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The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics logoLink to The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
. 2018 Feb;364(2):359–366. doi: 10.1124/jpet.117.246082

Inhibition of Cocaine and 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) Self-Administration by Lorcaserin Is Mediated by 5-HT2C Receptors in Rats

Brenda M Gannon 1, Agnieszka Sulima 1, Kenner C Rice 1, Gregory T Collins 1,✉
PMCID: PMC5787931  PMID: 29217539

Abstract

Lorcaserin is a serotonin (5-HT)2C receptor-preferring agonist approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat obesity. Lorcaserin decreases cocaine self-administration in rats and monkeys. Although this effect is partially inhibited by a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist (SB242084), lorcaserin also has effects at 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors, and the relative contribution of these receptors to its anti-cocaine effects has not been investigated. The goals of this study were to determine 1) the potency and effectiveness of lorcaserin to decrease self-administration of cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a common “bath salts” constituent; and 2) the receptor(s) mediating the effects of lorcaserin on cocaine and MDPV self-administration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6) were trained to self-administer MDPV under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement and maintained under this schedule with daily access to 0.32 mg/kg per infusion of cocaine or 0.032 mg/kg per infusion of MDPV. Dose-response curves for the effects of lorcaserin on cocaine and MDPV self-administration were generated by administering lorcaserin (0.1–5.6 mg/kg) 25 minutes before the start of the session. To assess the effects of 5-HT2C (SB242084, 0.1 mg/kg), 5-HT2A (MDL100907, 0.1 mg/kg), and 5-HT1A (WAY100635, 0.178 mg/kg) receptor antagonists, they were administered 15 minutes before lorcaserin. Lorcaserin decreased cocaine and MDPV self-administration with equal potency. Antagonism of 5-HT2C (but not 5-HT1A or 5-HT2A) receptors blocked the effects of lorcaserin on cocaine and MDPV self-administration. Taken together, these data provide additional support for further development of 5-HT2C receptor agonists, such as lorcaserin, for the treatment of stimulant abuse.

Introduction

Globally, stimulants (e.g., amphetamines, cocaine, synthetic cathinones) are one of the most widely used classes of drugs (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2016). Although these drugs interact with dopamine (DAT), serotonin, and norepinephrine transporters to inhibit monoamine uptake (i.e., cocaine-like monoamine uptake inhibitor) or stimulate release (i.e., amphetamine-like monoamine transporter substrate), the abuse-related effects of stimulants are mediated primarily by their capacity to enhance dopaminergic neurotransmission (e.g., Ritz et al., 1987; Gannon et al., 2017b). Because of this central role for dopamine in reward and reinforcement, efforts to develop medications to treat stimulant abuse have largely focused on drugs that target dopamine systems. Agonist-based replacement strategies (e.g., direct and indirect dopamine receptor agonists) and antagonist treatments, which aim to block the effects of stimulants at their site(s) of action (e.g., atypical DAT inhibitors and DAT receptor antagonists) have been largely unsuccessful. Thus, significant efforts have been made to develop drugs capable of modulating/dampening the effects of stimulants through non-dopamine sites of actions [e.g., serotonin (5-HT) systems]. In particular, mounting evidence suggests that 5-HT2 receptors play important roles in modulating dopamine neurotransmission, with 5-HT2C receptor agonists capable of decreasing the activity of dopamine systems (for review, see Howell and Cunningham, 2015). Consistent with this idea, several 5-HT2C receptor agonists have been shown to decrease the abuse-related effects of stimulants, such as cocaine, in rats and monkeys (e.g., Grottick et al., 2000; Fletcher et al., 2004; Manvich et al., 2012).

Despite promising effects in preclinical studies, agonists such as Ro 60-075 and m-CPPP are not suitable for use in humans because of a high likelihood of adverse effects (e.g., perceptual effects/hallucination, cardiovascular toxicity) linked to agonist actions at 5-HT2A, and/or 5-HT2B receptors, respectively (Rothman and Baumann, 2009; Nichols, 2014). Lorcaserin is a 5-HT receptor agonist that is ∼19-fold selective for 5-HT2C over 5-HT2A receptors and ∼105-fold selective for 5-HT2C over 5-HT2B receptors that has been shown to decrease food intake and weight gain in rats (Thomsen et al., 2008). Similar reductions in body weight were observed in a multicenter, placebo-controlled clinical trial of lorcaserin (Smith et al., 2010), and in 2012 lorcaserin was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of obesity in adults (Colman et al., 2012). In addition to providing a novel treatment of obesity, the approval of lorcaserin for use in humans provides a translational opportunity to evaluate the effects of a 5-HT2C receptor agonist in both preclinical and clinical settings. Indeed, when evaluated in rats and monkeys, lorcaserin has also produced dose-dependent reductions in the self-administration of stimulants, such as cocaine and methamphetamine (Collins et al., 2016b; Gerak et al., 2016; Harvey-Lewis et al., 2016). Similarly, lorcaserin has been reported to decrease the self-administration of other drug reinforcers, including nicotine, alcohol, and oxycodone (Levin et al., 2011; Higgins et al., 2012; Rezvani et al., 2014; Neelakantan et al., 2017), suggesting that lorcaserin might have a more general effect on decreasing drug-maintained behavior. Although the capacity of a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist (SB242084) to at least partially inhibit the effects of lorcaserin on drug self-administration (Higgins et al., 2012; Harvey-Lewis et al., 2016; Neelakantan et al., 2017) suggests that these effects are mediated by the 5-HT2C receptor, the single-dose design of these experiments did not allow for the nature of the antagonist effects to be characterized (e.g., competitive and surmountable, irreversible, etc.). It is also important to note that these studies reported decreases in drug self-administration at doses of lorcaserin (∼0.6–1 mg/kg) that are ∼20- to 30-fold larger than those required to induce yawning, a 5-HT2C receptor-mediated effect, and comparable to those that have been shown to produce 5-HT2A receptor-mediated effects in rats (Serafine et al., 2015, 2016). Moreover, because previous studies have examined only the interactions between lorcaserin and 5-HT2C antagonists, it is currently unclear whether the actions of lorcaserin at other 5-HT receptors (e.g., 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors) also contribute to the capacity of lorcaserin to decrease the reinforcing effects of stimulant drugs.

Accordingly, the main goals of the current study were to 1) compare directly the effectiveness of lorcaserin to decrease the self-administration of two different stimulant drugs, cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a synthetic cathinone that has cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects (Gatch et al., 2013; Collins et al., 2016a; Gannon et al., 2016; Berquist and Baker, 2017) and is self-administered by rats (e.g., Aarde et al., 2013; Watterson et al., 2014; Schindler et al., 2016; Gannon et al., 2017a,c,d); and 2) characterize the relative contribution of 5-HT2C, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT1A receptors to these effects of lorcaserin by evaluating the capacity of antagonists selective for these 5-HT receptors to shift the dose-response curve for lorcaserin to decrease the self-administration of cocaine and MDPV.

Materials and Methods

Subjects

Six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (275–300 g) were obtained from Harlan (Indianapolis, IN). Rats were individually housed for the duration of the study in a temperature- and light-controlled vivarium (24°C; 14/10-hour light/dark cycle) with free access to tap water and Purina rat chow. All procedures were in accordance with the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, and the eighth edition of the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council, 2011).

Experimental History

Surgery.

Rats were implanted surgically with a chronic indwelling catheter in the left femoral vein under 2% isoflurane anesthesia as previously described (Gannon et al., 2017c,d), with catheters attached subcutaneously to a vascular access button between the scapulae. Rats were allotted 5–7 days to recover from surgery, during which time catheters were flushed daily with 0.5 ml of heparinized saline (100 U/ml).

Behavioral History.

All rats used in this study had previously contributed to studies reported in Gannon et al. (2017c). Briefly, rats were trained to self-administer 0.032 mg/kg per infusion MDPV during daily 90-minute sessions conducted under a FR1: timeout 5-second schedule of reinforcement. Rats were then allowed to respond for MDPV, cocaine, or methamphetamine under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement where response requirement for any given infusion was determined by the equation: response requirement = [5e^ (infusion no. × 0.2)]−5 (Richardson and Roberts, 1996), with sessions ending if the next infusion was not earned within 45 minutes. For the current studies, rats were allowed to self-administer either 0.32 mg/kg per infusion of cocaine or 0.032 mg/kg per infusion MDPV under this same PR schedule of reinforcement.

Catheter Maintenance.

Catheter patency was verified by flushing 0.2 ml of saline before and 0.5 ml of heparinized saline (100 U/ml) after daily operant sessions. If pressure was noted during saline flushes, catheters were tested with an infusion of 3 mg/kg methohexital. Catheters were considered to have lost patency if the rat failed to exhibit rapid loss of righting reflex during the methohexital challenge. If a catheter was no longer patent, a second surgery was performed to place a catheter in the right femoral vein.

Apparatus

Experimental sessions were conducted during the light cycle in standard operant conditioning chambers (Med Associates Inc., St. Albans, VT) contained within sound-attenuating cubicles. Each chamber contained two response levers located on one wall with a set of three lights (red, yellow, and green) mounted above each lever. A house light was located at the top of the wall opposite the levers. Drug solutions were delivered by a variable speed syringe pump through Tygon tubing connected to a swivel and tether, which was secured by a counterbalanced arm.

Self-Administration

For the current study, rats were first provided access to cocaine (0.32 mg/kg per infusion) or MDPV (0.032 mg/kg per infusion) under a PR schedule of reinforcement. Doses of cocaine and MDPV were chosen because they maintained similar levels of responding under this PR schedule of reinforcement (i.e., functionally equivalent doses) (Gannon et al., 2017c). During baseline conditions, rats received vehicle treatments 40 and 25 minutes before the start of the self-administration session. Once the stability criterion was met (two consecutive sessions where the number of infusions of cocaine or MDPV obtained differed by ≤2), lorcaserin was administered 15 minutes, after vehicle (which was administered 40 minutes before the start of the session). Each dose of lorcaserin was tested for at least 2 consecutive days and until responding stabilized. After each dose of lorcaserin was tested, rats were returned to baseline conditions to ensure that responding maintained by cocaine or MDPV did not change over time. Lorcaserin doses (0.1–3.2 mg/kg, 1/2 log-unit doses) were tested in random order, and the dose of lorcaserin that decreased the number of infusions by more than 50% (relative to the baseline session immediately preceding the test) was noted for individual rats. Each rat was subsequently tested with a dose of lorcaserin 1/4 log-unit smaller to identify the first quarter log-unit dose of lorcaserin that reduced self-administration of cocaine or MDPV by at least 50%. This dose of lorcaserin is hereafter referred to as “dose X.” If 3.2 mg/kg lorcaserin did not reduce self-administration to at least 50% of baseline, a larger dose (5.6 mg/kg) of lorcaserin was tested. After determining the dose X of lorcaserin for each subject, lorcaserin doses one-quarter and one-half log-unit less than dose X (i.e., dose X–0.25 log units, and X–0.5 log units) were assessed if these doses had not previously been evaluated (see Fig. 1). To determine whether the effects of dose X of lorcaserin could be surmounted, the effects of lorcaserin (dose X) were also evaluated during sessions in which responding was reinforced by a larger unit dose of cocaine (1.78 mg/kg per infusion) or MDPV (0.178 mg/kg per infusion).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

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Dose-dependent attenuation of self-administration of 0.32 mg/kg per inf cocaine (circles) and 0.032 mg/kg per inf MDPV (squares) by lorcaserin in individual subjects (n = 6, first and second rows) and at the group level (bottom row). Abscissa: V represents vehicle pretreatment, whereas numbers refer to the dose of lorcaserin administered (intraperitoneally) 25 minutes before the self-administration session, expressed as milligrams per kilogram on a log scale. Ordinate: total number of infusions earned in the self-administration session. Filled symbols indicate the first dose of lorcaserin that decreased the number of infusions earned by ≥50% for each individual subject (i.e., dose X of lorcaserin).

To determine the relative contribution of 5-HT2C, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT1A receptors to the capacity of lorcaserin to inhibit stimulant self-administration, rats were treated with 0.1 mg/kg of the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084, 0.1 mg/kg of the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL100907, or 0.178 mg/kg of the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635, 15 minutes before lorcaserin (i.e., 40 minutes before the start of the self-administration session). The doses of SB242084, MDL100907, and WAY100635 were selected based on literature reports that they effectively antagonize the hypolocomotor effects of a 5-HT2C agonist (Kennett et al., 1997), the rate decreasing effects of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist (Li et al., 2011), and the induction of fore paw treading by a 5-HT1A receptor agonist (Serafine et al., 2015), respectively. Each antagonist was evaluated as a pretreatment to at least three lorcaserin doses (dose X, X−0.25 log units, and X–0.5 log units). Antagonists were tested in random order, with the doses of lorcaserin also evaluated in random order; however, all dose combinations for a given antagonist were evaluated before testing the next antagonist. If the antagonist shifted the dose-response curve of lorcaserin to the right, it was also evaluated as a pretreatment to larger doses of lorcaserin (e.g., X + 0.25 log units, X + 0.5 log units, etc.) until lorcaserin decreased the self-administration of cocaine (0.32 mg/kg per infusion) or MDPV (0.032 mg/kg per infusion) by at least 50% in all subjects. Antagonism data were collected during single session tests that were preceded by a session conducted under baseline conditions (i.e., two vehicle pretreatments).

Drugs

Lorcaserin hydrochloride was purchased from MedChem Express (Monmouth Junction, NJ). MDPV and R-(1)-2,3-dimethoxyphenyl-1-[2-(4-piperidine)-methanol] (MDL100907) were synthesized in the Drug Design and Synthesis Section of the National Institute on Drug Abuse by Dr. Agnieszka Sulima and/or Dr. Kenner Rice. SB242084 hydrochloride was purchased from Abcam, (Cambridge, MA). N-(2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl)-N-(2-pyridyl)cyclohexane-carboxamide (WAY100635) was generously provided by Dr. Adrian Newman-Tancredi (Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Castres, France). Cocaine hydrochloride was provided by the NIDA Drug Supply Program (Bethesda, MD). All drugs (except MDL100907) were dissolved in sterile 0.9% saline; MDL100907 was dissolved in 20% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO; v/v). Lorcaserin, SB242084, MDL100907, WAY100635, and their respective vehicles were administered intraperitoneally in a volume of 1 ml/kg body weight. Cocaine and MDPV were administered intravenously in a volume of 0.1 ml/kg body weight.

Data Analysis

Graphical presentations of self-administration data depict the mean ±S.E.M. number of infusions of cocaine (0.32 or 1.78 mg/kg per infusion) or MDPV (0.032 or 0.178 mg/kg per infusion) obtained for the two sessions in which the stability criteria were met. Lorcaserin dose-response data represent the mean (±S.E.M.) number of infusions of cocaine or MDPV obtained as a function of the pretreatment dose of lorcaserin. Dose X of lorcaserin was operationally defined as the first quarter log-unit dose of lorcaserin that reduced the number of infusions obtained to at least 50% of baseline for an individual subject. Group data were normalized using dose X of lorcaserin and are therefore presented as the mean (±S.E.M.) of the number of infusions of cocaine or MDPV obtained as a function of the dose lorcaserin relative to dose X. Repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance (lorcaserin dose × self-administered drug), followed by pairwise comparisons using the Holm-Sidak method to correct for multiple analyses, were used to determine whether the effects of lorcaserin varied as a function of the drug that was available for self-administration (i.e., cocaine or MDPV).

To determine whether the effects of lorcaserin could be surmounted by a larger unit dose of cocaine or MDPV, we compared the slope of the cocaine (0.32–1.78 mg/kg per infusion) and MDPV (0.032–0.178 mg/kg per infusion) self-administration dose-response curves obtained under vehicle and lorcaserin (dose X) conditions. The potency of lorcaserin to decrease cocaine and MDPV self-administration by 50% (ID50) was obtained for individual subjects by linear regression of dose-response data spanning the 80%–20% effect levels normalized to baseline conditions (i.e., percentage of baseline infusions). Potency measures are reported in Table 1 and represent the mean ID50 ± 95% confidence intervals. For each 5-HT antagonist, potency ratios were calculated using individual subject data (antagonist ID50/vehicle ID50). Antagonists that resulted in a potency ratio for which the 95% confidence interval did not include 1 were considered to have significantly altered the effects of lorcaserin. GraphPad Prism 7 (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA) was used to plot figures and perform statistical analyses.

TABLE 1 .

Potency of lorcaserin to decrease cocaine and MDPV self-administration

ID50 (95% CI)
 Potency Ratio (95% CI)
Pretreatment 5-HT Receptor Subtype Cocaine MDPV Cocaine MDPV
+Vehicle — 2.32 (1.38, 3.89) 2.13 (1.33, 3.40) — —
+0.1 mg/kg SB242084 5-HT2C 7.42* (4.83, 11.40) 7.46* (3.43, 16.22) 3.31* (2.52, 4.11) 4.12* (1.78, 6.45)
+0.1 mg/kg MDL100907 5-HT2A 2.44 (1.32, 4.50) 2.41 (1.43, 4.06) 1.14 (0.71, 1.57) 1.16 (0.95, 1.36)
+0.178 mg/kg WAY100635 5-HT1A 2.89 (1.55, 5.41) 2.16 (1.10, 4.24) 1.41 (0.66, 2.17) 1.10 (0.74, 1.46)
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*

Significantly different from vehicle control conditions.

Results

Figure 1 shows the number of infusions of cocaine (0.32 mg/kg per infusion, circles) or MDPV (0.032 mg/kg per infusion, squares) earned under a PR schedule of reinforcement as a function of lorcaserin dose in individual subjects. Under vehicle pretreatment conditions, rats earned a comparable number of infusions of 0.32 mg/kg per infusion of cocaine (20.17 ± 1.20 infusions) and 0.032 mg/kg per infusion of MDPV (22.92 ± 0.90 infusions), suggesting that these doses were functionally equivalent to one another. When administered as a 25-minute pretreatment, lorcaserin dose dependently decreased the self-administration of both cocaine and MDPV to a similar extent and over a similar range of doses (within subjects). Because the dose of lorcaserin required to decrease responding by ≥50% (filled symbols) differed among subjects (1.0–5.6 mg/kg), group data were normalized to the first quarter-log dose of lorcaserin that decreased cocaine and MDPV self-administration by ≥50% (i.e., dose X) (Fig. 1, bottom row). When analyzed at the group level, a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures revealed a main effect of lorcaserin dose [F(3,30) = 109.8, P < 0.0001] that did not differ as a function of the drug that was available for self-administration (cocaine or MDPV) [F(1,10) = 2.01, P = 0.19).

Figure 2 shows the effects of dose X of lorcaserin when a larger dose of cocaine (1.78 mg/kg per infusion) or MDPV (0.178 mg/kg per infusion) was available for self-administration. Unlike the nearly complete inhibition of responding when dose X of lorcaserin was administered before sessions in which rats responded for 0.32 mg/kg per infusion cocaine (2.42 ± 0.89 infusions) or 0.032 mg/kg per infusion of MDPV (2.50 ± 0.86 infusions), when larger doses of cocaine or MDPV were available, rats earned 12.00 ± 3.86 infusions of cocaine and 18.67 ± 4.61 infusions of MDPV, suggesting that the effects of lorcaserin were surmounted (Fig. 2, open symbols). Indeed, the slopes of the two functions [vehicle (gray symbols) and lorcaserin (open symbols)] were not different for cocaine (right panel; P = 0.22) or MDPV (left panel; P = 0.07), suggesting that lorcaserin produced a rightward shift in the dose-response curves for cocaine and MDPV self-administration under a PR schedule of reinforcement.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

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The effect of dose X of lorcaserin (open symbols) and vehicle (gray symbols) on cocaine (circles) and MDPV (squares) self-administration under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement (n = 6). Abscissa: numbers refer to the unit dose of cocaine (left) or MDPV (right) available for infusion, expressed as milligram per kilogram per inf on a log scale. Ordinate: total infusions ± S.E.M. earned during the self-administration session.

The effects of 5-HT receptor subtype selective antagonists on lorcaserin-induced decreases in cocaine and MDPV self-administration are depicted in Fig. 3. Pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kg of the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB 242084 shifted the lorcaserin dose-response curve to the right for both cocaine and MDPV self-administration (Fig. 3, top row), and the magnitude of the interaction between SB242084 and lorcaserin was comparable for both cocaine and MDPV self-administration. Pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kg of the selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL100907 (middle row) or 0.178 mg/kg of the selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 (bottom row) did not alter the effects of lorcaserin on cocaine or MDPV self-administration. The potencies of lorcaserin in the presence of these 5-HT receptor antagonists or vehicle are reported in Table 1. As suggested by Fig. 3, pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kg of the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084 produced a ∼3-fold reduction in the potency of lorcaserin to decrease cocaine self-administration [potency ratio of 3.31 (2.52, 4.11)] and MDPV self-administration [potency ratio of 4.12 (1.78, 6.45)], whereas pretreatment with a selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist (MDL100907) or a selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist (WAY100635) did not alter the potency of lorcaserin to decrease cocaine or MDPV self-administration (Table 1).

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

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The effect of selective 5-HT2C (top row), 5-HT2A (middle row), or 5-HT1A (bottom row) receptor antagonists on lorcaserin-induced decreases in 0.32 mg/kg per inf cocaine (left) and 0.032 mg/kg per inf MDPV (right) and self-administration (n = 6). Abscissa: V represents vehicle pretreatment, log-unit dose of lorcaserin relative to the first dose of lorcaserin that decreased the number of infusions earned by ≥50% for each individual subject (as shown in Fig. 1). Ordinate: total infusions ± S.E.M. earned in the self-administration session.

Discussion

Lorcaserin is a 5-HT2C receptor-preferring agonist and is approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat obesity. Preclinical studies demonstrating that lorcaserin can decrease the ongoing self-administration of drugs with diverse mechanisms of action (e.g., nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine, and oxycodone) suggest that lorcaserin might also have utility as a pharmacotherapy for addiction. Although studies with 5-HT2C receptor antagonists (Higgins et al., 2012; Harvey-Lewis et al., 2016; Neelakantan et al., 2017) suggest that the capacity of lorcaserin to decrease drug self-administration is mediated by 5-HT2C receptors, the doses of lorcaserin typically required to decrease drug self-administration are ∼20- to 30-fold larger than those required to induce 5-HT2C receptor-mediated behavioral effects (e.g., yawning) and are comparable to those that produce 5-HT2A receptor-mediated behavioral effects (Serafine et al., 2015, 2016) and to decrease responding for food (Higgins et al., 2012; Briggs et al., 2016; Collins et al., 2016b), raising the possibility that other 5-HT receptor subtypes are also contributing to the effectiveness of lorcaserin to decrease drug self-administration. Accordingly, the current study sought to characterize the relative contribution of actions at 5-HT2C, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT1A receptors to the effectiveness of lorcaserin to decrease stimulant self-administration. In addition, the current study extended recent reports of the effects of lorcaserin on stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine (Collins et al., 2016b; Gerak et al., 2016; Harvey-Lewis et al., 2016) to MDPV, a synthetic cathinone commonly found in abused “bath salt” preparations that has been reported to be a more effective reinforcer than cocaine or methamphetamine in rats (Gannon et al., 2017c). There were three main findings: 1) lorcaserin was equipotent and equally effective at decreasing self-administration of cocaine and MDPV; 2) the capacity of lorcaserin to decrease cocaine and MDPV self-administration was surmounted by larger unit doses of cocaine and MDPV; and 3) the dose-response curves for lorcaserin to decrease self-administration of cocaine and MDPV were shifted to the right by a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, but not antagonists selective for 5-HT2A or 5-HT1A receptors. Together, these findings provide additional evidence that lorcaserin might have clinical utility for the treatment of stimulant abuse and provide strong support for the development of agonists selective for 5-HT2C receptors as pharmacotherapies for substance use disorders, more generally.

Consistent with previous studies examining the capacity of lorcaserin to decrease drug self-administration, lorcaserin dose dependently decreased self-administration of cocaine and MDPV in all subjects; however, unlike the relatively modest (∼35% reduction) effects of lorcaserin on cocaine self-administration (0.25 mg/infusion) reported by Harvey-Lewis et al. (2016), in the current studies, lorcaserin produced a nearly complete suppression of responding for both cocaine (0.32 mg/kg per infusion) and MDPV (0.032 mg/kg per infusion). Although these effects might seem discordant, it is important to note that the current studies evaluated a larger range of doses (0.32–5.6 mg/kg) than was previously reported (0.3–1 mg/kg) by Harvey-Lewis et al. (2016) to more fully characterize the effects of lorcaserin on stimulant self-administration. Moreover, considering differences in the available dose of cocaine (0.25 mg/infusion vs. 0.32 mg/kg per infusion), the steepness of the lorcaserin dose-response curve, and the fact that the ID50 values for lorcaserin to decrease responding for cocaine (2.3 mg/kg) and MDPV (2.1 mg/kg) were only slightly larger than the largest dose evaluated by Harvey-Lewis et al. (2016), the potency of lorcaserin to decrease stimulant self-administration in the current study is more or less consistent with those reported by Harvey-Lewis and colleagues (2016).

Although factors such as the schedule of reinforcement (e.g., FR1, FR5, PR) and the drug available for self-administration (e.g., nicotine, ethanol, oxycodone, cocaine) all likely contribute to differences in the effectiveness of lorcaserin to decrease drug self-administration, the current results clearly demonstrate that lorcaserin can have profound effects on cocaine and MDPV self-administration when administered at sufficiently large doses (i.e., ∼90% reduction in cocaine and MDPV self-administration). Although such an effect might indicate that lorcaserin is highly effective at reducing the reinforcing effects of stimulants (e.g., cocaine and MDPV), it is also possible that these relatively large doses of lorcaserin are producing nonspecific disruptions of behavior and that these large dose effects might be mediated by receptors other than 5-HT2C receptors (e.g., 5-HT2A or 5-HT1A receptors).

To test whether the effects of lorcaserin (dose X) were related to changes in the reinforcing effects of cocaine and MDPV or due to a more general disruption of behavior, this dose of lorcaserin was also evaluated against larger, more reinforcing doses of cocaine (1.78 mg/kg per infusion) and MDPV (0.178 mg/kg per infusion). Importantly, when these larger doses of cocaine and MDPV were available for self-administration, each of the rats increased responding, indicating that the effects of lorcaserin could be surmounted as has been reported in rhesus monkeys (Gerak et al., 2016). Although these findings suggest that the decreases in stimulant self-administration produced by lorcaserin are related to changes in the reinforcing effectiveness of cocaine and MDPV, it is important to note that these doses of lorcaserin (1.0–5.6 mg/kg) are well within the range of doses that have reported to produce behavioral effects mediated by 5-HT2A (head twitch) and 5-HT1A (fore-paw treading) receptors (Serafine et al., 2015), raising the possibility that actions at 5-HT2A and/or 5-HT1A receptors contribute to the effectiveness of lorcaserin to decrease stimulant self-administration. Consistent with previous reports that the decreases in drug self-administration produced by lorcaserin are at least partially inhibited by the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084 (Higgins et al., 2012; Harvey-Lewis et al., 2016; Neelakantan et al., 2017), the current studies clearly demonstrated that a relatively small dose of SB242084 (0.1 mg/kg) produced a 3- to 4-fold rightward shift in the dose-response curve for lorcaserin to decrease cocaine and MDPV self-administration. Moreover, when taken together with the fact that relatively large doses of the 5-HT2A (MDL100907; 0.1 mg/kg) and 5-HT1A (WAY100635; 0.178 mg/kg) receptor antagonists failed to alter the effects of lorcaserin, these studies provide strong evidence that the capacity of lorcaserin to decrease stimulant self-administration is mediated by its actions at 5-HT2C receptors.

In addition to the inability of MDL100907 to shift the lorcaserin dose-response curve to the right, it is perhaps equally important to point out that pretreating animals with MDL100907 also failed to shift the lorcaserin dose-response curve to the left, as might be expected based on reports that combining a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist (MDL100907) with a 5-HT2C receptor agonist (WAY163909) results in a synergistic inhibition of some of the abuse-related effects of cocaine (e.g., motor activity, impulsivity, and cue reactivity) (Cunningham et al., 2013). Nevertheless, the inability of MDL100907 to alter the effects of lorcaserin does not mean that lorcaserin is devoid of agonist actions at the 5-HT2A receptor. In addition to evidence linking the doses used in these studies to 5-HT2A receptor-mediated effects in rats (Serafine et al., 2015, 2016), doses of lorcaserin only slightly larger than the maximum approved dose for use in humans (10 mg twice daily) have been reported to increase ratings of “high” and “bad” effects and to induce perceptual effects (e.g., hallucination) and other adverse effects (e.g., nausea, headache, dizziness, euphoric mood, etc.) in a sample of recreational polydrug abusers (Shram et al., 2011). Although it is possible that differences in the functional selectivity of lorcaserin for 5-HT2C over 5-HT2A receptors between rats (∼3.5-fold) and humans (∼19-fold) (Thomsen et al., 2008) would result in wider margin of safety in humans (i.e., inhibition of drug-taking without also producing effects at 5-HT2A receptors), these studies suggest that lorcaserin might have a relatively narrow therapeutic window to treat substance abuse.

In summary, these studies add to a growing literature implicating 5-HT2C receptors as important modulators of drug reinforcement (e.g., Grottick et al., 2000; Fletcher et al., 2004, 2008, 2012; Cunningham et al., 2011; Levin et al., 2011; Higgins et al., 2012; Manvich et al., 2012; Rüedi-Bettschen et al., 2015; Collins et al., 2016b; Gerak et al., 2016; Harvey-Lewis et al., 2016; Neelakantan et al., 2017) and provide direct evidence that lorcaserin is equipotent and effective at inhibiting the reinforcing effects of cocaine and the synthetic cathinone and “bath salts” constituent, MDPV. Moreover, these studies provide clear evidence that the capacity of lorcaserin to decrease stimulant self-administration is mediated by its actions at 5-HT2C, but not 5-HT2A or 5-HT1A receptors. Although it is difficult to predict whether lorcaserin will be effective at prolonging abstinence from stimulant use in humans, the results of the current study provide strong support for the continued development of highly selective 5-HT2C receptor agonists as pharmacotherapies for stimulant abuse.

Acknowledgments

We thank Charles P. France for generously providing the lorcaserin that was used to complete these studies.

Abbreviations

DAT

dopamine transporter

FR

fixed ratio

5-HT

serotonin

MDL100907

R-(+)-2,3-dimethoxyphenyl-1-[2-(4-piperidine)-methanol]

MDPV

3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone

PR

progressive ratio

SB242084

6-chloro-5-methyl-N-(6-[(2-methylpyridin-3-yl)oxy]pydidin-3-yl)indoline-1-carboxamide

WAY100635

N-(2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl)-N-(2-pyridyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

Authorship Contributions

Participated in research design: Gannon, Collins.

Conducted experiments: Gannon.

Contributed new reagents or analytic tools: Sulima, Rice.

Performed data analysis: Gannon.

Wrote or contributed to the writing of the manuscript: Gannon, Collins.

Footnotes

This research was supported by grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse [R01DA039146 and T32DA031115] at the National Institutes of Health. The work of the Drug Design and Synthesis Section was supported by the Intramural Research Programs of the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism at the National Institutes of Health.

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