Abstract
The Nyamiviridae is a family of viruses with unsegmented, negative-sense RNA genomes of 11.3–12.2 kb that produce enveloped, spherical virions. Viruses of the genus Nyavirus are tick-borne and some also infect birds. Other nyamiviruses infecting parasitoid wasps and plant parasitic nematodes have been classified into the genera Peropuvirus and Socyvirus, respectively. This is a summary of the current International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of Nyamiviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/nyamiviridae.
Keywords: Nyamiviridae, ICTV report, taxonomy, Nyamanini virus, Midway virus, soybean cyst nematode virus 1
Abbreviations
G, glycoprotein; L, large protein; M, matrix protein; N, nucleocapsid; P, phosphoprotein.
Virion
Virions are enveloped and spherical with a diameter of 100–130 nm (Table 1, Fig. 1) [1].
Table 1. Characteristics of the family Nyamiviridae.
| Typical member | Nyamanini virus (FJ554526), species Nyamanini nyavirus, genus Nyavirus |
|---|---|
| Virion | Enveloped, spherical particles, approximately 100–130 nm in diameter |
| Genome | Negative-sense, single-stranded, unsegmented RNA of 11.3–12.2 kb |
| Replication | Nuclear: the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase engages with ribonucleoprotein at the genome 3′ end |
| Translation | Individual putatively polyadenylated mRNAs are translated in the cytoplasm |
| Host range | Invertebrates: ticks, parasitoid wasps, nematodes; vertebrates: land- and seabirds |
| Taxonomy | The genera Nyavirus, Peropuvirus and Socyvirus include five species |
Fig. 1.
Transmission electron micrograph of Vero E6 cells infected with Sierra Nevada virus. High magnification of virions (V) budding from the cell surface. Mitochondria (M) are indicated for reference. Scale bar=1 µm. (Contributed by Dr Vsevolod Popov, Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA).
Genome
Nyamivirus negative-sense single-stranded RNA genomes range from 11.3 to 12.2 kb (Fig. 2). All known nyamiviruses have unsegmented genomes with five or six ORFs that encode the structural proteins. Among them are the nucleocapsid (N) protein, glycoprotein (G) and large (L) protein, which are identified based on sequence similarity and structural properties shared with mononegavirus homologues. Functions of the other encoded proteins are largely unknown but may be those of matrix (M) and polymerase cofactor [phospho- (P)] proteins.
Fig. 2.
Genome organization of viruses in the family Nyamiviridae. Boxes indicate the position and length of each ORF (numbered consecutively I–VI or I–V), with boxes that are in the same vertical position relative to the solid line (representing the genome) indicating ORFs that are in the same reading frame. Putative nucleocapsid (N) protein, phospho- (P) protein, glycoprotein (G) and large (L) protein ORFs are indicated. The number of nucleotides comprising each genome is indicated.
Replication
Knowledge about nyamivirus replication is limited. Nyamanini virus (genus Nyavirus) replicates in the nucleus of cells [2] by a complex consisting of the viral nucleoprotein (N), polymerase cofactor (P) and the large (L) protein which form an active RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that engages with the ribonucleoprotein at the 3′ end of the genome. mRNAs are transcribed processively from each gene (3′ to 5′). Nyaviral genes are separated by conserved motifs for transcription initiation and termination. Encoded core proteins, polymerase activity, nuclear replication and particle formation appear to be similar to members of the mononegaviral families Filoviridae and Bornaviridae.
Pathogenesis
Some nyavirus isolates cause cytopathic effects in tissue culture. Nyamanini virus causes plaques in duck embryo and rhesus monkey kidney cells and cytopathic effects in BHK-21 cells. Midway virus is cytopathic for BHK-21 cells and produces plaques in Vero cells.
Taxonomy
The Nyamiviridae family includes the three genera Nyavirus, Peropuvirus and Socyvirus. Nyamanini virus and Midway virus (genus Nyavirus) are tick-borne and infect birds, but it is unclear if tick-borne Sierra Nevada virus (genus Nyavirus) can also infect birds [2–5]. Soybean cyst nematode virus 1 (genus Socyvirus) infects plant parasitic nematodes [6], while Pteromalus puparum negative-strand RNA virus 1 (genus Peropuvirus) was isolated from parasitoid wasps [7]. Viruses assigned to each genus form a monophyletic clade on phylogenetic analysis of L protein sequences, although bootstrap support is weak. These viruses have a similar genomic organization, including the number and locations of genes identified by homology with those of other mononegaviruses (Fig. 2). Given the extent of divergence of viruses in the Peropuvirus genus from viruses in the rest of the family, this genus may, in the future, need to be reclassified outwith the family Nyamiviridae.
Resources
Full ICTV Online (10th) Report: www.ictv.global/report/nyamiviridae.
Funding information
This work was funded in part through Battelle Memorial Institute’s prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272200700016I (J.H.K). Production of this summary, the online chapter and associated resources was funded by a grant from the Wellcome Trust (WT108418AIA).
Acknowledgements
The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the US Department of Health and Human Services or of the institutions and companies affiliated with the authors. Members of the ICTV Report Consortium are Elliot J. Lefkowitz, Andrew J. Davison, Peter Simmonds, Sead Sabanadzovic, Donald B. Smith, Richard J. Orton and Stuart G. Siddell.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
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