Abstract
To study the significance of dynamic evolution of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) levels in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). A total of 45 NEC child patients, 45 non-NEC child patients and 45 healthy newborns were enrolled. After the day age, weight, gestational week and delivery mode were matched, the serum TNF-α, IL-6 and I-FABP levels at 6, 24 and 72 h after admission were measured via ELISA method, and their correlations with prognosis were analyzed. The levels of serum TNF-α and IL-6 in NEC and non-NEC group reached the peak at 24 h and fell at 72 h; there were no differences in each time point between the two groups (P>0.05), but the levels of serum TNF-α and IL-6 were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The level of serum I-FABP in NEC and non-NEC group reached the peak at 6 h, and it fell at 72 h in NEC group and 24 h in non-NEC group; the level of I-FABP in each time point in NEC was significantly higher than that in non-NEC group, and the level was the lowest in healthy group; the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were 40 cases of survival and 5 cases of death (11.1%) in NEC group, while there were 43 cases of survival and 2 cases of death (4.4%) in non-NEC group. There were no differences in serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels at different times between surviving child patients and dead child patients in NEC group (P>0.05), but the levels of serum I-FABP in surviving child patients at 6 h and 24 h were significantly lower than those in dead child patients (P<0.05), and there was no difference at 72 h (P>0.05). There were no differences in serum TNF-α, IL-6 and I-FABP levels at different times between surviving and dead child patients in non-NEC group (P>0.05). Serum I-FABP level and its dynamic evolution may be important indexes of early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of NEC.
Keywords: TNF-α, IL-6, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis
Introduction
Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a kind of severe disease with high morbidity and mortality in neonatal period, NEC in China accounts for about 4‰ in newborns, and stage-III mortality of NEC is as high as 75–80% (1). The early manifestations are mostly atypical, mainly the general symptoms, such as abdominal distension and emesis and other feeding intolerance, dyspnea, drowsiness and body temperature fluctuation, which usually occur in premature infants with peak period of disease at 2 weeks after birth, or 2 months for low-weight child patients. After that, patients will suffer from the bloody stools, respiratory failure, shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation and even death (2). Clinical diagnosis is often made based on symptoms and signs, abdominal X-ray, abdominal ultrasound, peripheral white blood cells and differential count (3). With the development of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) technique, the early detection of biochemical markers with high sensitivity and specificity in blood or urine has an important application value in the diagnosis and evaluation of disease. The intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) is a kind of protein secreted by the small intestinal simple columnar epithelial cells, which has good organ specificity. Under the ischemic injury of intestinal mucosal, abundant I-FABP can be released into the blood, and filtered by the glomeruli because it is the water-soluble protein with small molecular weight; therefore, the detection of blood and urine can reflect the intestinal ischemic injury (4,5). In addition, the inflammatory response also plays an important role in the occurrence and development of NEC. A number of studies have shown that (6,7) the serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels have a good correlation with the early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of disease. Based on this, the study further evaluated the significance of dynamic evolution of serum TNF-α, IL-6 and I-FABP levels in NEC.
Materials and methods
Object data
A total of 45 NEC child patients admitted to Jining First People's Hospital from January to December 2016 were continuously selected, 45 non-NEC children and 45 healthy newborns in the same period were selected. NEC met the bell diagnosis and classification criteria (8). In NEC group, there were 22 boys and 23 girls; aged 10–23 days (15.6±7.2 days on average); the gestational age was 32–38 weeks (34.8±2.3 weeks on average); the birth weight was 1.8–3.1 kg (2.5±0.8 kg on average); and there were 20 cases of cesarean delivery; 25 of vaginal delivery; 30 of premature delivery; 15 of full-term delivery; 20 of stage-I NEC; 14 of stage-II NEC; and 11 of stage-III NEC. In non-NEC group, there were 25 boys and 20 girls; aged 8–27 days (17.3±7.8 days on average); the gestational age was 33–39 weeks (35.5±2.7 weeks on average); the birth weight was 1.7–3.5 kg (2.6±0.7 kg on average); and there were 22 cases of cesarean delivery; 23 of vaginal delivery; 26 of premature delivery; 19 of full-term delivery; 23 of septicemia; 7 of congenital megacolon; and 15 of dysentery. In healthy newborn group, there were 24 boys and 21 girls; aged 5–28 days (17.1±7.4 days on average); the gestational age was 35–39 weeks (37.2±2.2 weeks on average); the birth weight was 1.9–3.3 kg (2.5±0.8 kg on average); and there were 17 cases of cesarean delivery; 28 of vaginal delivery; 20 of premature delivery; and 25 of full-term delivery. The baseline data of children among groups were comparable. Children with congenital immune deficiency, genetic metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases and severe infection, were excluded, and the informed consent was written and signed from the guardians of the children. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Jining First People's Hospital.
Research methods
The levels of serum TNF-α, IL-6 and I-FABP at 6, 24 and 72 h after admission were measured via ELISA method. A total of 5 ml peripheral venous blood was collected, placed overnight at 4°C and centrifuged for 20 min at 2,000 × g. The supernatant was taken for detection. The kit was purchased from Sigma (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and the microplate reader was purchased from Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. (Hercules, CA, USA). The results were corrected by standard curve and detected 3 times to take the average.
Fasting, gastrointestinal decompression, intestinal probiotics, nutritional support and other conservative treatment were adopted in the treatment of NEC. If the condition of illness was not relieved, patients might suffer from the intestinal perforation or intestinal necrosis, so the surgical resection could be performed. The correlation between the above indexes and clinical prognosis was analyzed.
Statistical analysis
SPSS 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) software was used for statistical analysis. Measurement data were presented as mean ± standard deviation, independent sample t-test was used for comparison between two groups, one-way ANOVA was used for comparison among groups, and least significant difference t-test was used for pairwise comparison; repeated measurement ANOVA was used for comparison of data in different time points. Enumeration data were presented as case or percentage (%), and Chi-square test was used for comparison among groups; P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Dynamic evolution of serum TNF-α level
The serum TNF-α level in NEC and non-NEC group reached the peak at 24 h and fell at 72 h; there was no difference in each time point between the two groups (P>0.05), but the serum TNF-α level was higher than that in healthy group (P<0.05) (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
Detection of serum TNF-α levels in each group at different time points via ELISA method (#comparison among NEC, non-NEC and healthy group in the same time, P<0.05; the serum TNF-α level in NEC and non-NEC group reached the peak at 24 h and fell at 72 h; there was no difference in each time point between the two groups, but the serum TNF-α level was higher than that in healthy group). TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; NEC, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.
Dynamic evolution of serum IL-6 level
The serum IL-6 level in NEC and non-NEC group reached the peak at 24 h and fell at 72 h; there was no difference in each time point between the two groups (P>0.05), but the serum IL-6 level was higher than that in healthy group (P<0.05) (Fig. 2).
Figure 2.
Detection of serum IL-6 levels in each group at different time points via ELISA method (#comparison among NEC group, non-NEC group and healthy group in the same time, P<0.05; the serum IL-6 level in NEC group and non-NEC group reached the peak at 24 h and fell at 72 h; there was no difference in each time point between the two groups, but the serum IL-6 level was higher than that in healthy group). Interleukin 6, IL-6; NEC, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.
Dynamic evolution of serum I-FABP level
The level of serum I-FABP in NEC and non-NEC group reached the peak at 6 h, and it fell at 72 h in NEC group and 24 h in non-NEC group; the level of I-FABP in each time point in NEC group was significantly higher than that in non-NEC group, and the level was the lowest in healthy group; the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) (Fig. 3).
Figure 3.
Detection of serum I-FABP levels in each group at different time points via ELISA method (#comparison among NEC group, non-NEC group and healthy group in the same time, P<0.05; *comparison between NEC and non-NEC group, P<0.05; the level of serum I-FABP in NEC and non-NEC group reached the peak at 6 h, and it fell at 72 h in NEC group and 24 h in non-NEC group; the level of I-FABP in each time point in NEC group was significantly higher than that in non-NEC group, and the level was the lowest in healthy group; the differences were statistically significant). I-FABP, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein; NEC, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.
Clinical prognosis
There were 40 cases of survival and 5 cases of death (11.1%) in NEC group, while there were 43 cases of survival and 2 cases of death (4.4%) in non-NEC group. There were no differences in serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels in different time between surviving child patients and dead child patients in NEC group (P>0.05), but the levels of serum I-FABP in surviving child patients at 6 and 24 h were significantly lower than those in dead child patients (P<0.05), and there was no difference at 72 h (P>0.05). There were no differences in serum TNF-α, IL-6 and I-FABP levels in different time between surviving and dead child patients in non-NEC group (P>0.05) (Tables I and II).
Table I.
Serum TNF-α, IL-6 and I-FABP levels in different time between surviving child and dead child patients in NEC group (µmol/l).
| Serum levels | Surviving child patient (n=40) | Dead child patients (n=5) | t-test | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNF-α | ||||
| 6 h | 7.4±1.2 | 7.7±1.5 | 0.265 | 0.852 |
| 24 h | 15.9±2.5 | 16.6±2.8 | 0.452 | 0.659 |
| 72 h | 8.9±1.5 | 9.3±1.7 | 0.323 | 0.782 |
| IL-6 | ||||
| 6 h | 43.6±3.8 | 46.5±4.4 | 0.352 | 0.796 |
| 24 h | 95.7±6.6 | 98.2±6.8 | 0.421 | 0.765 |
| 72 h | 45.2±4.6 | 48.7±4.5 | 0.339 | 0.798 |
| I-FABP | ||||
| 6 h | 40.2±5.6 | 49.8±7.8 | 4.629 | 0.038 |
| 24 h | 44.5±8.2 | 56.9±12.2 | 5.352 | 0.027 |
| 72 h | 21.2±4.6 | 23.5±4.8 | 0.295 | 0.823 |
TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; interleukin 6, IL-6; I-FABP, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein; NEC, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.
Table II.
Serum TNF-α, IL-6 and I-FABP levels at different times between surviving and dead child patients in non-NEC group (µmol/l).
| Serum Levels | Surviving child patient (n=43) | Dead child patients (n=2) | t-test | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNF-α | ||||
| 6 h | 7.2±1.5 | 7.3±1.7 | 0.195 | 0.932 |
| 24 h | 14.8±4.6 | 15.2±4.8 | 0.325 | 0.768 |
| 72 h | 7.6±2.2 | 7.9±2.5 | 0.202 | 0.865 |
| IL-6 | ||||
| 6 h | 38.6±4.5 | 40.2±4.8 | 0.326 | 0.768 |
| 24 h | 81.2±6.7 | 82.5±6.9 | 0.425 | 0.772 |
| 72 h | 36.9±5.9 | 35.7±5.8 | 0.317 | 0.854 |
| I-FABP | ||||
| 6 h | 18.7±3.5 | 19.5±3.7 | 0.121 | 0.968 |
| 24 h | 30.2±5.4 | 32.3±5.6 | 0.232 | 0.854 |
| 72 h | 15.5±3.9 | 14.8±3.6 | 0.254 | 0.903 |
TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; interleukin 6, IL-6; I-FABP, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein; NEC, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.
Discussion
Previous studies only simply analyzed the diagnostic value of one kind of cytokine or I-FABP level in NEC, but this study compared and analyzed the diagnostic values of TNF-α, IL-6 and I-FABP levels and their dynamic evolution processes in the early diagnosis and clinical prognosis of NEC. The results showed that the levels of serum TNF-α and IL-6 in NEC and non-NEC group reached the peak at 24 h and fell at 72 h; there were no differences in each time point between the two groups, but the levels of serum TNF-α and IL-6 were higher than those in healthy group, suggesting that the inflammatory response represented by TNF-α and IL-6 plays an important role in NEC and many other severe neonatal diseases. TNF-α is an important nuclear transcriptional regulation factor in the body, which is transduced into the nucleus under the induction of a variety of stressors, such as infection and diarrhea, mediates multiple signaling transduction pathways, such as NF-κB, PI3K, Fas/FasL and MAPK, regulates a variety of genes, such as ILs, γ-IFN and VEGF, and participates in inflammatory response, oxidative stress, immune response, embryonic development, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis (9,10). IL-6 is an important pro-inflammatory mediator of the body and a pro-inflammatory factor of many other inflammatory cells and inflammatory media, which is one of the key factors leading to the inflammatory cascade and balance disorder (11,12).
The level of serum I-FABP in NEC and non-NEC group reached the peak at 6 h, and it fell at 72 h in NEC group and 24 h in non-NEC group; the level of I-FABP in each time point in NEC group was significantly higher than that in non-NEC group, and the level was the lowest in healthy group; the differences were statistically significant, suggesting that I-FABP level can be rapidly increased in the early stage of NEC, its peak is higher than that in other intestinal diseases, and the duration is also longer. NEC is characterized by ischemic necrosis of gastrointestinal tract and intestinal perforation. The pathogenesis involves intestinal hypoxia-ischemia, immature intestinal development, microbial reproduction and high immune response of intestinal mucosa (13,14). I-FABP is mainly distributed in villus cells in intestinal mucosa, which can be quickly released when intestinal ischemic injury occurs, enters the blood circulation through the cell membranes, capillaries, lymphatic capillaries and portal veins, and is finally discharged with urine from the body (15). And I-FABP in blood and urine can be stably maintained at room temperature for 24 h (16). Schurink et al (4) studied and pointed out that the I-FABP level changed with the development of NEC symptoms, reached the peak within 24 h and then fell; and the duration of peak of spontaneous intestinal perforation was prolonged. I-FABP level is related to the intestinal necrosis, and the higher the I-FABP level is, the worse the clinical prognosis will be (17).
The subgroup analysis in this study showed that there were no differences in serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels at different times between surviving and dead child patients in NEC group, but the levels of serum I-FABP in surviving child patients at 6 and 24 h were significantly lower than those in dead child patients, and there was no difference at 72 h. There were no differences in serum TNF-α, IL-6 and I-FABP levels at different times between surviving and dead child patients in non-NEC group. Therefore, we believe that the increased serum I-FABP level can be used as the sensitive and specific index of NEC, the early diagnosis can improve the recognition rate of disease, and its dynamic evolution may be an important index for early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of NEC. The shortcoming of this study is the smaller sample size, and the results need to be verified by larger-sample sizes in clinical randomized controlled trials.
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