Abstract
Background
Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is a secreted molecule that is regulated by inflammatory stimuli. Although inflammation has an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), little is known regarding the relationship between serum CyPA and COPD.
Methods
Ninety-three COPD patients with acute exacerbation were enrolled in the study and were reassessed during the convalescence phase. Eighty-eight controls were matched for age, gender, body mass index, smoking index and comorbidity. The basic clinical information and pulmonary function of all participants were collected. Serum levels of CyPA and other inflammation indexes were further measured.
Results
Serum CyPA was significantly increased in convalescent COPD patients compared to healthy controls, and further elevated in COPD patients with acute exacerbation. Serum CyPA positively correlated with serum interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in both the exacerbation and convalescence phases of COPD. Furthermore, it negatively correlated with percent value of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%) predicted and FEV1/forced vital capacity in convalescent COPD patients.
Conclusion
These results suggest that serum CyPA can be used as a potential inflammatory biomarker for COPD and assessment of serum CyPA may reflect the severity of inflammation in COPD.
Keywords: cyclophilin A, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, exacerbation, convalescence, inflammation
Introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible airflow limitation, chronic airway inflammation, and emphysema. The morbidity and mortality rates of COPD constantly increase partly because of environmental pollution and an aging population.1 It has become a challenging problem worldwide.
Several mechanisms have been involved in the pathogenesis of COPD, such as inflammation, oxidant–antioxidant imbalance, proteinase–antiproteinase imbalance, immunologic mechanisms, apoptosis, and ineffective repair.2 The inflammatory response has played an important role in the progression of COPD.3 Airway inflammation in COPD is characterized by the infiltration of T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.4 It has been shown that airway inflammation correlates with disease severity and pulmonary function in COPD, as they are able to induce tissue damage through the release of various oxidants and proteases.5 Not only airway inflammation, but also systemic inflammation is now recognized as an integral part of COPD pathogenesis.6 Serum C-reactive protein, a well-known systemic inflammatory marker, has been demonstrated to correlate with disease severity, acute exacerbation frequency, and prognosis of COPD.7 It has also been reported that several other serum biomarkers are used to assess systemic inflammation during the clinical course of COPD.8
Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is a ubiquitously expressed protein belonging to the immunophilin family, which shares peptidyl-prolylcis-trans isomerase activity and was first identified as a cytosolic binding protein of the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A in 1984.9,10 CyPA has been involved in a variety of physiologic and pathologic activities, including protein folding, trafficking, and T-cell activation.11 Although CyPA has initially demonstrated activity as an intracellular protein, it can be secreted into the extracellular environment in various cell types under inflammatory stimuli and oxidative stress.12 The increased serum levels of CyPA can be observed in patients with acute coronary syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease.13–15 Despite inflammation and oxidative stress playing important roles in the pathogenesis of COPD, little is known regarding the relationship between serum CyPA and COPD. Therefore, our present study was designed to investigate the alterations of serum CyPA during clinical recovery from COPD exacerbation as well as the correlations between serum CyPA and other inflammatory biomarkers.
Materials and methods
Reagents
CyPA, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were all purchased from Yuanye Biological Technology Co. Ltd (Shanghai, People’s Republic of China). The detection limit of the kits is 0.1 ng/mL for CyPA, 0.1 mg/L for hsCRP, 1 pg/mL for IL-6, and 1 ng/mL for MMP-9.
Patients and control subjects
COPD patients with acute exacerbation phase were admitted to the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, between January 2016 and December 2016. The diagnosis criteria of COPD and acute exacerbation phase were according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.16 Patients who had asthma, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, sleep apnea syndrome, cancer, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune diseases were excluded by medical history inquiry, physical examination, biochemical parameters determination (including autoantibodies and tumor markers), pulmonary function, electrocardiogram, ultrasonic cardiogram, and computed tomography. All enrolled patients were followed until the individual was medically stable enough to leave the hospital and not prone to acute exacerbation again. Patients who had adverse clinical outcomes were also excluded, including death from any cause in hospital, requiring mechanical ventilation and length of hospitalization time shorter than 1 day or longer than 30 days. Finally, 93 cases met the required inclusion and exclusion criteria, and were further evaluated 8 (interquartile range [IQR]: 7–11) days after the onset of exacerbation when they were convalescent. Healthy controls were recruited from the health examination center of the hospital, and 88 controls were matched with COPD patients for age, gender, body mass index, and smoking index. The present research was approved by the Research Committee of Human Investigation of Medical College of Xi’an Jiaotong University. All participants gave written informed consent.
Treatments of COPD
The routine treatments for exacerbated COPD during hospitalization were as follows: atomization inhalation of corticosteroids, β2-agonists, and anticholinergics, and intravenous infusions of methylprednisolone (with an initial dose of 40 mg daily), aminophylline, and expectorants. Antibiotics were administered if a bacterial infection was suspected and adjusted according to clinical symptoms and signs, sputum culture tests, and biochemical inflammatory markers. Oxygen was provided in order to maintain oxygen saturation $90%. Nebulized bronchodilators were prescribed for maintenance therapy upon discharge from the hospital.
Clinical variables
Variables including demographic data, smoking habits, course of disease, comorbidity condition, and respiratory symptoms were recorded on the day of admission. In consideration of severe breathing difficulties, exacerbated COPD patients did not perform pulmonary function examination. When they were stable enough to perform the spirometer maneuver before leaving the hospital, pulmonary function was assessed by an experienced technician. The basic clinical information and pulmonary function of healthy controls were also collected.
Sample collection and measurement
Venous blood samples of COPD patients were collected at the beginning of hospitalization (exacerbation) and at the end of hospitalization (convalescence). In addition, samples of healthy controls were collected upon healthy examination. Blood samples were centrifuged at 1000× g at 4°C for 20 min. And then serum was separated and stored at −80°C until further analysis. Routine blood testing was conducted for determining white blood cells (WBC) and neutrophil% by an autoanalyser (Sysmex XE-2100, Kobe, Japan) in the clinical laboratory. Serum concentrations of CyPA, hsCRP, IL-6, and MMP-9 were determined by commercial sandwich ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All the samples from each participant were measured in the same assay to reduce interassay variability.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS version 17.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). All data were examined with Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for normal distribution. Continuous variables were presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) according to the distribution state. Categorical variables were presented as a percentage. Normally distributed data were analyzed using Student’s t-tests, non-normally distributed data were compared using Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test, and categorical variables were compared with χ2 test. Correlation coefficients between CyPA levels and other laboratory values were analyzed by partial correlation with age, body mass index, and course of disease as continuous variables, and gender, smoking status, and presence of hypertension as dichotomous variables. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between CyPA and age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, course of disease, hypertension, and disease status. A value of P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Table 1 summarizes the clinical characteristics of all study participants. The groups were well matched with respect to age, gender, body mass index, and smoking index. The proportion of subjects with hypertension was similar between COPD patients and healthy controls (P=0.672). The course of COPD was 10 (IQR: 4.5–13.5) years and median hospitalization time of those patients with exacerbated COPD was 8 (IQR: 7–11) days.
Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the study population
| Parameter | COPD | Control | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 93 | 88 | |
| Age (years) | 63.9±7.29 | 62.7±5.29 | 0.232 |
| Gender (male %) | 77.4 | 78.4 | 0.873 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.4±3.76 | 24.2±2.59 | 0.107 |
| Never smokers (%) | 32.3 | 37.5 | 0.459 |
| Smoking index (pack-years)* | 46.8±23.0 | 43.3±26.5 | 0.447 |
| Hypertension (%) | 18.3 | 15.9 | 0.672 |
| Course of disease (years) | 10 (4.5–13.5) | NA | |
| Hospitalization time (days) | 8 (7–11) | NA | |
| Medication | |||
| Inhaled bronchodilators (%) | 100 | 0 | NA |
| Inhaled corticosteroids (%) | 55.9 | 0 | NA |
Notes: Data are expressed as mean ± SD or percentage or median (interquartile range).
Includes current and former smokers.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NA, not applicable.
Figure 1 shows the parameters of pulmonary function including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC ratio. Compared to healthy controls, FVC% predicted and FEV1% predicted in the convalescent COPD patients were both significantly decreased (76.4±14.4 versus 85.7±10.3 and 46.1±9.92 versus 90.4±10.0, respectively, both P<0.001). The ratio of FEV1/FVC in convalescent COPD patients was lower than that in the healthy control group (45.8±10.4 versus 89.3±6.40, P<0.001).
Figure 1.
Pulmonary function of convalescent COPD patients (n=93) and healthy controls (n=88).
Notes: The parameters of pulmonary function including FVC% predicted (A), FEV1% predicted (B) and FEV1/FVC (C) were collected. Data are mean ± SD. *P<0.05.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity.
Serum concentration of CyPA in COPD patients with exacerbation phase was significantly higher than in the convalescence phase (4.97±0.68 versus 4.02±0.63 ng/mL, P<0.001). Moreover, CyPA serum concentration in convalescent COPD patients was notably increased compared to healthy controls (4.02±0.63 versus 3.36±0.51 ng/mL, P<0.001, Figure 2A). Serum levels of hsCRP were 10.2 (IQR: 9.47–11.3) mg/L in exacerbated COPD, 7.86 (IQR: 7.20–8.80) mg/L in convalescent COPD, and 6.89 (IQR: 6.07–7.68) mg/L in healthy controls, and all the differences were significant (P<0.001, Figure 2B). Serum concentrations of IL-6 and MMP-9 in the exacerbation phase of COPD were significantly higher than those in the convalescence phase (39.6±5.81 versus 28.1±4.93 pg/mL and 341±51.5 versus 269±41.6 pg/mL, respectively, both P<0.001). Compared to healthy controls, serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 in the convalescent COPD patients were also higher (28.1±4.93 versus 21.5±4.13 pg/mL and 269±41.6 versus 205±30.5 pg/mL, respectively, both P<0.001, Figure 2C and D). In addition, there was a significant decline in WBC and neutrophil% from the exacerbation to the convalescence phase of COPD (P=0.047 and P<0.001, respectively). Furthermore, the values of WBC and neutrophil% further decreased in healthy controls (both P<0.001, Figure 2E and F).
Figure 2.
Inflammation indexes in COPD patients with exacerbation and convalescence phases (n=93) and healthy controls (n=88).
Notes: Serum levels of CyPA (A), hsCRP (B), IL-6 (C) and MMP-9 (D) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and values of WBC (E) and neutrophil% (F) were determined by an autoanalyser. *P<0.05 versus the exacerbated COPD patients, and **P<0.05 versus the convalescent COPD patients.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CyPA, cyclophilin A; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; WBC, white blood cells.
The partial correlation coefficients of serum CyPA with other laboratory parameters after adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, smoking index, course of disease, and comorbidity are presented in Tables 2 and 3. During the exacerbation and convalescence phases of COPD, serum CyPA values positively correlated with hsCRP (r=0.442 and 0.441, both P<0.05), IL-6 (r=0.343 and 0.307, both P<0.05), and MMP-9 (r=0.749 and 0.778, both P<0.05). Serum CyPA was also positively correlated with WBC and neutrophil% in exacerbated COPD patients (r=0.386 and 0.254, both P<0.05), but there were no statistical correlations between CyPA and WBC as well as neutrophil% in convalescent COPD patients (r=0.197 and 0.164, both P>0.05). During the convalescence phase of COPD, there was no statistical correlation between CyPA and FVC% predicted (r=−0.154, P=0.154). In addition, CyPA negatively correlated with FEV1% predicted (r=−0.271, P=0.011) and FEV1/FVC (r=−0.291, P=0.006) in convalescent COPD patients.
Table 2.
Partial correlation coefficients of CyPA with laboratory parameters in exacerbated COPD
| Variables | r | P-value |
|---|---|---|
| hsCRP | 0.442 | <0.001 |
| IL-6 | 0.343 | 0.001 |
| MMP-9 | 0.749 | <0.001 |
| WBC | 0.386 | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil% | 0.254 | 0.017 |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CyPA, cyclophilin A; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; WBC, white blood cells.
Table 3.
Partial correlation coefficients of CyPA with laboratory parameters in convalescent COPD
| Variables | r | P-value |
|---|---|---|
| hsCRP | 0.441 | <0.001 |
| IL-6 | 0.307 | 0.004 |
| MMP-9 | 0.778 | <0.001 |
| WBC | 0.197 | 0.067 |
| Neutrophil% | 0.164 | 0.128 |
| FVC (% predicted) | −0.154 | 0.154 |
| FEV1 (% predicted) | −0.271 | 0.011 |
| FEV1/FVC | −0.291 | 0.006 |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CyPA, cyclophilin A; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; WBC, white blood cells; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second.
Multivariate linear regression analysis with CyPA as the dependent variable showed that COPD disease status was the only major influence factor affecting CyPA (unadjusted r2=0.400, adjusted r2=0.376), while age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, course of disease, and hypertension did not appear to be significant factors influencing CyPA (Table 4).
Table 4.
Multivariate linear regression of COPD patients with CyPA as the dependent variable
| Variables | Nonstandard coefficient | Standard coefficient | t | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | 4.759 | 8.328 | 0.000 | |
| Age | 0.008 | 0.072 | 1.112 | 0.268 |
| Gender | 0.138 | 0.072 | 0.895 | 0.372 |
| Body mass index | 0.005 | 0.023 | 0.390 | 0.697 |
| Smoking status | 0.136 | 0.128 | 1.631 | 0.105 |
| Course of disease | 0.000 | −0.010 | −0.162 | 0.871 |
| Hypertension | 0.152 | 0.073 | 1.174 | 0.242 |
| Disease status | −0.954 | −0.591 | −10.186 | 0.000 |
Notes: Definition of gender: male =1, female =2; smoking status: current smokers =1, former smokers =2, never smokers =3; hypertension: presence of hypertension =1, nonpresence of hypertension =2; disease status: exacerbated COPD =1, convalescent COPD=2.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CyPA, cyclophilin A.
Discussion
CyPA is evolutionarily well conserved and expressed in all cells of organisms in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.17 It is mainly localized in the cytoplasm and shows a variety of intracellular functions, including intracellular signaling, protein trafficking, and the regulation of other protein activities.11 CyPA can also be secreted into the extracellular environment from various cell types in response to infection, hypoxia, and oxidative stress.18–20 However, the concrete mechanism by which CyPA is secreted from cells is still unclear and may be associated with the acetylation of CyPA.21 The secreted form of CyPA is known to function as an autocrine/paracrine factor, which mediates intercellular signal communication.22
Current studies have demonstrated that CyPA is involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, viral infection, cancer, nervous system degeneration, asthma, and periodontitis.18,23–29 Proteomic analysis has found that the expression of CyPA is upregulated in smokers and particularly notable in COPD smokers.30 However, alterations of serum CyPA in COPD patients remain unclear. Our present study showed that serum CyPA levels were increased in convalescent COPD patients compared to healthy controls, and further elevated in COPD patients with acute exacerbation. The major reason for the upregulation of serum CyPA concentration in COPD patients may be due to the inflammatory stimuli and oxidative stress. In addition, it has been reported that extracellular CyPA binds to extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN, CD147) and thereby initiates a cascade of inflammatory processes such as leucocyte chemotaxis and induction of MMP-9 and IL-6 expression.31,32 Therefore, we further evaluated serum concentrations of IL-6 and MMP-9 in COPD patients. Serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 were also increased in convalescent COPD patients and further increased in exacerbated COPD patients. Correlation analysis showed that CyPA positively correlated with IL-6 and MMP-9 in COPD patients with acute exacerbation and convalescence phases, suggesting that CyPA can strengthen its effect through the induction of IL-6 and MMP-9 expression.
COPD is characterized not only by local pulmonary inflammation, but also by systemic inflammation.33 Various systemic inflammatory markers, including WBC, neutrophil%, mean platelet volume, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hsCRP, D-dimer, cystatin C, and inflammatory cytokines have been used for the assessment of inflammation during COPD progression.7,8,34–36 This study found that hsCRP, WBC, and neutrophil% were significantly increased in both the exacerbation and convalescence phases of COPD, indicating that the inflammatory response persists through the convalescence phase. Correlation analysis showed that serum CyPA positively correlated with hsCRP during the exacerbation and convalescence phases of COPD, and negatively correlated with FEV1% predicted and FEV1/FVC in the convalescence phase. These results suggested that serum CyPA may be another inflammatory marker for COPD. In addition, the results of multivariate linear regression analysis suggested that age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, course of disease, and complication with hypertension did not significantly affect serum CyPA concentration, and COPD disease status was found to be the only major factor.
The strengths of our present study are the well-matched controls and direct comparison of CyPA at different phases of COPD. As diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease affect serum CyPA expression,13,14 we ruled out these comorbidities in this study. It has also been reported that plasma CyPA level is influenced by essential hypertension,37 so the patients and controls were well matched for hypertension proportion in the present study. Moreover, our results first suggest that serum CyPA may be a potential inflammatory biomarker for COPD. However, we should confirm that there are some limitations in this study. First, treatments of COPD patients may influence the statistical results among the three groups. Second, the pulmonary function of exacerbated COPD patients is absent. Third, the sample size in this study was not large. Finally, our study excluded COPD patients with comorbidities, so the results may not be generalized to all COPD patients.
In conclusion, this study shows that serum CyPA levels were increased in convalescent COPD patients compared to healthy controls, and further elevated in COPD patients with acute exacerbation. Moreover, serum CyPA positively correlated with hsCRP, IL-6, and MMP-9 in COPD with convalescence and exacerbation phases, and negatively correlated with FEV1% predicted and FEV1/FVC in convalescent COPD patients. Serum CyPA may be a reliable biomarker for assessing the systemic inflammatory response in COPD progression.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No 81600030), Natural Science Basic Research Project of Shaanxi Province (No 2016JQ8048), and Research Funds of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (No RC(XM)201604).
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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