Glycine receptor modulating antibody predicting treatable stiff-person spectrum disorders

Abstract

Background

Glycine receptor alpha-1 subunit (GlyRα1)-immunoglobulin G (IgG) is diagnostic of stiff-person syndrome (SPS) spectrum but has been reported detectable in other neurologic diseases for which significance is less certain.

Methods

To assess GlyRα1-IgGs as biomarkers of SPS spectrum among patients and controls, specimens were tested using cell-based assays (binding [4°C] and modulating [antigen endocytosing, 37°C]). Medical records of seropositive patients were reviewed.

Results

GlyRα1-IgG (binding antibody) was detected in 21 of 247 patients with suspected SPS spectrum (8.5%) and in 8 of 190 healthy subject sera (4%) but not CSF. Among 21 seropositive patients, 20 had confirmed SPS spectrum clinically, but 1 was later determined to have a functional neurologic disorder. Sera from 9 patients with SPS spectrum , but not 7 controls, nor the functional patient, caused GlyRα1 modulation (100% specificity). SPS spectrum phenotypes included progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) (8), classic SPS (5), stiff limb (5), stiff trunk (1), and isolated exaggerated startle (hyperekplexia, 1). Neuropsychiatric symptoms present in 12 patients (60%) were anxiety (11), depression (6), and delirium (3). Anxiety was particularly severe in 3 patients with PERM. Objective improvements in SPS neurologic symptoms were recorded in 16 of 18 patients who received first-line immunotherapy (89%, 9/10 treated with corticosteroids, 8/10 treated with IVIg, 3/4 treated with plasma exchange, and 1 treated with rituximab). Treatment-sparing maintenance strategies were successful in 4 of 7 patients (rituximab [2/3], azathioprine [1/1], and mycophenolate [1/3]).

Conclusions

GlyRα1-modulating antibody improves diagnostic specificity for immunologically treatable SPS spectrum disorders.

Classification of evidence

This study provides Class IV evidence that GlyRα1-modulating antibody accurately identifies patients with treatable SPS spectrum disorders.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibody targeting the glycine receptor alpha-1 subunit (GlyRα1-IgG) is diagnostic and presumably a cause of stiff-person syndrome (SPS) spectrum disorders.^1–4 Unified by clinical and electrophysiologic evidence of CNS hyperexcitability, SPS spectrum disorders include classical SPS, focal disorders (e.g., stiff-limb syndrome), and progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM), which is generalized and severe. Immunotherapy response occurs more commonly among GlyRα1-IgG–positive SPS spectrum patients than among patients with SPS in general (usually glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-kDa isoform [GAD65] antibody-positive).³ However, GlyRα1-IgG has been reported in other neurologic disorders, including optic neuritis and demyelinating diseases, for which significance of the antibody finding is uncertain.^1,3,5 Further insights into the significance of GlyRα1-IgG may be ascertained by evaluation of antibody functions, such as modulation.¹ This is temperature-dependent antigen endocytosis occurring as a consequence of intermolecular cross-linking by bivalent IgG. Other examples of neurologic diseases in which antigenic modulation has been shown to have pathogenic significance include myasthenia gravis, NMDA receptor encephalitis, and neuromyelitis optica.^6–8 Here, we report our laboratory testing experience for GlyRα1 binding and modulating IgGs among physician-referred patients, as well as controls used for the purpose of validating our GlyRα1 binding assay in a clinical laboratory setting.

Methods

Patients and controls

Patients (247) had suspected SPS spectrum diagnoses (made on the basis of neurologic and electrophysiologic findings), and testing for GlyRα1-IgG was requested, 2013–2016. None were previously reported.^3,4 Control specimens (240) were acquired for the purpose of validating our assay for clinical use as required by the College of American Pathologists: (1) serum from 190 patients (140 healthy subjects [adults, 100; children, 40], 25 patients with polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, and 25 patients with systemic lupus erythematous [SLE] or Sjögren syndrome without neurologic complications) and (2) CSF from 50 patients (30 adults with normal pressure hydrocephalus and 20 children with hereditary neurologic disorders).

GlyRα1-IgG cell-binding assay

HEK293 cells were grown on poly-d-lysine-coated, multiwell chamber slides (Corning). Half were transfected with a plasmid encoding, untagged, human GlyRα1 subunit.¹ After 24 hours, the slides were exposed to patient or control serum (1:5) or CSF (undiluted) at 4°C for 30 minutes. After washing with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), cells were incubated on ice for 30 minutes with a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated goat anti-human IgG antibody (1:100; Southern Biotechnology Associates, Inc., Birmingham, AL). Cells were washed with PBS and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 minutes at room temperature. After washing and chamber removal from slides, cells were mounted in ProLong® Gold Antifade mounting media with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Molecular Probes). GlyRα1-IgG positivity was determined by visualization of robust membranous staining of transfected, but not nontransfected, cells by indirect immunofluorescence. Scoring (positive or negative) was performed by 2 readers blinded to clinical diagnosis and each other's interpretation. All positive results were confirmed on a repeat assay by 2 independent readers.

GlyRα1-IgG modulating assay

Twenty-four hours after transient transfection, patient or healthy control serum (heat inactivated [56°C] to deplete complement) was added to the GlyRα1-transfected cells and incubated for an additional 4 hours at 37°C.^1,7 Slides were then washed twice at 4°C. The positive control serum was diluted in 20% normal goat serum and added to the cells (on ice). After 30 minutes, cells were washed in cold PBS, and goat anti-human IgG-FITC secondary antibody (Southern Biotechnology Associates, Inc.) was added and incubated for 30 minutes. Cells were washed and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 minutes. After further washing, cells were mounted in Prolong Gold plus DAPI (Molecular Probes) and imaged (Zeiss LSM780 confocal microscope). ImageJ software was used for quantitation.

Results

GlyRα1-IgG binding antibodies as biomarkers of SPS spectrum

GlyRα1-IgG (binding antibody, figure 1) was detected in serum, CSF, or both in 21 of 247 patients tested (8.5%), 16 of whom were evaluated neurologically at Mayo Clinic and 5 of whom were evaluated elsewhere. Twenty of 21 patients were confirmed to have an SPS spectrum disorder. The remaining patient, patient 21, a 45-year-old woman, was initially suspected to have PERM because of spells of diffuse body shaking. She had a final diagnosis of a functional movement disorder after evaluation by a movement disorder specialist. The patient remitted completely from her functional disorder with behavioral rehabilitative training⁹ and was excluded from our clinical report below.

Figure 1. Stiff-person syndrome spectrum patient serum bound to membranes of live GlyRα1-transfected HEK293 cells.

Bound IgG in reactive serum is detected by fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (green, A) and is nonreactive with nontransfected cells (B). IgG in the sera of healthy controls is nonreactive with both cell types (C and D). Images captured at ×20. GlyRα1 = glycine receptor alpha-1 subunit.

None of the 50 CSF controls, but 8 of 190 serum controls, were GlyRα1-IgG positive (4.0%; 4 healthy adults [4.0%], 1 healthy child [2.5%], 2 patients with polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia [8.0%], and 1 patient with SLE [4.0%]). They all produced robust membranous staining of GlyRα1-transfected, but not nontransfected, cells, indistinguishable from patients.

GlyRα1-IgG modulating antibody improves specificity

We investigated whether serum from patients with SPS spectrum disorders, the functional patient, and healthy subjects induced antigen endocytosis (modulation) when applied to live GlyRα1-expressing cells. On evaluating a patient with SPS spectrum (patient 5, figure 2A), cells incubated on ice had bound IgG on the cell surface while the cells incubated at 37°C had very little bound human IgG. Heat maps (intensity images) demonstrate the difference in fluorescence intensity between 4°C and 37°C, suggesting that GlyRα1 is internalized and lost from the plasma membrane by bound patient GlyRα1-IgG at 37°C. To test our hypothesis that testing for GlyRα1-modulating antibody might improve specificity, sera from patients with definite SPS spectrum (9 of 20 had sufficient specimen available), healthy subjects (7; 5 GlyRα1-IgG negative and 2 GlyRα1-IgG falsely positive), and the functional patient (GlyRα1-IgG falsely positive) were assessed. After serum exposure, cells were immunostained live on ice with GlyRα1-IgG–positive patient's serum. Both seronegative (figure 2B.b) and seropositive (figure 2B.c) sera from healthy subjects did not internalize GlyRα1 protein. By contrast, cells exposed to serum from the patients (exemplified by patient 5, figure 2B.a) induced loss of GlyRα1 from the plasma membrane. Immunofluorescence quantitation of an untreated GlyRα1-IgG–positive serum, the 7 healthy subjects, the 1 functional patient, and 9 patients with SPS spectrum supported that only sera from patients with SPS spectrum disorders-induced GlyRα1 loss from the plasma membrane (100% specificity, figure 2C).

Figure 2. Serums of patients with stiff-person syndrome spectrum disorders containing GlyRα1-Binding IgG specifically induces internalization of GlyRα1 from transfected HEK293 cell surfaces.

(A) At 4°C, IgG in the serum of patient 5 (stiff limb; green, A.a) binds to the surface of live HEK293 cells transiently transfected with a plasmid encoding GlyRα1. After incubating for 4 hours at 37°C, IgG is no longer detected on the cell surface (A.b). Intensity images (A.c and A.d) confirm reduction in fluorochrome staining after 37°C incubation with this serum (A.d) compared with 4°C incubation (A.c); scale bar, 20 μm. (B) Comparison of cells incubated at 37°C with patients' sera that had yielded positive GlyRα1-binding IgG results (exemplified by patient 5 [B.a]) with cells incubated with healthy subjects' sera specimens (exemplified by 1 GlyRα1-IgG–negative subject [B.b] and 1 falsely GlyRα1-IgG–positive subject [B.c]); cells were immunostained with human IgG (green) postincubation. Incubation at 37°C with healthy subject's serum had no effect on the immunoreactivity of plasma membrane GlyRα1. DNA blue, DAPI; scale bar, 20 μm. (C) Arbitrary fluorescence units for the panel B assay were quantitated from 1 positive patient control not subjected to modulation (nontreated [Non-tx], orange), 7 healthy subjects (5 GlyRα1-IgG binding assay seronegative, blue; and 2 falsely seropositive, purple), and the patient with functional neurologic disorder (false positive, purple with black lines). GlyRα1 = glycine receptor alpha-1 subunit; HS = healthy subject; IgG = immunoglobulin G.

Clinical findings among patients with SPS spectrum

Twenty patients had organic neurologic SPS spectrum disorders, 11 were male (table). The median age at symptom onset was 45 years (range, 10–70). The median follow-up period was 11 months (range, 1–120 months). GlyRα1-IgG (binding antibody) was detected in the serum of 19 patients, 3 of whom (of 12 tested) also had positivity in CSF. GlyRα1-IgG was detected in CSF alone in 1 additional PERM patient who had dysautonomia (ileus, hypotension, and bradycardia) and died of his illness.

Table.

Findings, treatment responses, and outcomes among 20 patients with GlyRα1-IgG–positive stiff-person spectrum

Neurologic phenotypes included the following (table): PERM (8), classic SPS (5), stiff limb (5), stiff trunk (1), and isolated exaggerated startle (hyperekplexia, 1). Limb stiffness (16, [lower extremities, all; upper extremities, 7]) was the most common finding. Gait abnormalities reported in 13 patients included frequent falls (10) and gait ataxia (7). Brainstem symptoms included diplopia (4), dysphagia (3), and dysarthria (3). Neuropsychiatric symptoms present in 12 patients (60%) were as follows: anxiety (11), depression (6), and delirium (3). Anxiety was particularly severe in 3 patients with PERM (1 required inpatient psychiatric admission for treatment).

Four patients had a neoplasm detected (20%). Neurologic symptoms preceded neoplasia diagnosis (thymoma, 2; Hodgkin lymphoma) in 3 patients and occurred at ovarian adenocarcinoma relapse in 1. Five patients (25%) had coexisting autoimmunity (Hashimoto thyroiditis, 2; ulcerative colitis, 1; Addison disease, 1; and vitiligo, 1). GAD65 antibody coexisted in the sera of 6 patients (30%): median value, 60.2 nmol/L; range, 0.04–3,861 (normal range, 0.00–0.02 nmol/L), 1 of whom was also positive in CSF (25.8 nmol/L). None were dipeptidyl peptidase 6 (DPPX)-IgG positive.

CSF data were abnormal in 6 of 14 patients (43%): protein elevation (6), white cell count elevation (2), and CSF-exclusive oligoclonal bands (4). MRI of head was abnormal in 2 of 17 patients (12%), both of whom had PERM. The abnormalities were as follows: diffuse T2 hyperintensity of cortical grey matter in the context of status epilepticus (1) and diffuse, subtle pachymeningeal enhancement (1).

Treatments and outcomes

Treatment response and outcome information were available for 19 of 20 patients. Eighteen patients received immunotherapy and 1 patient received only benzodiazepines (table). Objective improvements were noted in 16 of 18 patients who received immunotherapy (89%): 9 of 10 were treated with corticosteroids, 8 of 10 were treated with IVIg, 3 of 4 were treated with plasma exchange, and 1 patient was treated with rituximab. Seven patients relapsed on treatment cessation and improved again on treatment resumption. Treatment-sparing maintenance strategies were successful in 4 of 7 patients (rituximab [2/3], azathioprine [1/1], and mycophenolate [1/3]). The median modified Rankin score was 3 at presentation (range, 2–4) and 1 at last follow-up (range, 0–6; median follow-up, 9 months [range 1–120]). Both patients who died had PERM.

Discussion

GlyRα1-IgG, when detected by cell-binding assay in SPS spectrum disorders, is confirmatory of that diagnosis and is indicative of a likely immunotherapy response. However, the positivity rate among a large and diverse nonautoimmune neurologic control cohort was 4%. Caution is advised when interpreting results from this test beyond the SPS spectrum context, particularly in those with coexisting systemic autoimmune diseases. CSF testing might improve specificity but alone would not be a reliable alternative to serum, given the low CSF detection rate of GlyRα1-IgG in our cohort. Insights into antibody specificity may be gained in dubious cases by evaluating the serum for GlyRα1-modulating antibody.

In our experience, GlyRα1-IgG from patients with SPS spectrum (but not from healthy controls or a functional patient) caused antigenic endocytosis (modulation). There is precedence for a similar diagnostic approach in myasthenia gravis. Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) modulating antibody can be used to distinguish between patients with myasthenia gravis and those without myasthenia gravis who are AChR binding antibody positive.¹⁰ In addition, patients with IgG that robustly modulates AChR (80% antigen loss or more) commonly have thymoma.⁶ GlyRα1 is abundant in the retina and cerebrum, as well as brainstem and spinal cord.¹¹ Vision loss, epilepsy, and demyelinating disease presentations have been reported as occasional accompaniments of GlyRα1-IgG, although their significance is less certain than when the antibody is encountered in SPS spectrum disorders.^1,3,5

Limitations to our study include the lack of availability of non-SPS spectrum neurologic patients with GlyRα1 binding antibody positivity, aside from the patient with a functional neurologic diagnosis. Also, we did not evaluate other known pathogenic effects of GlyRα1-IgG (such as complement activation) as diagnostic biomarkers.

The SPS spectrum we encountered is similar to that previously reported.^1–3,5,12 This included patients with PERM most commonly, but also anatomically limited disease, classic SPS, and childhood-onset disease. We also noted psychiatric symptoms to be very common comparable with those encountered among patients with SPS generally.¹³ Oncological accompaniments were also largely consistent with previous reports (lymphoma and thymoma).^1,14 Other neoplasms reported in single patients include small-cell carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and breast adenocarcinoma.^15–17 Affected women should also be screened for ovarian adenocarcinoma (we encountered 1 case). Although coexisting GAD65 antibody was encountered in 30%, none had coexisting amphiphysin autoimmunity, a rarer cause of SPS spectrum disorders.¹³

Robust responses to diverse immunotherapies were common among GlyRα1-IgG SPS spectrum patients as were relapses when treatments were discontinued. The immunotherapy response rate in this cohort (89%) appears higher than that encountered among patients with SPS in general (40%),¹³ although a chronic disease course is typical. Attempts to transition patients from infusion-based treatments requiring frequent administration (steroids, IVIg, and plasma exchange) to oral immune suppressants (such as mycophenolate mofetil) were not always successful. Given that GlyRα1-IgG is known to be an effector of receptor downregulation and complements cascade activation,¹ long-acting B lymphocyte–depleting infusion treatments (e.g., rituximab) may permit remission maintenance for relapsing disease in some patients.

GlyRα1-IgG predicts immunotherapy responsiveness in patients with SPS spectrum. Glycine receptor modulating antibody is helpful to confirm the diagnosis when a false-positive result is suspected.

Glossary

AChR

acetylcholine receptor

FITC

fluorescein isothiocyanate

DAPI

4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole

GAD65

glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-kDa isoform

GlyRα1

glycine receptor alpha-1 subunit

IgG

immunoglobulin G

PBS

phosphate-buffered saline

PERM

progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus

SLE

systemic lupus erythematous

SPS

stiff-person syndrome

Author contributions

S.R.H. and A.S.L.-C.: data collection, analysis, and interpretation and drafting of the manuscript. J.H.B., J.Y.M., A.H., E.B., V.A.L., and S.J.P.: data collection, analysis, and critical revision of the manuscript. A.M.: study concept and design; data collection, analysis, and interpretation; drafting and critical revision of the manuscript; and study supervision.

Study funding

This study was supported by the Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine.

Disclosure

S.R. Hinson and A.J. Lopez-Chiriboga report no disclosures. J.H. Bower received research support from AbbVie and the Parkinson Disease Foundation. J.Y. Matsumoto reports no disclosures. A. Hassan serves on the editorial board of Parkinsonism and Related Disorders and consulted for Bioblast Pharma. E. Basal reports no disclosures. V.A. Lennon holds a patent for and receives royalties from RSR/Kronus for sale of aquaporin-4 antibody testing kits and for commercial aquaporin-4 autoantibody testing performed outside Mayo Clinic; receives research support from the NIH and has a potential financial interest in “Aquaporin-4 as an aid for cancer diagnosis.” S.J. Pittock and Mayo Clinic have a financial interest in patents that relate to functional AQP4/NMO-IgG assays and NMO IgG as a cancer marker. S.J. Pittock consulted for Alexion and MedImmune (compensation paid directly to Mayo Clinic) and received research support form Grifols, MedImmune, Alexion, and the NIH. A. McKeon has patents pending for GFAB and MAP1B as markers of neurologic autoimmunity and paraneoplastic disorders; consulted for Grifols, MedImmune, and EUROIMMUM; and received research support from MedImmune and EUROIMMUM. Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosure forms.