Table 1.

Components of the BetaMe programme and evidence of their effectiveness

Stage	Element	What is provided	Evidence-based for effective self-management
Core only (weeks 1–16)	Health coaches	Shared goal setting, and personalised programme based on that person’s personal goals. Provide regular input, encouragement and support via messaging and fortnightly video or audio meetings	Educational programmes and individual support through personalised coaches has been shown to be effective, with the level of effectiveness dependent on the intensity of the programme [50]. A number of successful interventions have provided access to an ‘expert’, such as a personal trainer or dietician, coupled with support from health professionals [51, 52]
	Health literacy	Fortnightly evidence-based resources and behaviour-change tools delivered in consumer-centred formats (bite sized, simple messages, images and video)	Mobile phones to send reminders or educational information via text, or within applications, have proven beneficial in the management of chronic conditions such as diabetes [53] with positive outcomes relating to glycaemic control and patient satisfaction, [17] self-efficacy [19] medication adherence [20] and as a result of weight loss, reduced transition from pre-diabetes to diabetes [54]
Core and maintenance (weeks 1–52)	Goal tracking	Daily reminders via web-based devices. Daily goal tracking of exercise, happiness, energy levels, food and weekly tracking of weight and waist measure	Goal tracking, such as the regular monitoring of weight or laboratory data has been identified as a key component of successful self-management programmes to achieve weight loss [55], and improved long-term outcomes [56]
	Peer support	Online closed forum, monitored by a registered nurse	Peer support has been successful in improving glycaemic control [57–61] and has been identified by participants, to be the most useful component of a self-management programme [57]