GEE suppresses mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation in db/db mice. Five-week old mice were administered with or without GEE (50 and 200 mg/kg/day) for five weeks. p-p38 MAPK, p-ERK1/2, and p-JNK1/2 were evaluated by western blotting in the skeletal muscle (A) and liver (B). Phosphorylation levels were quantified after normalization to the total p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK1/2 protein, respectively, using Image J software. Data were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test. Data are mean ± SD (n = 8 per group, a
p < 0.05, b
p < 0.01, c
p < 0.001).