Table 1.

Summary statistics for covariates and outcomes available for the analysis of PM_2.5 nonattainment designations.

	Attainment Areas (n = 537)		Nonattainment Areas (n = 292)

	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Pollution Monitoring Data
Ambient PM2.5 2002–2004 (μg/m³)^ab	11.59	1.88	14.48	1.39
% Ozone nonattainment 2005^a	30.54	46.1	92.47	26.44
Population Demographics (Year 2000)
log(population)^ab	11.42	1.59	12.59	1.38
Completely Rural Area^a	0.08	0.27	0.01	0.08
% Urban^ab	76.64	29.15	91.15	16.55
% Black^b	17.01	17.58	21.7	19.39
% Hispanic^b	4.37	5.86	6.5	8.18
% HS Grad.^ab	31.17	6.74	30.56	7.27
Median HH Inc. ($)^a	37336.79	8862.03	42596.43	14248.56
% Poor^ab	14.43	5.89	13.65	6.57
% Female	51.49	1.47	51.73	1.49
% Occupied Housing^ab	90.65	7.2	92.42	3.19
5-Year Migration Rate^a	0.49	0.08	0.47	0.07
Median House Value ($)^a	98235.36	38762.8	129863.19	77754.06
Smoking Rate^a	0.26	0.03	0.26	0.03
Climate (Years 2004 – 2006)
Avg. Dew Point (°F)^a	46.34	7.95	44.63	3.15
Avg. Temperature (°F)^a	56.14	8.53	53.96	3.57
Avg. Rel. Humidity (%)^ab	72.31	1.84	71.92	1.62
Baseline Medicare Characteristics (Year 2004)
Total Medicare Benef. ^ab	9305.46	10133.62	15867.97	16752.38
Avg. Medicare Age (years)^ab	75.19	0.94	75.45	1.01
% Female Medicare Benef. ^ab	59.09	2.91	59.81	2.28
% White Medicare Benef. ^ab	87.13	15.43	81.45	21.44
% Black Medicare Benef. ^ab	10.76	14.6	15.26	20.32
Mortality ^a	52.6	9.17	53.37	7.54
All CVD ^a	108.69	28.45	120.9	27.55
Respiratory ^a	31.4	13.68	34.36	11.96
COPD	10.4	6.96	11.16	5.83
CV Stroke	18.53	6.93	20.65	5.93
Heart Failure	23.66	8.98	28.51	10.57
Heart Rhythm Disorders	15.08	5.46	16.07	4.58
Ischemic Heart Disease	29.8	11.31	30.75	9.08
Peripheral Vascular Disease	6.86	4.54	7.18	2.74
Respiratory Tract Infection	21	8.7	23.2	7.87
Pollution and Health Outcomes
Ambient PM2.5 2010–2012 (μg/m³)	9.39	1.65	11.13	1.35
Mortality 2012	48.04	7.5	48.35	9.51
COPD 2012	10.07	6.7	11.42	5.47
CV Stroke 2012	14.71	6.32	15.93	4.97
Heart Failure 2012	16.32	7.82	18.99	7.42
Heart Rhythm Disorders 2012	13.65	5.31	14.86	4.49
Ischemic Heart Disease 2012	15.64	6.82	15.72	5.95
Peripheral Vascular Disease 2012	4.19	2.33	4.7	2.57
Respiratory Tract Infection 2012	15.15	7.52	16.26	6.08

Variables marked with ^a are those included in the model that estimates the propensity score, and those marked with ^b are those included for additional covariate adjustment in models for pollution and health outcomes. Medicare health outcomes are listed as rates per 1000 beneficiaries for mortality and per 1000 person-years for hospitalizations.