Table 1. Model parameter efinitions and Values.

Symbol	Definition	Value
$\mathrm{\Omega }$	Network spatial extent	1
$N_e$	Number of excitatory cells	800
$N_i$	Number of inhibitory cells	200
$N_{th}$	Number of thalamic cells	200
$N_{rtn}$	Number of reticular cells	200
$\beta$	Neural response function gain	150
$h$	Firing rate threshold	0.1
$f_o$	Maximal firing rate	0.2
${\tau }_m$	Membrane time constant	1
${\alpha }_e$	Membrane rate constant — excitatory cortical cells	0.9
${\alpha }_i$	Membrane rate constant — inhibitory cortical cells	1.3
${\alpha }_{th}$	Membrane rate constant — thalamic neurons	0.5
${\alpha }_{rtn}$	Membrane rate constant — reticular cells	0.5
$a$	Neural adaptation rate constant	0.01
$b$	Neural adaptation gain	0.3
$I_e$	Constant current bias	0
$I_i$	Constant current bias	−0.3
$I_{th}$	Constant current bias	−0.3
$I_{rtn}$	Constant current bias	−0.3
${\tau }_{th}$	Thalamo-cortical delay	45 ms
${\tau }_{rtn}$	Reticular-thalamic delay	10 ms
c	Conduction velocity	0.35 m/s
$\rho$	Connection probability	0.2
${\displaystyle w_{e->e}^o}$	Synaptic connection strength	20.4
${\displaystyle w_{e->i}^o}$	Synaptic connection strength	30.6
${\displaystyle w_{i->e}^o}$	Synaptic connection strength	−30.6
${\displaystyle w_{i->i}^o}$	Synaptic connection strength	20.4
${\displaystyle w_{e->lgn}^o}$	Synaptic connection strength	34
${\displaystyle w_{e->rtn}^o}$	Synaptic connection strength	34
${\displaystyle w_{lgn->e}^o}$	Synaptic connection strength	85
${\displaystyle w_{lgn->i}^o}$	Synaptic connection strength	85
${\displaystyle w_{lgn->rtn}^o}$	Synaptic connection strength	34
${\displaystyle w_{rtn->lgn}^o}$	Synaptic connection strength	−34
${\displaystyle {\sigma }_{e->e}^2}$	Synaptic connection range	0.01
${\displaystyle {\sigma }_{e->i}^2}$	Synaptic connection range	0.01
${\displaystyle {\sigma }_{i->e}^2}$	Synaptic connection range	0.25
${\displaystyle {\sigma }_{i->i}^2}$	Synaptic connection range	0.25
${\displaystyle {\sigma }_{e->th}^2}$	Synaptic connection range	0.01
${\displaystyle {\sigma }_{e->rtn}^2}$	Synaptic connection range	0.01
${\displaystyle {\sigma }_{th->e}^2}$	Synaptic connection range	0.25
${\displaystyle {\sigma }_{th->i}^2}$	Synaptic connection range	0.25
${\displaystyle {\sigma }_{th->rtn}^2}$	Synaptic connection range	0.25
${\displaystyle {\sigma }_{rtn->th}^2}$	Synaptic connection range	0.25
dt	Integration time step	0.1