Table 4. Multivariable model examining the socio-demographic predictors of Schistosoma haematobium infection stratified by gender.
Model 1 includes all variables in the model. In Model 2, piped water coverage in the immediate community surrounding each participant has been substituted with household-level piped water covariate.
| Model 1: Community-level coverage of piped water | Model 2: Household level access to piped water | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females | Males | Females | Males | ||||||
| Covariate | aOR§ (95% CI) | P-value | aOR§ (95% CI) | P-value | aOR§ (95% CI) | P-value | aOR§ (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Community piped water quintiles (vs Lowest)† | |||||||||
| 2 | 0.24 (0.10–0.57)‡ | 0.002 | 0.56 (0.35–0.90)‡ | 0.017 | |||||
| 3 | 0.21 (0.08–0.55) | 0.002 | 0.37 (0.17–0.78) | 0.011 | |||||
| 4 | 0.16 (0.06–0.45) | 0.001 | 0.16 (0.08–0.35) | <0.001 | |||||
| 5 | 0.07 (0.02–0.20) | <0.001 | 0.17 (0.08–0.36) | <0.001 | |||||
| Household access to water (vs No) | |||||||||
| Yes | 0.38 (0.19–0.75) | 0.005 | 0.76 (0.41–1.42) | 0.379 | |||||
| Age at Testing | |||||||||
| Per unit | 9.62 (1.62–57.22) | 0.014 | 1.24 (1.08–1.42) | 0.003 | 6.85 (1.56–30.16) | 0.011 | 1.20 (1.06–1.37) | 0.005 | |
| Age2 | |||||||||
| Per unit | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) | 0.024 | 0.93 (0.88–0.99) | 0.017 | |||||
| Toilet in household (vs No) | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.59 (0.88–2.88) | 0.121 | 1.12 (0.70–1.86) | 0.667 | 1.26 (0.75–2.14) | 0.371 | 1.11 (0.66–1.86) | 0.687 | |
| Household Assets quintile (vs Poorest) | |||||||||
| 2 | 0.46 (0.24–0.90) | 0.026 | 1.27 (0.75–2.08) | 0.344 | 0.55 (0.30–0.99) | 0.045 | 1.24 (0.76–2.04) | 0.376 | |
| 3 | 0.35 (0.13–0.89) | 0.032 | 1.21 (0.72–1.99) | 0.453 | 0.35 (0.15–0.84) | 0.019 | 1.19 (0.71–1.98) | 0.502 | |
| 4 | 0.42 (0.18–1.00) | 0.061 | 1.18 (0.55–2.28) | 0.646 | 0.40 (0.18–0.91) | 0.029 | 0.94 (0.46–1.94) | 0.885 | |
| 5 | 0.66 (0.32–1.37) | 0.307 | 0.90 (0.43–1.75) | 0.769 | 0.54 (0.25–1.17) | 0.115 | 0.71 (0.34–1.44) | 0.337 | |
| Missing | 0.57 (0.20–1.66) | 0.288 | 1.10 (0.38–2.94) | 0.815 | 0.40 (0.12–1.35) | 0.135 | 0.91 (0.34–2.42) | 0.845 | |
§All estimates simultaneously adjusted for landcover class, distance to water, altitude, slope, treatment in the last 12 months and school grade.
† Computes the proportion of households having access to piped-water in the unique community surrounding each participant in the study (Figure 3). The Quintile (Q) ranges (min–max) are: Q1: 0–36; Q2: 37–59; Q3: 60–75; Q4: 76–92; Q5: 93–100.