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. 2018 Jan 30;141(2):391–408. doi: 10.1093/brain/awx341

Table 3.

Effect size differences between epilepsy cases and healthy controls (Cohen’s d) for the mean thickness of cortical structures, controlling for age, sex and intracranial volume

Structure Phenotype Cohen’s d SE Z score 95% CI P-value I2 N80 Number of controls Number of cases
Caudal middle frontal gyrus (LH) MTLE-L −0.403 0.07 −5.789 −0.538 to −0.2663 7.07 x 10−9 13.807 98 1344 412
All epilepsies −0.319 0.04 −7.935 −0.397 to −0.24 2.11 x 10−15 17.112 156 1650 2061
All other epilepsies −0.291 0.045 −6.425 −0.38 to −0.202 1.32 x 10−10 0 197 1447 1000
Caudal middle frontal gyrus (RH) MTLE-L −0.441 0.087 −5.089 −0.611 to −0.271 3.61 x 10−7 39.444 82 1348 412
All epilepsies −0.307 0.051 −5.991 −0.407 to −0.206 2.09 x 10−9 46.443 168 1653 2059
All other epilepsies −0.212 0.045 −4.699 −0.301 to −0.124 2.62 x 10−6 0 350 1451 998
Cuneus (RH) All other epilepsies −0.234 0.045 −5.186 −0.323 to −0.146 2.15 x 10−7 0 288 1449 996
All epilepsies −0.204 0.038 −5.333 −0.279 to −0.129 9.68 x10−8 11.423 379 1651 2057
Entorhinal gyrus (LH) MTLE-L −0.445 0.072 −6.158 −0.5865 to −0.303 7.35 x 10−10 0 81 1102 303
All epilepsies −0.264 0.062 −4.261 −0.385 to −0.142 2.04 x 10−5 56.648 227 1402 1724
Fusiform gyrus (LH) MTLE-L −0.359 0.069 −5.183 −0.494 to −0.223 2.19 x 10−7 13.465 123 1339 412
Lateral occipital gyrus (RH) All other epilepsies −0.211 0.045 −4.659 −0.299 to −0.122 3.18 x 10−6 2.50 x 10−3 354 1450 997
Lingual gyrus (RH) All other epilepsies −0.180 0.045 −3.972 −0.268 to −0.091 7.12 x 10−5 1.25 x 10−2 491 1450 996
Paracentral gyrus (LH) MTLE-R −0.505 0.102 −4.944 −0.705 to −0.305 7.67 x 10−7 52.283 63 1292 338
MTLE-L −0.426 0.099 −4.313 −0.62 to −0.232 1.61 x 10−5 53.165 88 1344 412
All epilepsies −0.311 0.065 −4.748 −0.439 to −0.182 2.05 x 10−6 67.476 164 1650 2061
All other epilepsies −0.257 0.045 −5.680 −0.346 to −0.168 1.34 x 10−8 0 239 1447 1000
Paracentral gyrus (RH) MTLE-R −0.421 0.064 −6.538 −0.548 to −0.295 6.24 x 10−11 0.407 90 1296 338
MTLE-L −0.378 0.075 −5.021 −0.526 to −0.231 5.14 x 10−7 23.536 111 1348 412
All other epilepsies −0.351 0.045 −7.733 −0.44 to −0.262 1.05 x 10−14 3.43 x 10−3 129 1451 998
All epilepsies −0.315 0.053 −5.983 −0.418 to −0.212 2.19 x 10−9 49.261 160 1654 2059
Parahippocampal gyrus (LH) MTLE-L −0.3 0.073 −4.11 −0.444 to −0.1572 3.95 x 10−5 19.366 176 1335 410
Pars opercularis (RH) MTLE-R −0.271 0.071 −3.8 −0.411 to −0.131 1.45 x 10−4 12.105 215 1295 338
All epilepsies −0.177 0.036 −4.976 −0.247 to −0.107 6.48 x 10−7 2.624 503 1652 2059
Pars triangularis (LH) All epilepsies −0.192 0.05 −3.828 −0.2897 to −0.094 1.29 x 10−4 44.414 427 1650 2060
Pars triangularis (RH) MTLE-L −0.285 0.06 −4.738 −0.403 to −0.167 2.16 x 10−6 0 195 1346 412
All epilepsies −0.199 0.036 −5.48 −0.27 to −0.128 4.25 x 10−8 4.66 398 1652 2058
All other epilepsies −0.210 0.045 −4.650 −0.299 to −0.122 3.32 x 10−6 2.58 x 10−3 357 1449 998
Precentral gyrus (LH) MTLE-L −0.466 0.081 −5.755 −0.625 to −0.307 8.64 x 10−9 31.602 74 1339 412
MTLE-R −0.415 0.09 −4.596 −0.592 to −0.238 4.31 x 10−6 40.044 93 1287 338
All epilepsies −0.384 0.044 −8.768 −0.469 to −0.298 1.82 x 10−18 27.649 108 1645 2058
All other epilepsies −0.375 0.046 −8.237 −0.464 to −0.286 1.76 x 10−16 5.59 x 10−3 113 1442 997
IGE −0.342 0.071 −4.78 −0.482 to −0.201 1.75 x 10−6 0.003 136 1043 297
Precentral gyrus (RH) MTLE-R −0.52 0.086 −6.073 −0.687 to −0.352 1.25 x 10−9 33.288 60 1293 337
MTLE-L −0.492 0.078 −6.335 −0.6436 to −0.339 2.37 x 10−10 26.33 66 1345 412
All epilepsies −0.399 0.044 −9.102 −0.485 to −0.313 8.85 x 10−20 27.929 100 1649 2054
IGE −0.39 0.072 −5.442 −0.531 to −0.25 5.27 x 10−8 0.005 105 1044 295
All other epilepsies −0.348 0.045 −7.672 −0.437 to −0.259 1.70 x 10−14 0 131 1448 996
Precuneus (LH) MTLE-L −0.536 0.135 −3.965 −0.801 to −0.271 7.35 x 10−5 75.18 56 1343 412
All other epilepsies −0.178 0.047 −3.819 −0.27 to −0.087 1.34 x 10−4 4.474 497 1446 998
Precuneus (RH) MTLE-L −0.473 0.104 −4.558 −0.676 to −0.27 5.16 x 10−6 57.498 72 1348 412
All epilepsies −0.275 0.066 −4.197 −0.404 to −0.147 2.70 x 10−5 67.608 209 1654 2055
All other epilepsies −0.238 0.053 −4.471 −0.343 to −0.134 7.78 x 10−6 22.378 279 1451 994
Superior frontal gyrus (LH) MTLE-L −0.411 0.06 −6.804 −0.529 to −0.292 1.02 x 10−11 0 94 1343 412
All epilepsies −0.283 0.054 −5.251 −0.389 to −0.177 1.51 x 10−7 51.773 197 1649 2059
All other epilepsies −0.243 0.059 −4.138 −0.358 to −0.128 3.51 x 10−5 34.545 267 1446 999
Superior frontal gyrus (RH) MTLE-L −0.365 0.06 −6.051 −0.483 to −0.246 1.44 x 10−9 0 119 1345 412
All epilepsies −0.269 0.059 −4.588 −0.385 to −0.154 4.49 x 10−6 59.483 218 1650 2058
All other epilepsies −0.235 0.052 −4.489 −0.337 to −0.132 7.15 x 10−6 20.049 286 1448 997
Superior parietal gyrus (LH) All other epilepsies −0.224 0.045 −4.954 −0.313 to −0.136 7.27 x 10−7 0.001 314 1444 996
Superior parietal gyrus (RH) All other epilepsies −0.220 0.045 −4.864 −0.309 to −0.131 1.15 x 10−6 0.002 326 1450 997
Supramarginal gyrus (LH) All epilepsies −0.232 0.06 −3.894 −0.348 to −0.115 9.87 x 10−5 59.391 293 1606 1965
Supramarginal gyrus (RH) All epilepsies −0.223 0.055 −4.045 −0.331 to −0.115 5.24 x 10−5 52.895 317 1597 1971
All other epilepsies −0.206 0.047 −4.418 −0.297 to −0.115 9.95 x 10−6 0 371 1395 961
Temporal pole (LH) MTLE-L −0.315 0.068 −4.649 −0.447 to −0.182 3.33 x 10−6 10.901 160 1341 410
Transverse temporal gyrus (LH) MTLE-R −0.312 0.073 −4.249 −0.456 to −0.168 2.15 x 10−5 15.614 163 1289 338
All epilepsies −0.192 0.044 −4.406 −0.278 to −0.107 1.05 x 10−5 28.178 427 1647 2061
Transverse temporal gyrus (RH) All epilepsies −0.182 0.044 −4.188 −0.267 to −0.097 2.81 x 10−5 27.918 475 1654 2059
All other epilepsies −0.18 0.045 −3.982 −0.269 to −0.091 6.84 x 10−5 0.012 486 1451 998

CI = confidence interval; LH = left hemisphere; RH = right hemisphere; SE = standard error; I2 = heterogeneity index; N80 = number of subjects required in each group to yield 80% power to detect significant group differences (P < 0.05, two-tailed). Uncorrected P-values are reported. Cortical regions that failed to survive Bonferroni correction (P < 1.49 x 10−4) are not reported (see ‘Materials and methods’ section for statistical threshold determination). See Supplementary material for a full list of cortical differences with adjustment for false discovery rate (FDR).