Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic value of T cells spot test (T-Spot TB) combined with interferon-γ (INF-γ) and interleukin-27 (IL-27) in tuberculous pleurisy. Sixty patients with tuberculous pleurisy (observation group) and 60 patients with non-tuberculous pleurisy (control group) were enrolled in this study. T-Spot TB was performed to detect the pleural effusion of two groups of patients. Levels of IFN-γ and IL-27 in serum and pleural effusion were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Relative expression of IFN-γ mRNA and IL-27 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were detected by RT-PCR. Positive rate of T-Spot TB in observation group was 96.7% (58 cases), which was significantly higher than that in control group (p<0.05). Concentration of INF-γ in pleural effusion of observation group was 468.6±24.8 ng/l, which was significantly higher than that in control group (131.3±18.7 ng/l, p<0.05). Concentration of IL-27 in pleural effusion of observation group was 423.4±37.2 ng/l, which was significantly higher than that in control group (116.2±15.5 ng/l, p<0.05). Concentrations of INF-γ and IL-27 in serum of observation group were 48.2±13.4 and 41.7±10.6 ng/l, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in control group (38.6±11.2 and 35.3±8.4 ng/l, p<0.05). Relative expression levels of INF-γ mRNA and IL-27 mRNA in observation group were significantly higher than those in control group (p<0.05). Therefore, combination of T-Spot TB with INF-γ and IL-27 has significant application value in the clinical diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy, and should be popularized.
Keywords: tuberculous pleurisy, T-Spot TB, interferon-γ, interleukin-27
Introduction
Tuberculous pleurisy is a respiratory disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis with fever, chest pain and cough as the main clinical manifestations (1). The diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy is still challenged by the restrictions on detection methods and techniques. The application of chest radiograph and ultrasound techniques in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy were limited by the poor specificity, which in turns increase the difficulties of the diagnosis and treatment of this disease (2,3). Cellular immune function plays an important role in the development of immune diseases. Related studies showed that mycobacterium tuberculosis control was closely related with macrophage (4,5). T cells spot test (T-Spot TB) was reported to possess relatively high sensitivity in the detection of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (6). Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)and interleukin-27 (IL-27) which can participate in a variety of inflammatory reactions, can induce tissue damage and inflammatory response. This study aimed to investigate the application value of T-Spot TB combined with INF-γ and IL-27 in clinical diagnosis of patients with tuberculous pleurisy with the expectation of providing new insights for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Materials and methods
General information
A total of 60 patients with tuberculous pleurisy (tuberculous pleural effusion) were selected in Binzhou City Center Hospital from March 2017 to September 2017 and the patients included 33 males and 27 females and the ages ranged from 32 to 73 years with an average age of 45.6±2.5 years. At the same time, 60 patients with non-tuberculous pleurisy (malignant pleural effusion) were selected as control group and those patients included 34 males and 26 females and the ages ranged from 33 to 72 years with an average age of 45.8±2.7 years. Patients in control group included 27 cases of pleural metastasis from lung cancer, 16 cases of pleural metastasis from breast cancer, 8 cases of lymphoma, 6 cases of pleural metastasis from gastric cancer and 3 cases of other types. Pleural effusion was detected in both groups of patients by physical examination or imaging. None of those patients received intervention treatment. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Binzhou City Center Hospital. All patients signed informed consent. Pregnant women and patients with HIV infection were excluded.
Methods
Pleural effusion (30 ml) was collected from each patient with 24 h after admission through thoracentesis. Pleural effusion was centrifuged at 2,500 × g/min and was separated into 3 layers. Lymphocyte layer in the middle was collected for T-Spot TB test. The upper layer was used to detect the levels of IFN-γ and IL-27. T-Spot TB test was performed by ELISPOT count. Levels of IFN-γ and IL-27 were detected by ELISA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
Peripheral blood was extracted from each patient with 24 h after admission. After centrifugation at 1,500 × g/min for 10 min, the precipitation contained a large number of mononuclear cells was collected for total RNA extraction using RNA extraction kit (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Total RNA was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to check the integrity of RNA and the absorbance was determined by UV spectrophotometer to determine RNA content. Reverse transcription was performed using a reverse transcription kit (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Relative expression levels of IFN-γ mRNA and IL-27 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were detected by real-time PCR. PCR primers were designed using primer 3.0. Primer sequences are listed in Table I. PCR reaction conditions were as follows: 95°C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 10 sec, 50°C for 30 sec and 72°C for 15 sec. PCR products were subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis and the results were photographed. Optical density of each band was scanned by an optical density scanner. With β-actin as endogenous control, relative expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-27 were determined.
Table I.
Primer sequences.
| Genes | Sequences |
|---|---|
| IFN-γ | F: 5′-ACTTCTTTGGCTTAATTCTC-3′ |
| R: 5′-ATTGCTTTGCGTTGGA-3′ | |
| IL-27 | F: 5′-AGCCTTCGCATCATCAGC-3′ |
| R: 5′-TTATTGGGCACCCAGCAT-3′ | |
| β-actin | F: 5′-TCAGGTCATCACTATCGGCAAT-3′ |
| R: 5′-AAAGAAAGGGTGTAAAACGCA-3′ |
INF-γ, interferon-γ; IL-27, interleukin-27; F, forward; R, reverse.
ROC curve analysis was performed using graphpad software. The accuracies of T-Spot TB alone and the combined method in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy were compared.
Determination of the results of T-Spot TB
Results of T-Spot TB were determined according to the instructions of the kit (7): i) Positive: Spot-forming cells (SFC) of negative control <6 and SFC of detection well-SFC of negative control >6; ii) positive: SFC of negative control ≥6 and SFC of detection well was twice as many as that of negative control.
Statistical analysis
SPSS 21.0 software (Cyber Camera, Sichuan, China) was used for statistical analysis. Comparisons of measurement data between groups were performed by t-test. Results of T-spot TB test were subjected to chi-square test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Comparison of results of T-Spot TB test between two groups
The positive rate of T-Spot TB in the observation group was 96.7% (58 cases), which was significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.05) (Table II).
Table II.
Comparison of results of T-Spot TB test between two groups.
| Groups | No. | Spot positive | Spot negative | Positive rate (%) | χ2 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observation group | 60 | 58 | 2 | 96.7 | 12.503 | <0.05 |
| Control group | 60 | 1 | 59 | 1.7 |
T-Spot TB, T cells spot test.
Comparison of INF-γ and IL-27 levels in pleural effusion between two groups
INF-γ content in pleural effusion of observation group was 468.6±24.8 ng/l, which was significantly higher than that in control group (131.3±18.7 ng/l, p<0.05). IL-27 content in pleural effusion of observation group was 423.4±37.2 ng/l, which was significantly higher than that in control group (116.2±15.5 ng/l, p<0.05) (Table III).
Table III.
Comparison of INF-γ and IL-27 levels in pleural effusion between two groups.
| Groups | No. | INF-γ (ng/l) | IL-27 (ng/l) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Observation group | 60 | 468.6±24.8 | 423.4±37.2 |
| Control group | 60 | 131.3±18.7 | 116.2±15.5 |
| t-test | 7.903 | 8.521 | |
| P-value | <0.05 | <0.05 |
INF-γ, interferon-γ; IL-27, interleukin-27.
Comparison of INF-γ and IL-27 levels in serum effusion between two groups
Level of INF-γ in pleural effusion of observation group was 48.2±13.4 ng/l, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (38.6±11.2 ng/l, p<0.05). Level of IL-27 in pleural effusion of the observation group was 41.7±10.6 ng/l, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (35.3±8.4 ng/l, p<0.05) (Table IV).
Table IV.
Comparison of INF-γ and IL-27 levels in serum effusion between two groups.
| Groups | No. | INF-γ (ng/l) | IL-27 (ng/l) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Observation group | 60 | 48.2±13.4 | 41.7±10.6 |
| Control group | 60 | 38.6±11.2 | 35.3±8.4 |
| t-test | 7.742 | 8.366 | |
| P-value | <0.05 | <0.05 |
INF-γ, interferon-γ; IL-27, interleukin-27.
Comparison of the relative expression level of INF-γ mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells between two groups
Relative expression level of INF-γ mRNA in observation group was significantly higher than that in control group (p<0.05) (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
Comparison of relative expression levels of INF-γ between groups. (A) Representative result of western blot analysis, expression level of INF-γ protein in observation group was significantly higher than that of control group. (B) qRT-PCR results, the relative expression level of INF-γ mRNA in observation group was significantly higher than that of control group. *Compared with control group, p<0.05. INF-γ, interferon-γ.
Comparison of the relative expression level of IL-27 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells between two groups
Relative expression level of IL-27 mRNA in observation group was significantly higher than that in control group (p<0.05) (Fig. 2).
Figure 2.
Comparison of relative expression levels of IL-27 between groups. (A) Representative result of western blot analysis using software showed that the expression level of IL-27 protein in observation group was significantly higher than that of control group. (B) qRT-PCR results, the relative expression level of IL-27 mRNA in observation group was significantly higher than that of control group. *Compared with control group, p<0.05. IL-27, interleukin-27.
Comparison of ROC curves of T-Spot TB alone and the combined method
ROC curve showed that the accuracy of the combined method was significantly higher than that of T-Spot TB alone (Fig. 3).
Figure 3.
Comparison of accuracies of T-Spot TB alone and the combined method in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy. The accuracy of the combined method was significantly higher than that of T-Spot TB alone. T-Spot TB, T cell spot test.
Discussion
As a common unilateral pleural effusion disease, tuberculous pleurisy can affect patients at any age. The formation of pleural effusion is the main feature of tuberculous pleurisy (8,9). Studies have shown that the incidence of tuberculous pleurisy was relatively higher world widely and the main type was tuberculous pleurisy (10–12). Both the observation of clinical symptoms and the detection of pleural effusion by biochemical examination are important for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy. It is worth noting that the lack of typical manifestations and the low specificities of biochemical indicators and routine examination increase the difficulties in the diagnosis (13–15). Therefore, the development of reliable diagnostic methods for tuberculous pleurisy is needed.
At the main method used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis, T-Spot TB can be used to accurately determine the number of cells that can secrete antibodies and cytokines. Therefore, the results of T-Spot TB can reflect the level of cytokines in vivo (16,17). Studies have shown that the use of T-Spot TB technology can improve the positive rate of the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy, but misdiagnosis have been reported (18,19). Therefore, the application of joint diagnosis is needed to increase the positive rate of diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy.
IFN-γ is a characteristic cytokine of T helper lymphocyte subsets (Th1). After mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, macrophages in lesion site will be activated and IFN-γ content in pleural effusion and blood will gradually increase (20). Studies have shown that IL-27 has a dual regulatory effect on Th1-type immune responses in tuberculous diseases (21,22). On one hand, IL-27 can induce the differentiation of CD4+ in to Th1. On the other hand, IL-27 can inhibit Th1 cell proliferation, thus inhibiting the damage to the body caused by Th1 type of immune response.
Results of this study showed that the positive rate of T-Spot TB in observation group was 96.7% (58 cases), which was significantly higher than that in control group 1.7% (1 case), indicating that the positive rate of T-Spot TB detection is relatively high and this method can be used to rapidly detect mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. At the same time, levels of INF-γ and IL-27 in pleural effusion of observation group were significantly higher than those in control group (p<0.05). The results suggest that levels of INF-γ and IL-27 in pleural effusion of patients with tuberculous pleurisy were significantly higher than those in patients with malignant pleural effusion, indicating the high specificity. We also found that the levels of INF-γ and IL-27 in serum of observation group were significantly higher than those in control group. Relative expression levels of INF-γ mRNA and IL-27 mRNA in observation group were significantly higher than those in control group (p<0.05). Those results suggest that INF-γ and IL-27 may participate in the development of tuberculous pleurisy. Therefore, T-Spot TB test combined with the detection of INF-γ and IL-27 levels can be used to detect tuberculous pleurisy at the early stage, which in turn benefit the early treatment and prevent delayed treatment.
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