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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biomaterials. 2018 Feb 3;161:216–227. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.01.040

Fig. 9. BMP2 released through macrophage-mediated degradation of microspheres stimulated MSC osteogenesis and calcification.

Fig. 9

Microspheres degraded by M1 macrophages had the largest osteogenic effect, similar to positive controls containing 200 ng/mL BMP2, and markedly higher than cultures exposed to M0 and M2 macrophages. The insets show the phase contrast and alizarin red staining of the corresponding negative control wells supplied with unloaded microspheres. There is no matrix deposition/staining on the unloaded microspheres on M0, M1 or M2 conditions.