Abstract
This study investigated the expression of adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 (AMPD1) in serum of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and its clinical significance. The expression levels of AMPD1 mRNA in serum of 157 patients with PTC and 100 normal controls were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the relationships between expression level of AMPD1 in serum of PTC patients and clinicopathological factors as well as prognosis were analyzed. The results of real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR showed that the expression of AMPD1 mRNA in serum of PTC patients was lower than that in normal human serum (P<0.01). The expression of AMPD1 in serum of PTC patients was not significantly different from the clinicopathological features such as sex, age, lymph node metastasis and the number of lesions (P>0.05); there were distinct differences between its expression and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging and tumor diameter (P<0.05). The single factor Cox analysis revealed that sex, age, number of lesions, TNM staging and the occurrence of lymph node metastasis were significantly correlated with the prognosis of patients (P<0.05). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that TNM staging hazard ratio (HR)=2.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.52–7.04, P=0.015 was an independent prognostic factor in PTC patients. Survival analysis indicated that there was a statistically significant difference in the 5-year overall survival rate between patients with high expression of AMPD1 and those with low expression (P=0.007). In conclusion, the expression of AMPD1 in serum of patients with PTC is closely related to the malignant evolution of PTC and clinical prognosis of patients. AMPD1 is expected to become an important molecule in judging the clinical prognosis of PTC patients, and may become a new target for molecular targeted therapy of PTC.
Keywords: serum AMPD1, thyroid carcinoma
Introduction
Thyroid cancer represents the most common cancer in the endocrine system (1–4). Most thyroid cancers originate from thyroid follicular cells (>90%), which can differentiate into papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), while only less than 5% derive from C-cells (5). Of the PTC patients 40–60% are aged over 45 years, mainly middle aged and elderly people with lymphatic metastasis (6). The most common follicular tumors now are mostly benign hyperplastic tumors, and PTC represents the most common thyroid cancer (approximately 90%) (7). PTC and FTC may progress to a poorly differentiated carcinoma or complete loss of differentiation to produce anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) (8).
A large number of studies have been conducted to screen candidate markers of thyroid cancer at present. The differential expression of excessively large numbers of molecules was screened out in thyroid carcinoma tissues (9–11). The adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD) encoded by AMPD1 gene has the function of catalyzing adenosine monophosphate inosinemonpho sphate (12,13) in purine nucleotide metabolism and energy metabolism, especially skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. Currently, it is known that AMPD1 gene is generally localized on the p13-21 region chromosome, with a length of 20 kb, consisting of 16 exons and 15 introns (14). In most cases, the presence of the nonsense mutation of 34 at position of AMPD1 and common polymorphism of C-T transformation contribute to the emergence of premature termination codon; some related metabolic muscle disorders are caused by the lack of AMPD activity (15). It is proved that mutations in the AMPD1 allele play a protective role in the onset of congestive heart failure, which can also help (16) and relatively reduce aortic stiffness and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (13). However, there are few studies on AMPD1 in human malignant tumors; particularly, its relationship with the occurrence and development of thyroid cancer, and the expression level and prognosis of thyroid cancer are rarely reported. This study aimed to further understand the expression of AMPD1 and its relationship with cancer.
Materials and methods
Clinical data
A total of 157 patients with PTC diagnosed by pathology admitted to the Department of Oncology in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from May 2011 to August 2016 were collected, including 75 males and 82 females, aged 43–77 years, with an average age of 62.15±10.61 years. According to the eighth edition of tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging issued by American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), there were 44 cases in stage I, 63 cases in stage II, 32 cases in stage III and 18 cases in stage IV. One hundred normal people were enrolled as control group. None of the patients had been treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy before operation. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, and patients signed the informed consent.
Main instruments and reagents
ABI StepOne Plus (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) instrument, NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer, KH19A desktop high-speed high-performance centrifuge (KAIDA); −80°C low-temperature refrigerator (Thermo Fisher Scientific); AxyGen Total RNA Extraction kit was purchased from Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China; reverse transcription kit was from Thermo Fisher Scientific; fluorescent quantitative PCR kit was from Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
Collection of samples
Peripheral blood (5 ml) was extracted from patients with PTC and volunteers in normal control group before operation and placed into an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-k (EDTA-k) anticoagulant tube, followed by centrifugation at 3500 × g for 5 min. The supernatant was taken and centrifuged at 8000 × g at 4°C for 10 min. The supernatant was collected and stored at −80°C.
Design and synthesis of primers
cDNA sequences of AMPD1 gene were synthesized using primer design software Primer 5, and primers were synthesized by Guangzhou Shangeng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Table I). PCR amplification reaction: 8 µl ddH2O, 10 µl Fast qPCR Mix (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), 2 µl cDNA template, 0.2 µl upstream primer and 0.2 µl downstream primer (10 µmol/l); PCR was amplified by Applied Biosystems StepOne Plus: pre-denaturation at 95°C for 10 min, denaturation at 95°C for 15 sec, annealing and extending at 60°C for 30 sec, a total of 45 cycles. The relative expression level of AMPD1 was calculated using 2−∆CT method.
Table I.
Internal reference of AMPD1 primers.
| Gene | Primer sequence |
|---|---|
| AMPD1 | U: 5′-AAGGCCGCCCAGAGCTTATTCAT-3′ |
| primer | D: 5′-CTTCAGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATTC-3′ |
| U6 internal | U: 5′-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3′ |
| reference | D: 5′-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3′ |
U, upstream primer; D, downstream primer.
Statistical analysis
SPSS 22.0 (Version X; IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) statistical software was used for statistical analysis. Measurement data were expressed as mean ± SD, and t-test was applied for the comparison of means between two samples. Pearson's correlation analysis was utilized for analyzing the correlation. Furthermore, the relationship between AMPD1 and 5-year survival rate was analyzed by single-factor and multivariate Cox regression. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Expression levels of AMPD1 in PTC patients and control group
The results of expression levels of AMPD1 in serum of PTC patients and control group detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) indicated that the expression level of AMPD1 in serum of PTC patients was remarkably reduced compared with that in normal control group (P<0.01) (Table II). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was further performed, suggesting that the risk in PTC patients could be predicted by AMPD1 with a certain value, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.713, and 95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.692–0.797 (Fig. 1).
Table II.
Expression level of AMPD1 in serum of PTC patients and control group.
| Group | n | Expression level of AMPD1 | P-value | t value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient | 157 | 2.14±2.45 | ||
| Control | 100 | 4.67±1.91 | <0.01 | 5.925 |
Figure 1.
ROC curves of AMPD1 in serum of PTC and normal control group. The value of AMPD1 is high in predicting risk of PTC, AUC is 2.93 and 95% CI is 1.52–7.04.
Relationships between expression level of AMPD1 and clinicopathological features in PTC patients
According to the differential expression of AMPD1 in PTC patients and combination with clinical pathological data, it was found that the expression of AMPD1 in serum of PTC patients was not significantly different from the clinicopathological features such as sex, age, lymph node metastasis and the number of lesions (P>0.05); there were distinct differences between its expression and TNM staging and tumor diameter (P<0.05) (Table III).
Table III.
Relationships between expression level of AMPD1 and clinicopathological features in PTC patients.
| Clinical pathological features | Expression level of AMPD1 | P-value |
|---|---|---|
| Age/years | 0.059 | |
| ≥45 | 2.15 (1.65–3.03) | |
| <45 | 3.81 (1.25–2.96) | |
| Sex | 0.751 | |
| Male | 3.67 (1.86–2.55) | |
| Female | 3.11 (1.57–2.67) | |
| Tumor diameter | 0.045 | |
| ≥20 mm | 2.01 (1.29–2.59) | |
| <20 mm | 3.54 (1.89–3.09) | |
| Lymph node metastasis | 0.135 | |
| Yes | 2.39 (1.48–3.21) | |
| No | 3.18 (1.80–2.67) | |
| TNM staging | 0.017 | |
| I–II | 3.44 (1.36–3.54) | |
| III–IV | 1.87 (1.22–2.57) | |
| Number of lesions | 0.074 | |
| Single | 2.16 (1.69–3.49) | |
| Multiple | 1.54 (2.19–3.56) |
Analysis of prognosis-related factors in PTC patients
The 5-year survival rate in PTC patients with high expression of AMPD1 was 62.4, which was 45.5 in the group with low expression of AMPD1, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.007, Fig. 2). The single factor Cox analysis revealed that sex, age, number of lesions, TNM staging and the occurrence of lymph node metastasis were significantly correlated with the prognosis of patients (P<0.05) (Table IV). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that TNM staging hazard ratio (HR)=2.93, 95% CI: 1.52–7.04, P=0.015 was an independent prognostic factor in PTC patients (Table V).
Figure 2.
Kaplan-Meier survival curve of PCT patients in high or low expression group of AMPD1. The 5-year survival rate in the group with low expression of AMPD1 is lower than that in group with high expression of AMPD1 (P=0.007) (P<0.05).
Table IV.
Single factor analysis for PTC patients.
| Influencing factors | n | 5-year survival rate (%) | HR | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.77 | 0.036 | ||
| Male | 75 | 60.6 | ||
| Female | 82 | 69.4 | ||
| Age | 0.84 | 0.574 | ||
| ≥45 | 69 | 64.7 | ||
| <45 | 88 | 60.1 | ||
| Tumor diameter | 1.91 | 0.617 | ||
| ≥20 mm | 61 | 50.3 | ||
| <20 mm | 96 | 63.4 | ||
| Lymph node metastasis | 0.67 | 0.007 | ||
| Yes | 49 | 55.6 | ||
| No | 108 | 67.4 | ||
| TNM staging | 0.52 | 0.057 | ||
| I–II | 85 | 68.1 | ||
| III–IV | 72 | 50.2 | ||
| Number of lesions | 0.011 | |||
| Single | 79 | 67.4 | ||
| Multiple | 78 | 52.7 |
Table V.
Multivariate analysis for prognosis of PTC patients.
| Influencing factor | HR | P-value | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.69 | 0.547 | 1.27–5.17 |
| Lymph node metastasis | 0.81 | 0.095 | 1.47–4.94 |
| TNM staging | 2.93 | 0.015 | 1.52–7.04 |
| Number of lesions | 1.27 | 0.184 | 1.38–6.14 |
Discussion
Thyroid cancer (THCA) is a common malignant tumor in the endocrine system, which mainly derives from thyroid epithelial cells, accounting for 1% of the systemic malignancy. Currently, its incidence is increasing year by year. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common pathological type of THCA, and the cervical lymph node metastasis may appear in the early stage of the disease. Thus, the early diagnosis and surgical treatment of PTC are conducive to improving the prognosis of patients (17).
The adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD) encoded by AMPD1 gene has the function of catalyzing adenosine monophosphate inosinemonophosphate (8,9) in purine nucleotide metabolism and energy metabolism, especially skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. At present, AMPD1 gene has been studied in diabetes mellitus (18) and cardiovascular disease (19). The purpose of this study is to identify new tumor markers in THCA thus controlling the disease through better diagnosis and treatment.
The study revealed that the expression level of AMPD1 in serum of PTC patients was significantly lower than that of normal human serum; by combining with clinical analysis, it showed that AMPD1 expression was positively related with age, tumor diameter and TNM staging of patients; the higher the age was, the lower the expression level of AMPD1 would be; the larger the tumor diameter was, the lower the expression level of AMPD1 would be; the higher the TNM staging was, the lower the expression level of AMPD1 would be. The above results indicated that AMPD1 may be involved in the pathological development of PTC.
This study revealed that the risk of PTC can be predicted by AMPD1 expression, which is correlated with pathological staging, TNM grading, distant metastasis and lymph node metastasis of patients. Importantly, the low expression of AMPD1 is associated with low overall survival rate, which is an independent prognostic factor for PTC patients. Clinically, it is difficult to diagnose papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) with diameter less than 10 mm before surgery due to the small size, unobvious onset and lack of specific clinical manifestations and it is only found when thyroidectomy or progressive lymph node metastasis is required due to other causes (20).
In conclusion, this study indicated that AMPD1 is closely linked to TNM staging. In the following study, we will further expand the sample size to analyze the expression of AMPD1 in PTC, so as to provide a basis for the diagnosis of PTC. In summary, AMPD1 expression in serum of PTC is downregulated and plays a role in the occurrence of PTC, which is able to guide the diagnosis and treatment in clinical practice.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
TZ contributed to the conception and design of the study and drafted the study. HW was responsible for acquisition and analysis of data and revised the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (Suzhou, China). Signed written informed consents were obtained from the patients.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Associated Data
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Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.