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International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine logoLink to International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine
. 2017 Nov;15(11):679–686.

Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Mehdi Ranjbaran 1, Reza Omani Samani 1, Amir Almasi-Hashiani 1, Pegah Matourypour 2, Ashraf Moini 3,4
PMCID: PMC5780553  PMID: 29404529

Abstract

Background:

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common disorder characterized by physical, mental and behavioral changes in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in the reproductive age women.

Objective:

The present study aimed to determine the overall prevalence of PMS in Iran by a systematic review and meta-analysis study.

Materials and Methods:

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched international databases included ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, and also local databases including Iranmedex, Scientific Information Database, and Magiran for articles in English and Persian language published up to September 2016. We carried out data analysis with Stata version 11. We examined heterogeneity in the results of studies through I2 statistics and Chi-square based Q test. Also, we investigated the effects of potential heterogeneity factors in the prevalence of PMS by meta-regression.

Results:

We studied a total of 9147 reproductive-age women from 24 articles which entered to meta-analysis. Based on the result of random effect model, we estimated the overall prevalence of PMS 70.8% [95% CI: 63.8-77.7]. The results of subgroup analysis revealed that prevalence of PMS was 80.4% (95% CI; 66.9-93.9) among high school students, 68.9% (95% CI; 59.2-78.6) among university students, and 54.9% (95% CI; 51.6-58.2) in general population. Univariate meta-regression model showed that prevalence of PMS was decreased by increasing the age of subjects but this was not statistically significant (p=0.155).

Conclusion:

Our finding showed that PMS was prevalent in Iranian reproductive age women especially among high school students. More epidemiological research for determining factors that affect PMS prevalence seems essential.

Key Words: Premenstrual syndrome, Iran, Systematic review, Meta-analysis

Introduction

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common disorder characterized by physical, mental and behavioral changes in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in the reproductive age women (between menarche and menopause). PMS starts 6-12 days before menses and persists for two days (maximum four days) after the onset of menses (1, 2). Reproductive age in women; years of life between menarche and menopause, has different range among countries in the world but overall it is about 15-49 yr (3, 4).

Hippocrates was the first one who introduced the association between menstrual periods and behavioral changes (5). In 1931 Robert Frank an American physician at New York Academy of Medicine attributed these changes to ovarian dysfunction and used the term “premenstrual tension”. In the same year, Karen Horney believed that this syndrome can be caused by sexual desire and so-called “premenstrual syndrome” (5, 6).

Clinical symptoms of PMS include physical symptoms such as swelling, breast tenderness, headache, increased appetite, heart palpitations and behavioral and psychological symptoms such as depression, irritability, fatigue, aggression, suicidal tendencies, poor concentration, mood swings, and social withdrawal (5, 7, 8). PMS is the common untreated disorder and a public health problem among reproductive-age women, that, adversely affects mental well-being, quality of life and academic performance (9). Based on a systematic review and meta-analysis reported, the prevalence of PMS is 48% in the world (1). In addition, according to studies reported from Iran, the prevalence of PMS is varies between 30% and 99.5% (10-12).

In Iran, multiple social roles of women are determining their health status and leading to different health-related consequences. Thus, to plan the effective preventive intervention, providing valid and reliable evidence in this field is necessary because of the variability of the available studies results. Although recently reported reviews have provided useful results on other aspects of women health problem, there is no review of various studies result in Iran on the prevalence of PMS (13, 14).

Therefore present study was aimed to determine the overall prevalence of PMS as another health problem in women in Iran using systematic review and meta-analysis.

Materials and methods

Search strategy

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched international databases included ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed/ Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar and local databases including Iranmedex, Scientific Information Database, and Magiran systematically for both English and Persian language articles that published up to September 2016. We used keywords such as [(“Premenstrual Syndrome” OR “Menstrual disorders”) AND “Iran”].

Exclusion and inclusion criteria

We selected studies according to the following criteria: 1) the study published in English or Persian language and conducted in Iran 2) the study presented original data, and 3) the study reported the prevalence of PMS. We excluded studies in special populations such as employed women, studies with invalid tools for PMS, duplicated articles, and studies with design other than cross-sectional studies that not reported the prevalence of PMS.

Quality assessment

Two researchers independently assessed full text of eligible articles using strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology checklist and evaluated the main issues such as sampling method and validity of the measurements (15). In the case of disagreement, two reviewers discussed with a third reviewer to reach consensus.

Statistical analysis

We carried out data analysis by Stata version 11 software. We used the binomial distribution to calculate the standard error in each study. We examined the heterogeneity in the results of different studies through Chi-square based Q test with a significant level of p<0.1 and I2 statistics with values above 75% as significant heterogeneity (16). We used subgroup analysis to determine the pooled estimated of PMS prevalence based on the study population. Also, we investigated the effects of the potential heterogeneity factors in the prevalence of PMS by Moment base meta-regression model.

Results

Figure 1 displays the flowchart of article selection according to PRISMA flow diagram. In the first step, we identified 925 records through all databases search. After screening and removal of duplicate papers, 80 full-text papers identified for eligibility. Finally, 24 papers interred in this meta-analysis (5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 17-35).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Flowchart for selection of studies about the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in Iran

Table I shows the characteristics of 24 selected studies for the systematic review and meta-analysis. Total sample size in this 24 studies was 9147 reproductive age women.

Table I.

Characteristics of included studies in meta-analysis

References Location Subjects Diagnostic
criteria 		Mean age of participants (±SD) Number PMS
Rostami dovom (17) 4 Provinces* General population ACOG 32.9 ± 7.6 892 54.9
Mahmoodi (20) Tehran University students APA 18-23 255 78.43
Ramezanpour (5) Gonabad University students DRSP 20.77 ± 2.49 270 78.1
Shahghaibi (19) Sanandaj High school students RMQ gynecologist opinion 17-18 511 72.4
Bakhshandehnosrat (18) Golsetan Medical students ACOG 22.2 ± 2.5 162 57.4
Bakhshani (31) Zahedan University students RMQ 21.64 ± 2.13 300 98.2
Bakhshani (24) Zahedan High school students ACOG 14-18 142 83.1
Hariri (29) Tehran University students PSST 22.58 ± 3.16 925 30.7
Farrokh-eslamlou (30) Urmia Medical students DSM-IV - 142 39.4
Sadr (28) Tehran Medical students DSM-IV - 100 55
Delara (11) Sabzevar High school students PAS 15.76 ± 1.1 1379 99.5
Basirat (21) Babol High school students RMQ 16.03 ± 1.15 410 91.18
Ghafari (23) Ramsar High school students RMQ 16.5 ± 1.11 252 54.7
Talaei (22) Mashhad Medical students DSM-IV 22.45 ± 2.35 210 48.1
Jafarnejad (8) Mashhad Medical students DSM-IV - 115 56.52
Akaberian (10) Boushehr University students DSM-IV 20.88 ± 2.4 478 86.8
Alavi (25) Bandar Abbas Medical students ICD-10 22.4 302 54.9
Naeimi (6) Sistan and Baluchestan University students ACOG and DSM-IV - 201 85.6
Masoumi (32) Hamedan Medical students PMS symptoms questionnaire - 356 44.7
Barkhordari (33) Tehran Medical students DSM-IV 17-34 571 89.2
Amiri farahani (26) Arak Medical students Hallbridge et al. questionnaire 21.47 ± 2.55 500 96.6
Azarnive (27) Zabol University students DSM-IV 21.45 ± 2.34 240 75.8
Zandi (34) Parand-Tehran University students DSM-IV 22.87 ± 3.64 114 62.5
Nourjah (35) Tehran University students DSM-IV 18-24 320 98.2
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ACOG: American college of obstetricians and gynecologists

APA: American psychiatric association

DRSP: Daily record of severity of problems chart

RMQ: Researcher made questionnaire

PSST: Premenstrual symptoms screening tool

PAS: Premenstrual assessment scale

PMS: Premenstrual syndrome

*:

Qazvin, Golestan, Kermanshah and Hormozgan

The results of Chi-square test based on Q test and I2 statistics revealed high heterogeneity between the results of the studies (Q=4657.44, p<0.001, and I2=99.5%) and consequently, we used random effect model for the meta-analysis. As presented in figure 2, based on the result of this model we estimated the overall prevalence of PMS 70.8% (95% CI: 63.8-77.7). The size of each Rectangle represents the weight of each study and the lines around it were 95% confidence interval. Diamonds and the vertical dashed line represent the overall estimated prevalence.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Forest plot of studies about the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in Iran

The results of subgroup analysis revealed that prevalence of PMS was 80.4% (95% CI; 66.9-93.9) among high school students, 68.9% (95% CI; 59.2-78.6) among university students and 54.9% (95% CI; 51.6-58.2) among the general population (18-45 yr old). In addition subgroup analysis based on diagnostic criteria showed that prevalence is slightly low in DSM-IV (68.4%, 95% CI; 57.1-79.7) compared to other methods (72.1%, 95% CI; 62.2- 82.0). We used meta-regression model to determine the effect of some potential variable in heterogeneity between studies including the age of participant, sample size and year of study (Table II). The univariate model showed that prevalence of PMS was decreased by increasing the age of subjects but it was not statistically significant (Table II, Figure 3). The situation was similar for the year of study. Moreover, we didn’t find any association between sample size (p=0.459) and diagnostic criteria of studies (p=0.673) with the reported prevalence. Finally, we entered variables with p<0.2 into multiple model and results showed that none of them was significant (p>0.05).

Table II.

Meta regression analysis of suspected variables of heterogeneity in prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in Iran

Variable Univariate model
Adjusted model a
Coefficient SE p-value Coefficient SE p-value
Mean age of participants -0.0171 0.0115 0.155 -0.0160 0.0122 0.209
Sample size 0.0001 0.0001 0.459 - - -
Year of study -0.0164 0.0120 0.186 -0.0044 0.0134 0.720
Diagnostic criteriab -0.038 0.0889 0.673 - - -
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a

: For variables with p ≤0.2 in the univariate model (Mean age of participants and year of study)

b

: DSM-IV vs. other methods

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

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Meta-regression graph of the prevalence of PMS based on the age of subjects

Discussion

In this meta-analysis, we estimated the pooled prevalence of PMS in Iran and it was 70.8% (95% CI: 63.8-77.7). Based on the results of a meta-analysis of 17 studies recently reported by Direkvand-Moghadam and colleagues the overall prevalence of PMS in the world is 47.8% (1). They included only one study from Iran with a PMS prevalence of 98% (31) and reported that the highest prevalence among all studies has been seen in Iran. But the result of our study showed that, although the prevalence is higher in Iran than the world estimate, it does not reach 98% which reported in their study.

The prevalence of PMS was reported from Taiwan is 39.85% in female university students (36), and 12.2% in French which conducted among a nationally representative sample of women in reproductive age (37). Similarly, a study reported from India show 18.4% prevalence of PMS among college students (38). The results of our study were somewhat in agreement with the results of some studies that reported high prevalence of PMS such as; study in adolescent girls in Turkey with the prevalence of 61.4% (39), in Japanese high school students with the prevalence of 64.6% (40), in Spanish fertile age women with prevalence of 73.7% (41), and in female undergraduate students of the University of Calabar, Nigeria with the prevalence of 85.5% (42).

These differences between the studies are most probably due to the difference in their study population, sample size, design, and methods of PMS measurement (1, 37). Tolossa and Bekele believe that health sciences students have academic stress which causes high prevalence of PMS (43). Potter et al. believe that low prevalence in their study may be because of retrospective design of study and methods of data collection (37).

Direkvand-Moghadam and colleagues found that increase in sample size is related to a reduced prevalence of PMS. Also, they believe that factors such as physical activity and nutrition can be the source of heterogeneity in the prevalence of PMS among studies (1). In the study by Bianco et al. lifestyle, nutrition, and general health were associated with PMS (44).

In a study conducted among female students of Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, in northern Ethiopia in 2013, 83.2% of participants have had at least one PMS symptoms with their menstrual period but according to DSM-IV, the prevalence was 37.0% (43). Results of subgroup analysis based on diagnostic criteria in our study showed that, the prevalence was slightly low in DSM-IV method supporting this finding.

Age of participant might be other justification for differences in the results of studies because PMS is higher among the younger age group (45). As previously reported, the PMS prevalence in the French study among a nationally representative sample of women was low. In addition, the results of subgroup analysis in our study showed high prevalence among high school students who have a lower age, compare to college students of the general population and in meta-regression analysis; PMS was decreased by increasing the age of participant with a gentle slope. High stress in adolescents due to physiological changes, educational pressure and sexual health can lead to increased prevalence of PMS (46).

The main limitation of this systematic review and meta-analysis was the differences in diagnostic criteria of PMS between included studies, and due to the small number of studies in each criteria, we couldn’t perform subgroup analysis based oneach criteria and we only compared DSM-IV method with other criteria.

Conclusion

Our finding showed that PMS was prevalent in Iranian reproductive age women especially among high school students. More epidemiological research for determining factors associated with PMS seems essential.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Royan Institute, Iran for approval and financial support of study project. Funding: The research project was financially supported by Royan Institute of Iran.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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