TABLE I.
DEP-based cancer cell manipulation platforms and characteristics.
| Target cancer cell-line (References) | DEP platform characteristic | DEP platform type | Optimum operating conditions | Optimum performance of the platform for target cells | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer cells | |||||
| MCF-7 (Kim et al.97) | 3D-asymmetric microelectrode dielectrophoretic activated cell sorter | eDEP | • Flow rate: 0.35 μl/min | ||
| • Frequency: 45 MHz | • 84% cell recovery | ||||
| • Voltage: 7 Vpp | |||||
| MCF-7 (Bhattacharya et al.98) | DC selective trapping iDEP platform | iDEP | • Electric field: 100 V/cm | • 68.5% cell viability after 2 min exposure to the electric field | |
| GX treated MCF-7-LCC9 (Soltanian-Zadeh et al.99) | Off-chip passivated-electrode insulator based Dielectrophoresis for separation | iDEP | • Flowrate: 20 μl/h | ||
| • Drug dosage: 500 nM • GX-treated cells | • 72% ± 1.1% trapping efficiency | ||||
| • Frequency: 1 MHz | |||||
| • Voltage: 80 Vpp | |||||
| GFP Labelled MDA-MB-231 (Alazzam et al.86) | Planar interdigitated transducer electrodes for separation | eDEP | • Flow rate: 6 μl/h | ||
| • Voltage: 15 Vpp | • Separation accuracy: 100% | ||||
| • Frequency: 40 kHz | • Purity: around 81% | ||||
| MDA-MB-231 (Li and Anand101) | Wireless electrode array | eDEP | • Flow rate: 0.1 ml/h | ||
| • Voltage: 248 Vpp | • N/A | ||||
| • Frequency: 40 kHz | |||||
| MDA-MB-231 (Henslee et al.16) | cDEP fluid electrode channel cell trapping device | cDEP | • Flow rate: 0.02 ml/h | ||
| • Voltage: 20 Vrms | • 90% or greater target cell trapping | ||||
| • Frequency: 180–210 kHz | |||||
| Leukemia | |||||
| HL-60 (Su et al.87) | DEP spring method using angled coplanar electrodes for electrical cell characterization | eDEP | • Min. - 1.47 S/m, max. - 0.35 S/m | • Characterization of approximately 10 cells/s | |
| • Algorithm accuracy of 96% | |||||
| K562 (Lee et al.106) | Gravitational and nDEP based electrode array cell sorter | eDEP | • Throughput: 17 000 cells/min | ||
| • Voltage: 7 Vpp | • Recovery rate: 49.42% | ||||
| • Frequency: 10 kHz | • Sorting efficiency: 94.74 ± 0.77% | ||||
| THP-1 (Yasukawa et al.107) | nDEP based electrode with the navigator and separator configuration for cell sorting by size | eDEP | • Flow velocity: 0.2 mm/s | ||
| • Voltage: Navigator - 15 Vpp • Separator – 14 Vpp | • 88% passing accuracy | ||||
| • Frequency: 100 kHz | |||||
| • 110 mS/m | |||||
| Jurkat T-lymphoblasts (Novickij et al.108) | High pulsed magnetic field inducing pDEP electric field coil | cDEP | • Frequency altered magnetic field: 1.3 MHz | ||
| • Average cell velocity: 73 μm/s | • N/A | ||||
| • Pulse repetitive frequency: 1–25 Hz | |||||
| Prostate cells | |||||
| ALDH expressing PC-3 cells (Salmanzadeh et al.122) | pDEP based selective trapping device | cDEP | • Flow rate: 0.2 ml/h | ||
| • Voltage: 293 Vrms | • Around 69% separation of PC-3 cells from non-PC-3 cells | ||||
| • Frequency: 200 kHz | |||||
| PC-3 live cells (Sun et al.114) | Ionic liquid electrode device for target cell separation | cDEP | • Flow rate: 50 μl/h | ||
| • Voltage: 53 Vrms | • 89.8% live cancer cells deflected to the designated outlet. | ||||
| Frequency: 50 kHz | |||||
| Live and dead PC-3 cells and blood (Chiu et al.20) | nDEP optically induced dielectrophoresis cell manipulation with laminar flow CTC cell isolation | ODEP | • Flow rate: 2.5 μL/min | ||
| • Voltage: 8 V | |||||
| • Frequency: 50 kHz | • Separation purity: 100% | ||||
| • Hollow circular light images: | • Cancer cell recovery rate: 41.5% | ||||
| • Fixed ID – 40 μm | |||||
| • Bandwidth – 40 μm | |||||
| • Moving velocity – 50 μm/s | |||||
| 22Rv1 cells (Khamenehfar et al.115) | Crossflow microfilter-DEP integrated single cancer cell isolation chip | eDEP | • Voltage: 11.5 V | ||
| • Frequency: 3 MHz | • Isolation time of cancer cells >60 s | ||||
| Ovarian cells | |||||
| MOSE cells (Čemažar et al.118) | Cell-scale micropillar (20 μm) pDEP cell isolation and trapping device | cDEP | • Flow rate: 20 μl/min | ||
| • Voltage: 300 Vrms | • 71%–90% cancer cell viability | ||||
| • Frequency: 50 kHz | • Sorting over 1 × 106 cancer cells/h | ||||
| Cervical cells | |||||
| HeLa cells from RBC (Chen et al.18) | pDEP stepping electric field cancer cell concentration and collection open-top chamber device | eDEP | • Voltage: 8 Vpp | ||
| • Frequency: 1 MHz | • 76%–80% cancer cell survival rate | ||||
| • Relay switching interval: 20 s | • 76%-80% cancer cell concentration | ||||
| • Cell concentration: 500 cells/ml | |||||
| HeLa cells (Das et al.119) | 3-inlet 3-outlet microfluidic platform with a tapered planar microelectrode | eDEP | • Voltage: 10 Vpp | ||
| • Frequency: 1 MHz | • N/A | ||||
| • Cell concentration: 106 cells/ml | |||||
| Colorectal cells | |||||
| HCT116 cells (Xing and Yobas120) | Continuous flow IDT-3D ring array microelectrode (40 μm) | eDEP | • Flow rate: 0.2 ml/h | ||
| • Voltage: 10 Vpp | • 94% cancer cell viability | ||||
| • Frequency: 100 kHz | • 82% cancer cell recovery | ||||
| • Cell concentration: 107 cells/ml | |||||
| Lung cells | |||||
| AS2-GFP from RBC and WBC cells (Cheng et al.88) | 3D LDEP nDEP lateral displacement CTC isolation system | eDEP | • Flow rate: 10 μl/min | ||
| • Voltage: 18 Vpp | • Recovery was greater than 85% and the isolation | ||||
| • Frequency: 10 kHz | • Purity was greater than 90% | ||||
| • Cell concentration: 600 cells/ml | • Enrichment factor of 105 | ||||
| • Channel length: 6 and 13 cm | |||||