard substrates (especially coralligenous formations and caves). More research effort needs to be targeted towards these habitats, as the knowledge on these communities is of the utmost importance for ecological studies assessing ecosystem functioning, food webs, habitat conservation and changes caused by invasions of non-native species (to which Greece is particularly exposed due to its geographic location). In addition, as morphology alone underestimates species richness (Nygren 2014), more molecular studies are needed to resolve the identity of species complexes in Greece.

The number of species from Greece is similar to those of neighbouring areas from which recent checklists are available. However, individual checklists are influenced by research effort, different criteria for the inclusion or exclusion of species and the application of different species concepts. Thus, these comparisons can only serve as rough estimates of biogeographic relatedness and species richness. Nevertheless, each of these inventories comprises a relatively large number of names not reported from other areas. This can be partly explained by the aforementioned factors, partly by the actual biogeographic distribution and partly by incorrect species identifications. The Greek checklist contains 40 species that are of non-Mediterranean origin and have – to the best of our knowledge – not been reported from other areas in the Mediterranean. Where these species have only been found once or only by the same authors, misidentifications or an author bias must be assumed.

In fact, regional patterns of polychaete diversity in the Mediterranean seem to be biased by researcher identity (Chatzigeorgiou et al. 2017) and existing inventories are characterised by a large number of questionable species (e.g. 23.7% of the Mediterranean inventory (Arvanitidis 1994); 16% of the current Greek inventory). Geographically inappropriate or outdated literature contributes to this confusion (e.g. Hutchings 1998). Several updated keys and revisions for southern European polychaetes have been published recently (e.g. the Fauna Ibérica series) and the internet greatly facilitates access to literature. Nevertheless, comprehensive revisions and updated identification keys are lacking for many taxa in the Mediterranean and the use of century-old treatises such as those by (Fauvel 1923, Fauvel 1927) as the main source for species identification is still common practice in many laboratories.

The Mediterranean Sea is a hotspot of biodiversity and at the same time subject to a range of vectors of change such as habitat loss and degradation, climate change, pollution and invasion of alien species (Coll et al. 2010). To estimate the impact of these changes on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, accurate knowledge of species’ spatio-temporal distribution patterns is of crucial importance. The observed high levels of uncertainty regarding the regional fauna provide obstacles to such investigations and need to be resolved. The problem could be addressed through the organisation of regular pan-Mediterranean training and intercalibration workshops. These ring tests would train technicians and scientists in the identification of difficult or rarely encountered groups, calibrate and improve identification skills across areas and taxonomic groups and should result in a list of recommended and frequently updated identification literature and resources.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary material 1

List of unpublished / online resources

Nomiki Simboura, Sarah Faulwetter

Data type: Literature list

Brief description: A list of references (unpublished datasets by the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research) and online resources which were used to assess the occurrence status of many species. This list is merely for completeness and for the convenience of the reader.

File: oo_172923.pdf

bdj-05-e20997-s001.pdf^{(22.2KB, pdf)}

Supplementary material 2

List of species per literature resource

Sarah Faulwetter, Nomiki Simboura, Nikolaos Katsiaras, Georgios Chatzigeorgiou, Christos Arvanitidis

Data type: References for species occurrence records in Greece, *.csv format, tab-separated

Brief description: Contains a list of all consulted literature references with polychaete records in Greece. Note that a) the list of polychaetes for a few sources may be incomplete as only rare or new records were noted and b) that records mentioned in two or more sources may in some cases pertain to the same specimen, either because the same dataset was used in several publications or because records were repeated in secondary literature (checklists, databases).

Explanation of columns: Family: Family the taxon belongs to; ScientificName_accepted: Currently (December 2017) accepted scientific name for the taxon; Rank: taxonomic rank; ScientificAuthority_accepted: Currently (December 2017) accepted scientific authority for the taxon; ScientificName_asReported: Taxon as reported in the given literature /data resource, standardised with WoRMS to remove spelling mistakes and typographic errors; ScientificAuthority_asReported: Scientific authority as reported in the given literature /data resource, standardised with WoRMS to remove spelling mistakes and typos; Source_authors: Authors of literature/data resource; Source_year: Year of literature/data resource; Source_reference: Other bibliographic info (title, journal, URL, etc) of literature/data resource; Status_in_Greece: current status of the taxon in Greece (present/absent/questionable); Occurrence_record_notes: information on the specific taxon-resource combination, e.g. misidentifications of the specific specimens;

File: oo_174725.csv

bdj-05-e20997-s002.csv^{(4.9MB, csv)}

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. Nicolas Bailly (HCMR) for providing an initial, automatically compiled list of species which served as a starting point for this work, Dr. Nafsika Papageorgiou (HCMR) for providing an unpublished dataset of meiofaunal polychaetes from sandy beaches, Kleoniki Keklikoglou (HCMR) for help with literature and Dr Helmut Sattmann (Natural History Museum in Vienna) for providing support and access to the collections. Many thanks go to Ruth Barnich, Rômulo Barroso, Markus Böggemann, Alberto Castelli, Melih Çınar, Pat Hutchings, Joachim Langeneck, Marco Lezzi, Alejandro Martínez García, Roberto Martins, Jorge Núñez, Julio Parapar, Ascensão Ravara, Rossana Sanfillipo and Argyro Zenetos. This work was supported by the LifeWatchGreece Research Infrastructure (MIS 384676), funded by the Greek Government under the General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), ESFRI Projects, National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF).

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary material 1

List of unpublished / online resources

Nomiki Simboura, Sarah Faulwetter

Data type: Literature list

File: oo_172923.pdf

bdj-05-e20997-s001.pdf^{(22.2KB, pdf)}

Supplementary material 2

List of species per literature resource

Sarah Faulwetter, Nomiki Simboura, Nikolaos Katsiaras, Georgios Chatzigeorgiou, Christos Arvanitidis

Data type: References for species occurrence records in Greece, *.csv format, tab-separated

File: oo_174725.csv

bdj-05-e20997-s002.csv^{(4.9MB, csv)}

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PERMALINK

Polychaetes of Greece: an updated and annotated checklist

Sarah Faulwetter

Nomiki Simboura

Nikolaos Katsiaras

Giorgos Chatzigeorgiou

Christos Arvanitidis

Abstract Abstract

Background

New information

Introduction

Polychaete research in Greece

Rationale for the checklist

Taxonomic scope

Geographic scope and characteristics of the region

Materials and methods

Literature resources

Figure 1.

How to read this checklist

Checklists

Acoetidae Kinberg, 1856

Eupanthalis kinbergi

Notes

Panthalis oerstedii

Polyodontes frons

Notes

Polyodontes maxillosus

Notes

Acrocirridae Banse, 1969

Acrocirrus frontifilis

Notes

Flabelligena mediterranea

Notes

Macrochaeta clavicornis

Ampharetidae Malmgren, 1866

Adercodon pleijeli

Notes

Alkmaria romijni

Notes

Amage adspersa

Notes

Ampharete acutifrons

Notes

Ampharete grubei

Notes

Ampharete octocirrata

Amphicteis gunneri

Anobothrus gracilis

Notes

Auchenoplax crinita

Lysippe labiata

Melinna monoceroides

Melinna palmata

Neosabellides oceanica

Notes

Sosane sulcata

Uschakovius enigmaticus

Notes

Amphinomidae Lamarck, 1818

Chloeia candida

Notes

Chloeia venusta

Notes

Chloenopsis atlantica

Notes

Eurythoe complanata

Ecological interactions

Native status

Notes

Hermodice carunculata

Notes

Linopherus canariensis

Ecological interactions

Native status

Notes

Notopygos megalops

Notes

Pareurythoe borealis

Notes

Aphroditidae Malmgren, 1867