Diagnostic Value of the lncRNA NEAT1 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Sepsis

Abstract

Background

This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic value of nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for the early diagnosis of sepsis.

Methods

A total of 59 patients with sepsis, 52 noninfectious SIRS patients, and 56 healthy controls were recruited fort this study. The levels of NEAT1 expression in PBMCs were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

Results

Compared with healthy controls, NEAT1 expression of PBMCs in sepsis and SIRS groups were significantly increased (3.76 ± 0.71- and 1.64 ± 0.43-fold, resp.) (P < 0.01), but NEAT1 levels are significantly lower in the SIRS group than in the sepsis group, and there was no statistical significant relevance between survivors and nonsurvivors in patients with sepsis. NEAT1 with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.851 (95% CI: 0.812–0.935) indicated sensitivity (67.85%) and specificity (87.27%) for the diagnosis for sepsis, the positive predictive value (PPV) was 83.3%, and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 71.6%. The AUC for NEAT1 in the diagnosis of SIRS versus healthy controls was 0.755 (95% CI: 0.664–0.847), with 69.23% sensitivity and 70.91% specificity, the PPV was 72.3%, and the NPV was 72.49%.

Conclusion

Measurement of NEAT1 expression in PBMCs could be considered as a good additive marker for the diagnosis of sepsis.

1. Introduction

Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection and is a common cause of death among patients in intensive care units. Sepsis can occur in patients with serious trauma, burns, multiple injuries, shock, or after major surgery, and it progresses rapidly from bacteremia to vital organ failure and even death. At present, sepsis is a major issue in the field of critical care medicine [1]. Currently, blood culture is the gold standard for the microbiological diagnosis of sepsis, but this method has drawbacks, including a lack of sensitivity owing to small sample volumes and the long time required for a confirmed diagnosis, resulting in delayed treatment and high mortality rates [2, 3]. To reduce the mortality rate for patients with sepsis, it is important to develop methods for early diagnosis, enabling prompt intervention.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcripts that are longer than 200 nucleotides. They lack an open-reading frame, but utilize RNA–RNA, RNA–DNA, and RNA–protein interactions to regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, damage, autophagy, and differentiation at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels by splicing, degradation of nucleic acids, RNA capture, and translational interference [4]. They are of great significance in a number of diseases, including immune diseases [5], cancer [6], and cardiovascular diseases [7].

lncRNA nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) was recently identified as an important regulator of cell functions; it interacts with many important regulators within cells and has roles in the formation, differentiation, and metastasis of neoplastic diseases, such as colon cancer [8], gall bladder cancer [9], ovarian cancer [10], and prostate cancer [11]. Notably, NEAT1 is involved in the innate immunity response and is an important immunoregulatory factor. It is involved in the infection process in various infectious diseases, such as HIV in humans [12], hantavirus [13], and Zika virus [14]. Upregulated NEAT1 expression has been observed in mononuclear cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus [15]. Furthermore, NEAT1 can regulate the expression of IL-6 and CXCL10 inflammatory factors in THP-1 cells. We deduced that NEAT1 may be involved in the immune response in sepsis based on the close relationships between IL-6 and CXCL10 cytokines and the inflammatory response in sepsis. However, previous studies have not examined the role of NEAT1 in sepsis. Accordingly, in this study, NEAT1 expression was examined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with sepsis, noninfectious SIRS, and healthy volunteers to analyze its relationship with sepsis development and prognosis and to explore the diagnostic value and clinical significance of NEAT1 in sepsis.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Patients and Healthy Controls

The diagnosis of sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was according to the American College of Chest Physicians and the Society of Critical Care Medicine (ACCP/SCCM) [16]. Exclusion criteria were as follows: individuals younger than 18 years old, patients suffering from immune diseases or receiving long-term glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive drugs, comorbid chronic liver and renal insufficiency, tuberculosis, AIDS, cancer, and patients who were pregnant. A total of 52 noninfectious SIRS patients (17 cases of compound injury, 8 cases of acute pancreatitis, 19 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus, 5 cases of thermoplegia, and 3 cases of organic phosphorus poisoning) and 59 sepsis patients at The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University were selected for this study between May 2016 and December 2016. APACHE II scores, SOFA scores, absolute neutrophil counts, and procalcitonin (PCT) were evaluated in patients using blood samples collected at various time points. The survival statuses of patients were traced and recorded 28 days after their admission to the intensive care unit. A group of 56 healthy subjects was selected over the same period and served as normal controls. This study was approved by the ethics committee of the hospital, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients or from their authorized representatives.

2.2. Detection of NEAT1 in PBMCs

2.2.1. Collection and Processing of Samples

Venous blood (5 mL) was collected in sodium heparin tubes in the morning before eating, mixed well, and left until use. PBMCs were isolated using the conventional Ficoll gradient method. Total RNA was extracted using the TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) test kit following the manufacturer's instructions. The quality and concentration of total RNA were determined using a spectrophotometer.

2.2.2. RT-qPCR Analysis

PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Takara, Dalian, China) was used for RT-qPCR and cDNA reverse transcription in accordance with the product manual. SYBR Premix EX Taq™ II (Takara) was used for qPCR; the ABI 7500 system (Applied Biosystems, Waters, MA, USA) was used for sample loading. The detection procedures and reaction criteria were set and carried out with reference to the instructions provided with the test kit. Primers were as follows: NEAT1 forward, 5′-CTTCCTCCCTTTAACTTATCCATTCAC-3′; NEAT1 reverse, 5′-CTCTTCCTCCACCATTACCAACAATAC-3′ [12]. GAPDH was used as an internal reference with the following primers: GAPDH forward, 5′-GCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC-3′; GADPH reverse, 5′-TGGTGAAGACGCCAGTGGA-3′ [12]. Tests on all samples were run in triplicate. The relative expression of RNA was computed based on the 2^−ΔΔCt method.

2.2.3. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Serum C-reactive protein (CRP), PCT, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (BioSource, Kansas City, MO, USA) in accordance with the product manual.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism (version 5). Quantitative results are expressed as means ± standard deviation. Differences in more than 2 group data were evaluated by the one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance by ranks. The t-test was used to compare the means of two populations with normally distributed values. The Mann–Whitney U test was used for comparisons between two groups for which data were not normally distributed. Qualitative data were tested using χ² tests. The diagnostic value of NEAT1 was analyzed by plotting a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. General Clinical Information

In total, 52 noninfectious SIRS patients, 59 patients with sepsis, and 56 healthy volunteers were included in this study. As shown in Table 1, there were no differences in age and gender between these three groups. The levels of leukocytes, blood lactate, and CRP were significantly higher in patients with sepsis than in the SIRS and control groups. Also, the sepsis group had higher levels of PCT, SOFA score, APACHEII score, and mortality than the SIRS group (Table 1).

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the study population.

	Sepsis	SIRS	Healthy controls	P value
Number	59	52	56	—
Age (years)	58.7 ± 14.6	54.9 ± 15.9	52.6 ± 17.7	0.19
Sex (male/female)	35/24	30/22	33/23	0.73
WBC (×109/L)	13.57 ± 6.63∗	8.21 ± 3.85	6.57 ± 1.36	<0.01
PCT (ng/mL)	8.9 ± 1.87	0.6 ± 0.12	—	<0.01
SOFA score	8.7 ± 3.2	4.6 ± 2.3	—	<0.01
APACHEII score	17.8 ± 5.7	8.7 ± 3.5	—	<0.01
Lac (mmol/L)	3.98 ± 2.13∗	0.65 ± 0.01	0.51 ± 0.00	<0.01
CRP (μg/L)	17.59 ± 4.87∗	2.75 ± 1.24	2.08 ± 1.01	<0.01
Survival at 28 d, n (%)	35 (59.3%)∗	47 (90.3%)	0	<0.01

^∗ P < 0.05, versus SIRS.

3.2. Analysis of Sepsis Survivors and Nonsurvivors

Further comparisons indicated that the SOFA scores, APACHE II scores, PCT, Lac, and CRP were significantly higher in sepsis nonsurvivors than in survivors (Table 2). However, there were no differences in leukocyte count and age between these two groups.

Table 2.

Clinical data for survivors and nonsurvivors based on a 28-day survival.

	Survivors (n = 23)	Nonsurvivors (n = 12)	P value
Age (years)	53.6 ± 17.1	50.1 ± 15.3	0.242
SOFA score	6.1 ± 2.3	10.4 ± 3.5	<0.001
APACHE II score	13.1 ± 5.5	19.7 ± 7.8	<0.001
WBC (×109/L)	13.57 ± 6.63	16.57 ± 1.36	0.158
PCT (ng/mL)	3.2 ± 2.64	7.8 ± 2.93	<0.001
Lac (mmol/L)	2.58 ± 1.01	4.01 ± 1.90	<0.001
CRP (μg/L)	12.33 ± 4.67	20.68 ± 5.94	<0.001

3.3. Expression of NEAT1 in PBMCs

qRT-PCR was used to detect differences in NEAT1 expression in PBMCs among patients with SIRS, sepsis, and healthy volunteers. NEAT1 levels in PBMCs were significantly higher (3.76 ± 0.71-fold) in patients with sepsis than in the control group, although SIRS group NEAT1 levels are higher (1.64 ± 0.43-fold) than those of the control group, but significantly lower than those of the sepsis group (P < 0.01; Figure 1(a)). Upon further analysis, NEAT1 expression levels in sepsis survivors and nonsurvivors were higher than those in the control group, but the difference between survivors and nonsurvivors was not significant (3.61 ± 0.62 versus 3.83 ± 0.57, P > 0.05; Figure 1(b)).

Figure 1.

NEAT1 expression is increased in patients with sepsis and SIRS. (a) Expression of NEAT1 in PBMCs of patients with SIRS (n = 52), sepsis (n = 59), and normal controls (n = 56). (b) NEAT1 expression in PBMCs of patients with sepsis who survived (n = 35) or who died (n = 24). ^∗P < 0.05 and ^∗∗P < 0.01.

3.4. Diagnostic Value of NEAT1 for Sepsis

To determine the predictive value of NEAT1, an ROC curve analysis was performed. The area under the curve (AUC) for NEAT1 in the diagnosis of sepsis versus healthy controls was 0.851 (95% CI: 0.811–0.920), and at a cut-off point set at 1.95 (Figure 2(a)), the sensitivity was 67.85% and specificity was 87.27%, and the positive predictive value (PPV) was 83.3% and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 71.6%. The AUC for NEAT1 in the diagnosis of SIRS versus healthy controls was 0.755 (95% CI: 0.664–0.847), and at a cut-off point set at 1.45 (Figure 2(b)), with 69.23% sensitivity and 70.91% specificity, the PPV was 72.3% and the NPV was 72.49%.

Figure 2.

ROC curve analysis of NEAT1 concentrations for the prediction of sepsis and SIRS.

4. Discussion

The pathogenesis of sepsis is complex and is affected by many factors. In addition to bacterial infection, viruses, fungi, parasites, and other pathogenic microorganisms can also cause sepsis. Hence, the clinical manifestations of sepsis are often nonspecific and can interfere with the clinical diagnosis [17]. PCT has clinical significance for diagnosing sepsis, evaluating treatment options, and assessing prognosis and is used extensively in clinical practice. However, PCT concentrations also increase in some noninfectious diseases, thus limiting its clinical applications to a certain degree [18]. Inflammatory markers, such as CRP, CD64, IL-6, and leukocytes, also have some diagnostic value. However, it is still not possible to identify and diagnose sepsis early owing to sensitivity and specificity issues [19]. Clinically, it is difficult to obtain a rapid and accurate diagnosis of sepsis using existing inflammatory markers or diagnostic methods. Moreover, a delay in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of sepsis can lead to the rapid development of circulatory failure, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and even death. There is a pressing need to discover new, effective biomarkers for the identification and diagnosis of sepsis to enable early intervention.

Tissue specificity is typically higher for lncRNAs expression than protein-coding mRNA expression, giving lncRNAs a potential advantage as diagnostic biomarkers. Many experimental studies have shown that lncRNAs can be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of human diseases. In oncology, Wang and colleagues [20] found that the lncRNA MALAT1 is a biomarker for bladder carcinoma, Xie and his colleagues found that the lncRNA HULC is a biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma [21], and Zhou and colleagues [22] found that the lncRNA H19 is a possible diagnostic marker for gastric cancer [22]. With respect to cardiovascular diseases, Zhang and colleagues [23] found that the lncRNA MHRT in the plasma could potentially be an early diagnostic biomarker for acute myocardial infarction and Kumarswamy et al. [24] found that the lncRNA LIPCAR can be a diagnostic marker for patients with heart failure. However, there are no studies of lncRNA biomarkers for the diagnosis of sepsis to date.

Based on an extensive literature review, the lncRNA molecule NEAT1 was identified as a candidate biomarker for sepsis. Previous studies have shown that NEAT1 is expressed in the nucleus. NEAT1 can combine with p54nrb, PSF, and PSPpl (three RNA-binding proteins) to form paraspeckles. And NEAT1 is required for these interactions as the backbone for the paraspeckle structure [25, 26]. It has two subtypes, NEAT1–1 (3.7 kb) and NEAT1–2 (23 kb). Studies have proven that NEAT1–1 is the main subtype expressed in PBMCs [15], HeLa cells [27], and various organs in mice [28]. Therefore, for the purpose of this study, we directly measured NEAT1–1 expression in the PBMCs of patients with sepsis.

In this study, we found higher NEAT1 expression in the PBMCs of patients with sepsis than in healthy volunteers by qRT-PCR, although NEAT1 levels in the SIRS group are higher than those in the control group, but significantly lower than the set of sepsis, indicating that increased inflammation can lead to higher levels of NEAT1. According to previous studies, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) infected with hantavirus exhibit increased NEAT1–1 expression. Transfection with upregulated NEAT1–1 promoted the secretion of the inflammatory factor IFN in these cells; this mechanism is associated with the activation of the RIG-I/IRF7 signaling pathway [14]. In a study of immune function of patients with SLE [15], NEAT1 expression was increased in the PBMCs of these patients; NEAT1 expression increases rapidly in PBMCs by stimulation with LPS in vitro, and peak levels are reached at 2 h, compared with 12–48 h required for PCT to reach peak levels [29]. These results indicated that NEAT1–1 is an early inflammatory response factor. Furthermore, the study indicated that NEAT1 promotes inflammatory responses in PBMCs by activating the JNK/ERK MAPK signaling pathway. These studies suggest that NEAT1 is a proinflammatory molecule. In our study, NEAT1 was significantly upregulated in the PBMCs of patients with sepsis, consistent with the excessive inflammatory response during sepsis observed in clinical studies. In addition, NEAT1 can be upregulated more rapidly at the early stages of inflammation than PCT. Therefore, NEAT1 is a potentially effective marker for rapid sepsis diagnosis.

There was no difference in NEAT1 expression between sepsis survivors and nonsurvivors, showing that it has no predictive value for mortality of sepsis. Further ROC curve analysis revealed that NEAT1 has clinical value for sepsis diagnosis, which is more useful for SIRS diagnosis. Considering that the cut-off point is set at 1.95 and 1.45 in the sepsis and SIRS groups, it is possible to be identified as indicators of the two diseases in the future but still needs a lot of research to confirm. Moreover, the PCT, SOFA scores, and APACHE II scores were higher in the sepsis group than in the healthy individuals, and these differences could be explained by the inclusion of patients who were relatively older, with more serious conditions in the sepsis group.

Unfortunately, owing to the small clinical sample size, we were unable to evaluate the use of NEAT1 in the early diagnosis of sepsis nor were we able to examine different stages of sepsis in patients of various ages, genders, comorbidities, or pregnancy status; hence, it was not possible to compare NEAT1 with PCT or other traditional molecular markers of sepsis. We also did not conduct an in-depth study of the molecular mechanisms linking NEAT1 to sepsis. These limitations will guide future in-depth studies of the use of NEAT1 as a molecular marker for sepsis diagnosis.

In conclusion, upregulated NEAT1 expression in patients with sepsis was discovered for the first time in our study, indicating an association between NEAT1 and immune dysfunction in patients with sepsis. NEAT1 is a potential molecular marker for sepsis diagnosis, offering a new option for early diagnosis. Of course, extensive research is still needed to enable the practical applications of NEAT1.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Authors' Contributions

Shuying Huang and Kejian Qian contributed equally to this work.