Table 3.
Structure | Phenotype | Cohen’s d | SE | Z score | 95% CI | P-value | I2 | N80 | Number of controls | Number of cases |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caudal middle frontal gyrus (LH) | MTLE-L | −0.403 | 0.07 | −5.789 | −0.538 to −0.2663 | 7.07 x 10−9 | 13.807 | 98 | 1344 | 412 |
All epilepsies | −0.319 | 0.04 | −7.935 | −0.397 to −0.24 | 2.11 x 10−15 | 17.112 | 156 | 1650 | 2061 | |
All other epilepsies | −0.291 | 0.045 | −6.425 | −0.38 to −0.202 | 1.32 x 10−10 | 0 | 197 | 1447 | 1000 | |
Caudal middle frontal gyrus (RH) | MTLE-L | −0.441 | 0.087 | −5.089 | −0.611 to −0.271 | 3.61 x 10−7 | 39.444 | 82 | 1348 | 412 |
All epilepsies | −0.307 | 0.051 | −5.991 | −0.407 to −0.206 | 2.09 x 10−9 | 46.443 | 168 | 1653 | 2059 | |
All other epilepsies | −0.212 | 0.045 | −4.699 | −0.301 to −0.124 | 2.62 x 10−6 | 0 | 350 | 1451 | 998 | |
Cuneus (RH) | All other epilepsies | −0.234 | 0.045 | −5.186 | −0.323 to −0.146 | 2.15 x 10−7 | 0 | 288 | 1449 | 996 |
All epilepsies | −0.204 | 0.038 | −5.333 | −0.279 to −0.129 | 9.68 x10−8 | 11.423 | 379 | 1651 | 2057 | |
Entorhinal gyrus (LH) | MTLE-L | −0.445 | 0.072 | −6.158 | −0.5865 to −0.303 | 7.35 x 10−10 | 0 | 81 | 1102 | 303 |
All epilepsies | −0.264 | 0.062 | −4.261 | −0.385 to −0.142 | 2.04 x 10−5 | 56.648 | 227 | 1402 | 1724 | |
Fusiform gyrus (LH) | MTLE-L | −0.359 | 0.069 | −5.183 | −0.494 to −0.223 | 2.19 x 10−7 | 13.465 | 123 | 1339 | 412 |
Lateral occipital gyrus (RH) | All other epilepsies | −0.211 | 0.045 | −4.659 | −0.299 to −0.122 | 3.18 x 10−6 | 2.50 x 10−3 | 354 | 1450 | 997 |
Lingual gyrus (RH) | All other epilepsies | −0.180 | 0.045 | −3.972 | −0.268 to −0.091 | 7.12 x 10−5 | 1.25 x 10−2 | 491 | 1450 | 996 |
Paracentral gyrus (LH) | MTLE-R | −0.505 | 0.102 | −4.944 | −0.705 to −0.305 | 7.67 x 10−7 | 52.283 | 63 | 1292 | 338 |
MTLE-L | −0.426 | 0.099 | −4.313 | −0.62 to −0.232 | 1.61 x 10−5 | 53.165 | 88 | 1344 | 412 | |
All epilepsies | −0.311 | 0.065 | −4.748 | −0.439 to −0.182 | 2.05 x 10−6 | 67.476 | 164 | 1650 | 2061 | |
All other epilepsies | −0.257 | 0.045 | −5.680 | −0.346 to −0.168 | 1.34 x 10−8 | 0 | 239 | 1447 | 1000 | |
Paracentral gyrus (RH) | MTLE-R | −0.421 | 0.064 | −6.538 | −0.548 to −0.295 | 6.24 x 10−11 | 0.407 | 90 | 1296 | 338 |
MTLE-L | −0.378 | 0.075 | −5.021 | −0.526 to −0.231 | 5.14 x 10−7 | 23.536 | 111 | 1348 | 412 | |
All other epilepsies | −0.351 | 0.045 | −7.733 | −0.44 to −0.262 | 1.05 x 10−14 | 3.43 x 10−3 | 129 | 1451 | 998 | |
All epilepsies | −0.315 | 0.053 | −5.983 | −0.418 to −0.212 | 2.19 x 10−9 | 49.261 | 160 | 1654 | 2059 | |
Parahippocampal gyrus (LH) | MTLE-L | −0.3 | 0.073 | −4.11 | −0.444 to −0.1572 | 3.95 x 10−5 | 19.366 | 176 | 1335 | 410 |
Pars opercularis (RH) | MTLE-R | −0.271 | 0.071 | −3.8 | −0.411 to −0.131 | 1.45 x 10−4 | 12.105 | 215 | 1295 | 338 |
All epilepsies | −0.177 | 0.036 | −4.976 | −0.247 to −0.107 | 6.48 x 10−7 | 2.624 | 503 | 1652 | 2059 | |
Pars triangularis (LH) | All epilepsies | −0.192 | 0.05 | −3.828 | −0.2897 to −0.094 | 1.29 x 10−4 | 44.414 | 427 | 1650 | 2060 |
Pars triangularis (RH) | MTLE-L | −0.285 | 0.06 | −4.738 | −0.403 to −0.167 | 2.16 x 10−6 | 0 | 195 | 1346 | 412 |
All epilepsies | −0.199 | 0.036 | −5.48 | −0.27 to −0.128 | 4.25 x 10−8 | 4.66 | 398 | 1652 | 2058 | |
All other epilepsies | −0.210 | 0.045 | −4.650 | −0.299 to −0.122 | 3.32 x 10−6 | 2.58 x 10−3 | 357 | 1449 | 998 | |
Precentral gyrus (LH) | MTLE-L | −0.466 | 0.081 | −5.755 | −0.625 to −0.307 | 8.64 x 10−9 | 31.602 | 74 | 1339 | 412 |
MTLE-R | −0.415 | 0.09 | −4.596 | −0.592 to −0.238 | 4.31 x 10−6 | 40.044 | 93 | 1287 | 338 | |
All epilepsies | −0.384 | 0.044 | −8.768 | −0.469 to −0.298 | 1.82 x 10−18 | 27.649 | 108 | 1645 | 2058 | |
All other epilepsies | −0.375 | 0.046 | −8.237 | −0.464 to −0.286 | 1.76 x 10−16 | 5.59 x 10−3 | 113 | 1442 | 997 | |
IGE | −0.342 | 0.071 | −4.78 | −0.482 to −0.201 | 1.75 x 10−6 | 0.003 | 136 | 1043 | 297 | |
Precentral gyrus (RH) | MTLE-R | −0.52 | 0.086 | −6.073 | −0.687 to −0.352 | 1.25 x 10−9 | 33.288 | 60 | 1293 | 337 |
MTLE-L | −0.492 | 0.078 | −6.335 | −0.6436 to −0.339 | 2.37 x 10−10 | 26.33 | 66 | 1345 | 412 | |
All epilepsies | −0.399 | 0.044 | −9.102 | −0.485 to −0.313 | 8.85 x 10−20 | 27.929 | 100 | 1649 | 2054 | |
IGE | −0.39 | 0.072 | −5.442 | −0.531 to −0.25 | 5.27 x 10−8 | 0.005 | 105 | 1044 | 295 | |
All other epilepsies | −0.348 | 0.045 | −7.672 | −0.437 to −0.259 | 1.70 x 10−14 | 0 | 131 | 1448 | 996 | |
Precuneus (LH) | MTLE-L | −0.536 | 0.135 | −3.965 | −0.801 to −0.271 | 7.35 x 10−5 | 75.18 | 56 | 1343 | 412 |
All other epilepsies | −0.178 | 0.047 | −3.819 | −0.27 to −0.087 | 1.34 x 10−4 | 4.474 | 497 | 1446 | 998 | |
Precuneus (RH) | MTLE-L | −0.473 | 0.104 | −4.558 | −0.676 to −0.27 | 5.16 x 10−6 | 57.498 | 72 | 1348 | 412 |
All epilepsies | −0.275 | 0.066 | −4.197 | −0.404 to −0.147 | 2.70 x 10−5 | 67.608 | 209 | 1654 | 2055 | |
All other epilepsies | −0.238 | 0.053 | −4.471 | −0.343 to −0.134 | 7.78 x 10−6 | 22.378 | 279 | 1451 | 994 | |
Superior frontal gyrus (LH) | MTLE-L | −0.411 | 0.06 | −6.804 | −0.529 to −0.292 | 1.02 x 10−11 | 0 | 94 | 1343 | 412 |
All epilepsies | −0.283 | 0.054 | −5.251 | −0.389 to −0.177 | 1.51 x 10−7 | 51.773 | 197 | 1649 | 2059 | |
All other epilepsies | −0.243 | 0.059 | −4.138 | −0.358 to −0.128 | 3.51 x 10−5 | 34.545 | 267 | 1446 | 999 | |
Superior frontal gyrus (RH) | MTLE-L | −0.365 | 0.06 | −6.051 | −0.483 to −0.246 | 1.44 x 10−9 | 0 | 119 | 1345 | 412 |
All epilepsies | −0.269 | 0.059 | −4.588 | −0.385 to −0.154 | 4.49 x 10−6 | 59.483 | 218 | 1650 | 2058 | |
All other epilepsies | −0.235 | 0.052 | −4.489 | −0.337 to −0.132 | 7.15 x 10−6 | 20.049 | 286 | 1448 | 997 | |
Superior parietal gyrus (LH) | All other epilepsies | −0.224 | 0.045 | −4.954 | −0.313 to −0.136 | 7.27 x 10−7 | 0.001 | 314 | 1444 | 996 |
Superior parietal gyrus (RH) | All other epilepsies | −0.220 | 0.045 | −4.864 | −0.309 to −0.131 | 1.15 x 10−6 | 0.002 | 326 | 1450 | 997 |
Supramarginal gyrus (LH) | All epilepsies | −0.232 | 0.06 | −3.894 | −0.348 to −0.115 | 9.87 x 10−5 | 59.391 | 293 | 1606 | 1965 |
Supramarginal gyrus (RH) | All epilepsies | −0.223 | 0.055 | −4.045 | −0.331 to −0.115 | 5.24 x 10−5 | 52.895 | 317 | 1597 | 1971 |
All other epilepsies | −0.206 | 0.047 | −4.418 | −0.297 to −0.115 | 9.95 x 10−6 | 0 | 371 | 1395 | 961 | |
Temporal pole (LH) | MTLE-L | −0.315 | 0.068 | −4.649 | −0.447 to −0.182 | 3.33 x 10−6 | 10.901 | 160 | 1341 | 410 |
Transverse temporal gyrus (LH) | MTLE-R | −0.312 | 0.073 | −4.249 | −0.456 to −0.168 | 2.15 x 10−5 | 15.614 | 163 | 1289 | 338 |
All epilepsies | −0.192 | 0.044 | −4.406 | −0.278 to −0.107 | 1.05 x 10−5 | 28.178 | 427 | 1647 | 2061 | |
Transverse temporal gyrus (RH) | All epilepsies | −0.182 | 0.044 | −4.188 | −0.267 to −0.097 | 2.81 x 10−5 | 27.918 | 475 | 1654 | 2059 |
All other epilepsies | −0.18 | 0.045 | −3.982 | −0.269 to −0.091 | 6.84 x 10−5 | 0.012 | 486 | 1451 | 998 |
CI = confidence interval; LH = left hemisphere; RH = right hemisphere; SE = standard error; I2 = heterogeneity index; N80 = number of subjects required in each group to yield 80% power to detect significant group differences (P < 0.05, two-tailed). Uncorrected P-values are reported. Cortical regions that failed to survive Bonferroni correction (P < 1.49 x 10−4) are not reported (see ‘Materials and methods’ section for statistical threshold determination). See Supplementary material for a full list of cortical differences with adjustment for false discovery rate (FDR).