Abstract
Background:
L7/L12 is a protective antigen conserved in main Brucella pathogens and is considered as potential vaccine candidate. Outer membrane protein 2b is an immunogen conserved in all Brucella pathogens.
Materials and Methods:
The purpose of the current study was to in silico design a L7/L12-SOmp2b fusion protein and in vitro production of the chimera. Two possible fusion forms, L7/L12-SOmp2b and SOmp2b-L7/L12, were subjected to in silico modeling and analysis. Cloning and expression of the fusion protein has been done in the pET28a vector and Escherichia coli Bl21 (DE3), respectively.
Results:
Analysis and validation of the fusion proteins three-dimensional models showed that both models are in the range of native proteins. However, L7/L12-SOmp2b structure was more valid than the SOmp2b-L7/L12 model and subjected to in vitro production. The major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) epitope mapping using Immune Epitope DataBase indicated that the model contained good MHC-II binders. The L7/L12-Omp2b coding sequence was cloned in pET28a vector. The fusion was successfully expressed in E. coli BL21 by induction with isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside. The rL7/L12-SOmp2b was purified with Ni-NTA column. The yield of the purified rL7/L12-SOmp2b was estimated by Bradford method to be 240 μg/ml of the culture. Western blot analysis revealed a specific reactivity with purified rL7/L12-SOmp2b produced in E. coli cells and showed the expression in the prokaryotic system.
Conclusions:
Our data indicates that L7/L12-SOmp2b fusion protein has a potential to induce both B- and T-cell-mediated immune responses and it can be evaluated as a new subunit vaccine candidate against brucellosis.
Keywords: Brucella, cloning, fusion protein, in silico design, L7/L12, outer membrane protein 2b
Introduction
Brucellosis is the most common bacterial zoonotic disease infecting approximately half a million people annually around the world.[1,2] Abortion caused by the brucellosis imposes significant economic losses in livestock and the disease is known as a potentially life-threatening multi-system disease (undulant fever, arthritis, endocarditis and meningitis) in human.[3,4] The causative agent of Brucellosis, genus of Brucella, consists of more than ten species among them Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucellasuis cause most of the animal and human diseases.[1,2] B. melitensis is the cause of the most severe form of the disease in humans, following by B. suis, B. abortus and Brucella canis causing milder diseases. Immunization against Brucella infections in animals is usually performed by administration of the live attenuated smooth Brucella strains: B. melitensis strain Rev. 1, B. abortus strain S19, and B. abortus strain RB51.[5] However, these vaccines have major disadvantages of being pathogenic for humans, being resistant to streptomycin and interfering with the lipopolysaccaride based serological tests.[5,6] Although commercial vaccines are available for animal brucellosis, there is no effective and safe vaccine against human Brucella infections. Recently, with the purpose of developing effective human brucellosis vaccines, extensive studies have been performed to understand the mechanisms of protective immunity against Brucella.[7,8] Bioinformatics analyses showed that Brucella lacks classical bacterial virulence related sequences and genes, such as exotoxins, capsule, flagella, fimbriae, plasmids, lysogenic phage, antigenic variation, cytolysins, or pathogenic islands; making characterization of pathogenic mechanisms in this organism highly challenging.[4,9] Immunoproteomics considerably facilitated the identification of many potential immunogenic proteins in Brucella. However, only a few antigens have demonstrated important protective efficacy, in vivo.[10] Cell mediated mechanisms, particularly, Th1 immune responses characterized by the production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) are crucial for the clearance of Brucella infection.[11] Studies on experimental and human brucellosis indicated that IFN-γ is the principal cytokine active against Brucella infection resulting from Brucella recognition by host immune receptors such as toll-like receptors which leads to interleukin-12 (IL-12) production.[2,4] A critical role of IFN-γ in the resistance to Brucella infection was demonstrated in mice model by in vivo antibody neutralization experiments and also by IFN-γ knock out mouse study.[12,13] However, the study done by Vitry et al. showed that IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T-cells or B-cell-mediated humoral immunity plays only a modest role in the clearance of bacteria during primary infection.[13] CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are critical in killing Brucella-infected target cells.[12] Th1 cell-oriented responses against Brucella infection are best stimulated by live vaccines or protective proteins in presence of adjuvants favor cell-mediated immune mechanisms.[14,15,16]
The 13.5 kDa L7/L12 ribosomal protein of B. abortus which also exists in B. melitensis and other Brucella species has been identified as an immunodominant and protective antigen. The recombinant L7/L12 protein and DNA vaccine encoding L7/L12 gene can elicit strong cell-mediated immunity (Th1 responses) and promote protection against Brucella infection in BALB/c mice.[7,17,18,19] Moreover, it has been identified that the L7/L12 from B. melitensis and B. abortus is a major component in the antigenicity of Brucellin INRA (brucellergen) for delayed-type hypersensitivity in Brucella-sensitized guinea pigs.[17,20]
Brucella outer membrane protein 2b (Omp2b) is a 36 kDa porin existed in common Brucella pathogens and bioinformatics studies shows that it could be a priority antigen for designing a new subunit vaccine.[8,10] We have previously cloned and expressed the SOmp2b (a form lacking the signal peptide) protein and also the truncated form (aa163-aa362), successfully.[21,22] Our in silico analysis of Om2b protein indicated that the antigen is potential to induce both B- and T-cell mediated immune responses and it can be evaluated as a new subunit vaccine candidate against brucellosis. Moreover, further in vivo evaluation of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the SOmp2b and its truncated form (TOmp2b) done by us showed that SOmp2b and TOmp2b are potential vaccine candidates against B. melitensis and B. abortus infections. Three vaccine strategies based on the SOmp2b and TOmp2b antigens have been able to induce both homoral and Th1 immune responses and confer protection against Brucella infection in mice model.[22,23]
With regard to the fact that B. melitensis and B. abortus are the main cause of human brucellosis, design of a new vaccine candidate inducing protection against both pathogens would be ideal. Additionally, it has been revealed that using multivalent vaccine system increases the levels of both the protection and immune responses against Brucella infection.[15,20,24,25] In the present study, we aimed to design and express a fusion construct from SOmp2b and L7/L12 antigens. Further evaluation of the cross-protective efficacy of the fusion against B. melitensis and B. abortus is an ongoing project in our lab.
Materials and Methods
Strains, plasmids and media
The heat inactivated B. abortus strain 544 was purchased from the microbial collection of the Pasteur Institute of Iran (Karaj, Iran). The prokaryotic expression vector pET28a (Novagene, USA) and Escherichia coli, BL21 (DE3) (Stratagene, USA) were used for rL7/L12-SOmp2b protein production. Bacterial strains were cultured in LB broth or agar (Merck, Germany) containing 50 μg/ml of kanamycin, at 37°C. Unless otherwise mentioned in the text, all reagents, kits and enzymes used for amplification and cloning parts were from Themofisher, USA.
In silico design and modeling of the fusion
In silico design, modeling and structure validation of SOmp2b was performed as described previously.[21] Then L7/L12-SOmp2b and SOmp2b-L7/L12 proteins three-dimensional (3D) modeling was performed using Threading ASSEmbly Refinement (I-TASSER) server.[26]
Validation of the fusion three-dimensional model
Validation and analysis of the models were carried out using Protein Structure analysis (ProSa) server,[27] Swiss PDB Viewer version 4 software (Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Structural Bioinformatics Group, Biozentrum, Basel, Swiss) and Ramachandran Plot Analysis (RAMPAGE) server.[28] I-TASSER output provides the C-score (a confidence score for estimating the quality of predicted models by I-TASSER), TM score (a metric for measuring the global fold similarity of between the query and template protein) and RMSD (a metric for measuring the similarity in 3D structures of the query and template protein by root-mean-square deviation of atomic positions of the Cα atomic coordinates after optimal rigid body superposition). Z-score and energy plots are calculated using by ProSa server. The Z-score indicates overall model quality in comparison to the Z-scores of all experimentally determined protein chains in current Protein Data Bank. The energy plot shows local model quality by plotting energies as a function of amino acid sequence position and is representative of the error parts. The Ramachanran plot provided by RAMPAGE server shows the number of residues in favored, allowed and outer regions.
L7/L12-SOmp2b protein structure analysis
Fusion ProSa including calculation of the molecular weight, theoretical isoelectric point (pI), extinction coefficient, total number of positive and negative residues, half-life, instability index, aliphatic index and grand average hydropathy (GRAVY) has been done using ProtParam server.[29] The surface accessibility, hydrophilicity and antigenicity of the L7/L12-SOmp2b protein were predicted using IEDB resources.
Secondary structure prediction
The secondary structure of the L7/L12-SOmp2b protein was predicted using GOR4.[30]
T-cell epitope prediction
The human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules epitope mapping was performed for the selected fusion model using Immune Epitope DataBase (IEDB) in order to find fusion MHC-II binding capacity. In the IEDB output page, the predicted epitopes of the human MHC-II alleles (HLA-DR, HLA-DQ and HLA-DP) within the protein sequence are listed based on their binding affinity. The epitopes' affinities are presented as percentage (low percentage equals good binder).[31]
Prediction of antigenic B-cell epitopes
BCpred server was used for prediction of continuous B-cell epitopes (20 mers) of the L7/L12-SOmp2b.[32] Prediction of discontinuous B-cell epitopes from 3D protein structure was performed using ElliPro antibody epitope prediction tool.[33]
Prediction of allergenicity of the proteins
Prediction of allergenicity of the fusion protein has been done using AlgPred tool.[34]
DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction amplification
B. abortus 544 chromosomal DNA was extracted using DNA extraction kit (Roche, Germany) according to the manufacturer recommendation. The coding sequences of SOmp2b (KP071938) and L7/L12 (AQIS01006.1) were separately amplified using overlap primers (TAG Copenhagen, Denmark) and finally fused by overlap polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Briefly, the coding sequence of L7/L12 (375bp) was amplified using primers 1 and 2 [Table 1]. The coding sequence of the SOmp2b (1023bp) was amplified with primers 3 and 4 [Table 1]. Finally the fusion construct (1395bp) was amplified by primers 1 and 4 [Table 1]. All PCRs were performed in 50 μl total volume containing 500 ng of template DNA, 1 μM of each primer, 200 μM dNTP-Mix, 1X pfu buffer containing MgSO4 and 1 unit of 2.5U/μl pfu DNA polymerase. The amplification conditions were: Hot start at 95°C for 3 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation step at 94°C for 45 s, annealing step at 55°C for 45 s and extension step at 72°C for 1 min. The program followed by a final extension at 72°C for 7 min. The PCR products were analyzed by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis.
Table 1.
Polymerase chain reaction primers for amplification of single and fusion coding sequences
Cloning of L7/L12-SOmp2b in pET28a
The 1395bp PCR product of fusion was gel purified and then digested with Fast digest Nhe I and Xho I and then ligated to similarly digested ends pET28a using T4 DNA ligase at 4°C over night. Competent BL21 (DE3) strains of E. coli were prepared by calcium chloride method and were used for transformation of pET28a-L7/L12-SOmp2b plasmid. The transformed E. coli BL21 (DE3) was cultured on LB agar containing 50 μg/ml of kanamycin and was selected by screening the colonies on the media containing antibiotic. Suspected colonies were further analyzed by PCR, restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing.
Expression and purification of recombinant L7/L12-TSOmp2b
Recombinant L7/L12-SOmp2b protein expression was induced with different concentration of isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4) in a culture of bacteria with an OD 600 of 0.6. Induced bacteria were incubated for 4 h at 37°C and finally harvested by centrifugation at 4000 rpm, 10 min, 4°C and stored at −80°C. The expressed fusion protein was then purified with Ni-NTA column using denaturing method (Genescript, USA) according to manufacturer instructions. Dialyzing of the purified protein was done against 5M urea, 3M urea, 1M urea and phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2) at 4°C, over night. Identity of the purified recombinant L7/L12-SOmp2b protein was confirmed by 15% SDS-PAGE and Western blotting as described previously.[35] The quantity of the fusion protein was done by Bradford assay. The purified recombinant protein was stored at −20°C for further in vivo analysis of its immunogenicity and protective efficacy.
Results
Three-dimensional structure modeling and validation of the fusion protein
The fusion coding sequence was designed from the SOmp2b and L7/L12 with regard to the published L7/L12 and SOmp2b gene sequences.[27,35] The tertiary structure of fusion proteins was predicted using I-TASSER server [Figure 1a]. Validation of the 3D models was done using related bioinformatics tools. The results are summarized in the Table 2. The Z-score for both models showed that they were in the range of native proteins of similar size. The energy plot of residues indicated that C-terminal of the L7/L12-SOmp2b and N-terminal of the SOmp2b-L7/L12 were positive regarding the presence of Omp2b. However, the residue energies were more negative for L7/L12-SOmp2b model than those from SOmp2b-L7/L12 [Figure 1b]. With regard to the fusion protein structures analysis, the L7/L12-SOmp2b form was selected for further protein production [Figure 1]. Stability of the L7/L12-SOmp2b model was evaluated by the Ranachandran plot. Number of residues in favored, allowed and outer region was 82.7%, 11.9% and 5.4%, respectively.
Figure 1.
L7/L12-SOmp2b protein three-dimensional structure modeling and analyses results: (a) L7/L12-SOmp2b protein modeling. (b) The energy plot of protein residues. (c) The Z-score plot: The L7/L12-SOmp2bprotein structure is within the range of scores typically found for native proteins of similar size (the dot shows the location of the fusion protein). (d) Ranachandran plot
Table 2.
Three-dimensional models validation results
Fusion protein structure analysis
Prediction of surface accessibility, hydrophilicity and antigenicity of the L7/L12-SOmp2b protein was performed using IEDB resource. The best scored peptides are summarized in Table 3. The molecular weight and the theoretical pI of the SOmp2b were 49.21 kD and 4.62, respectively. Total numbers of negatively and positively charged residues were 64 and 40, respectively. The half-life of the fusion protein was >10 h and >20 h in E. coli and in vivo, respectively. The instability index, Aliphatic index, and GRAVY were 22.65 (stable), 78.28, and −0.183, respectively.
Table 3.
Protein structure analysis of L7/L12-SOmp2b using Immune Epitope DataBase resource
Secondary structure analysis of L7/L12-SOmp2b
Fusion protein secondary structure prediction indicated that the protein consists of 33.62% (156 residues) alpha helix, 23.72% (198 residues) extended strand and 42.67% (156 residues) random coil [Figure 2].
Figure 2.
Secondary structure prediction of L7/L12-SOmp2b
T-cell epitope prediction
The location of T-cell epitopes with strong affinity for human MHC-II alleles was predicted using IEDB resource. Top good binders for three HLA-II alleles are summarized in Table 4.
Table 4.
Human leukocyte antigen Class II epitope prediction
Antigenic B-cell epitope prediction
Identification of 20mer Linear B-cell epitopes was performed using BCpred server [Table 5]. Discontinuous (conformational) B-cell epitopes were predicted using Elipro tool [Table 6]. The best B-cell epitopes were selected according to the criteria based on cut-off values for BCpred and Elipro which were >0.8 and >0.5, respectively.
Table 5.
Prediction of B-cell linear epitopes By BCpred server
Table 6.
Identification of B-cell discontinuous epitopes using Elipro tool
L7/L12-SOmp2b amplification and cloning
Gel electrophoresis of the PCR amplified L7/L12, SOmp2b [Figure 3a] and L7/L12-SOmp2b [Figure 3b] sequences showed main fragments of 375bp, 1023bp and 1395bp, respectively. The integrity of the constructed vector pET28-L7/L12-SOmp2b was confirmed by PCR, restriction digestion analysis and sequencing. Figure 3c shows the digestion results for positive clones. Recombinant plasmids showed two bands; representing 5.3 kb pET28a plasmid and the 1395bp fusion construct.
Figure 3.
(a) L7/L12, SOmp2b amplification results. Lane 1: L7/L12 (375bp), lane 2: SOmp2b (1023bp), lane 3: 1 Kb DNA ladder (Fermentas). (b) L7/L12-SOmp2b amplification result: Lane 1: L7/L12-SOmp2b (1395bp), lane 2: 1 Kb DNA ladder. (c) Digestion results of recombinant plasmids. Lane 1 and 2: Recombinant plasmids; the digested pET28a plasmid (5300bp) and the fusion sequence (1395bp), lane 3: 1 Kb DNA ladder
Expression and purification of the rL7/L12-SOmp2b
The rL7/L12-SOmp2b protein was successfully expressed after induction with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mM IPTG. The results of induction with different concentrations of IPTG were almost the same. Further, rL7/L12-SOmp2b protein was expressed with 0.2 mM IPTG, OD 600 = 0.6 for 4 h at 37°C. Expected rL7/L12-SOmp2b protein size of 49.21 kDa was detected after induction of the culture with IPTG. Most of it was found to be localized inside the inclusion bodies in the cells, after sonication. SDS-PAGE analysis of the induced and the purified rL7/L12-SOmp2b protein indicated the expected molecular mass of 49.21 kDa [Figure 4a]. The quantity of the purified fusion protein was estimated about 240 μg/ml of the culture. Western blotting with antibodies revealed the specific reactivity with purified rL7/L12-SOmp2b produced in E. coli cells [Figure 4b].
Figure 4.
SDS-PAGE and Western blotting results of the purified fusion protein. (a) Lane 1: Induction result with 0.2 mM IPTG, lane 2: Purified fusion protein (49.21 kD), lane 3: Prestained protein ladder (Sinaclon Bioscience). (b) Lane 1: Purified Fusion protein (49.21 kD), lane 2: Prestained protein ladder (SinaClon Bioscience)
GenBank accession number
The coding sequence of L7/L12-SOmp2b was submitted in GenBank under accession number KX159298.
Discussion
Although many efforts have been performed to indentify new immunogens in Brucella proteome, not all of these new targets showed in vivo protective efficacy.[14,36,37] The B. abortus L7/L12 protein is considered as a potential target of subunit vaccines against brucellosis and some studies have concentrated on using this antigen as recombinant protein and DNA vaccine.[4,19,38,39] During the infection by Brucella, some of the bacterial structural components, such as the L7/L12 ribosomal protein, are involved in stimulating the immune response in the host. Recombinant L7/L12 protein could be detected as an antigen by sera from acute phase of brucellosis in infected human. Moreover, studies have shown that L7/L12 subunit vaccine can induce lymphocyte proliferation and elicit cellular immunity.[18,19,40,41] Absence of Omp2b from live attenuated B. abortus vaccine strain 19, studied by Bioinformatics analysis of the strain, indicates that Omp2b probably contributes to the attenuation of this mutant. Additionally, analysis of Brucella genome by Vaxign demonstrated that Omp2b is present in B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis and B. canis strains that are pathogenic to humans, but absent from Brucella ovis that is nonpathogenic to humans.[8] We have previously analyzed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of B. abortus 544 Omp2b and L7/L12 proteins in BALB/c mice.[19,22,23] Our successful results encouraged us to design a chimera based on SOmp2b and L7/L12 immunogens.
In the current study, we aimed to design a fusion protein from L7/L12 and SOmp2b proteins using bioinformatics tools and express the fusion in the prokaryotic expression system. For this purpose, 3D modelling of two possible fusion forms is carried out using I-TASSER database generating the best 3D structure predictions among all automated servers.[26] The C-score and Z-score for both fusion models show that the proteins are with a correct topology and they are in the range of native protein conformations of the same size. The energy plot of the residues indicates that C-terminal of the L7/L12-SOmp2b and N-terminal of the SOmp2b-L7/L12 are positive due to the presence of Omp2b. This could be explained by the nature of the Omp2b as an exposed protein with high energy.[27] However, the residue energies are more negative for L7/L12-SOmp2b model than those from SOmp2b-L7/L12 indicating more stability of L7/L12-SOmp2b. Stability of the L7/L12-SOmp2b model was also evaluated by the Ranachandran plot indicating that 95% of the residues are located in the favored, allowed region.
Analyzing the physico-chemical parameters of the L7/L12-SOmp2b model protein using ProtParm tools demonstrates that the fusion is an acidic (pI: 4.62), stable (with instability index <40) and hydrophilic (negative hydrophathy values) protein. Regarding protein secondary structure prediction, L7/L12-SOmp2b protein structure consists of ten alpha-helixes that could play a major role in stability of the protein structure.
Regarding the World Health Organization recommendations, prediction of the potential allergenicity of therapeutic protein is realized as a significant parameter in vaccine development by.[34] Prediction of allergenicity of L7/L12-SOmp2b by AlgPred indicated that the construct is not an allergen.
Since Th1 response mediated by MHC-II epitopes are indicated to be the significant key in defense against Brucella infection, the potential of the chimera to interact with the human HLA-II molecules is predicted using IEDB.[2,4,42,43] The location of the good binder peptides, presented by lower scores, is recognized in the fusion protein sequence. The prediction results indicate that the fusion is capable of inducing MHC-II molecules. Regarding [Table 2], top HLA-DR, HLA-DQ and HLA-DP binders are 312 NYHIDGYMPDVVGGLK327,203 GTLKTFTELRFNYAA217 and 37 PVAVAAA GGAAPAAAEEK55, respectively. According to the prediction results, epitope 312 NYHIDGYMPDVVGGLK327 (score: 0.01) is the best T-cell epitope with the highest binding affinity for HLADRB3*01:01. Prediction of the protective continuous B-cell epitopes using BCpred tool resulted in identification of nine epitopes in which 298 EQGGDNDGGYTGTTNYHIDG318(score: 0.997) was predicted as the best linear B-cell epitope. These epitopes were previously predicted as the best T- and B-cell epitopes identified within the Omp2b protein sequence.[21] Besides, the location of the conformational B-cell epitopes is predicted using Ellipro tools. The results show that the best discontinuous B-cell epitope (score: 0.806) is located in the most hydrophilic region within the fusion protein structure. This strong epitope could be used in developing new Brucella immunodiagnostic tests.
Due to the significance of the high level production of recombinant protein in immunological studies, the fusion was cloned in pET28a expression vector. The pET system is the most powerful system yet developed for the cloning and expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli.[43] The plasmid construct pET28a-L7/L12-SOmp2b is transferred into E. coli BL21 (DE3) that contains T7 RNA polymerase and the expression is induced by the addition of IPTG. Successful induction of rL7/L12-SOmp2b expression by different concentrations of IPTG and high level production of the fusion protein in the prokaryotic system demonstrated the high efficiency of our fusion construct.
Conclusions
In the current study, a new vaccine target against Brucella infection was designed with the help of bioinformatics tools. Our data indicates that L7/L12-Omp2b fusion protein has a potential to induce both B- and T-cell-mediated immune responses and it could be evaluated as a new subunit vaccine candidate against brucellosis. Further studies evaluating the immunogenicity and protection conferred by the rL7/L12-SOmp2b against Brucella challenge in mice model are underway in our lab.
Financial support and sponsorship
This study was financially supported by Iran National Science Foundation (Grant No. 920358653).
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank INSF for their financial support.
References
- 1.Franco MP, Mulder M, Gilman RH, Smits HL. Human brucellosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:775–86. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70286-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.He Y. Analyses of Brucella pathogenesis, host immunity, and vaccine targets using systems biology and bioinformatics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2012;2:2. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Seleem MN, Boyle SM, Sriranganathan N. Brucellosis: A re-emerging zoonosis. Vet Microbiol. 2010;140:392–8. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Oliveira SC, Macedo GC, Almeida LA, Oliveira FS, Oñate A, Cassataro J, et al. Recent advances in understanding immunity against brucellosis: Application for vaccine development. Open Vet Sci J. 2010;4:102–8. [Google Scholar]
- 5.Corbel MJ. Brucellosis in Humans and Animals. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press, World Health Organization; 2006. [Google Scholar]
- 6.Cassataro J, Estein SM, Pasquevich KA, Velikovsky CA, de la Barrera S, Bowden R, et al. Vaccination with the recombinant Brucella outer membrane protein 31 or a derived 27-amino-acid synthetic peptide elicits a CD4+ T helper 1 response that protects against Brucella melitensis infection. Infect Immun. 2005;73:8079–88. doi: 10.1128/IAI.73.12.8079-8088.2005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Perkins SD, Smither SJ, Atkins HS. Towards a Brucella vaccine for humans. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2010;34:379–94. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00211.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.He Y, Xiang Z. Bioinformatics analysis of Brucella vaccines and vaccine targets using VIOLIN. Immunome Res. 2010;6(Suppl 1):S5. doi: 10.1186/1745-7580-6-S1-S5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Xavier MN, Paixão1 TA, Hartigh AB, Tsolis RM, Santos RL. Pathogenesis of Brucella spp. Open Vet Sci J. 2010;4:109–18. [Google Scholar]
- 10.Jain S, Kumar S, Dohre S, Afley P, Sengupta N, Alam SI. Identification of a protective protein from stationary-phase exoproteome of Brucella abortus. Pathog Dis. 2014;70:75–83. doi: 10.1111/2049-632X.12079. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Yang Y, Yin J, Guo D, Lang X, Wang X. Immunization of mice with recombinant S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase protein confers protection against Brucella melitensis infection. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2011;61:159–67. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2010.00758.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Skendros P, Boura P. Immunity to brucellosis. Rev Sci Tech. 2013;32:137–47. doi: 10.20506/rst.32.1.2190. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Vitry MA, De Trez C, Goriely S, Dumoutier L, Akira S, Ryffel B, et al. Crucial role of gamma interferon-producing CD4+ Th1 cells but dispensable function of CD8+ T cell, B cell, Th2, and Th17 responses in the control of Brucella melitensis infection in mice. Infect Immun. 2012;80:4271–80. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00761-12. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Yang Y, Wang L, Yin J, Wang X, Cheng S, Lang X, et al. Immunoproteomic analysis of Brucella melitensis and identification of a new immunogenic candidate protein for the development of brucellosis subunit vaccine. Mol Immunol. 2011;49:175–84. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.08.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Luo D, Ni B, Li P, Shi W, Zhang S, Han Y, et al. Protective immunity elicited by a divalent DNA vaccine encoding both the L7/L12 and Omp16 genes of Brucella abortus in BALB/c mice. Infect Immun. 2006;74:2734–41. doi: 10.1128/IAI.74.5.2734-2741.2006. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Mantur BG, Amarnath SK, Shinde RS. Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2007;25:188–202. doi: 10.4103/0255-0857.34758. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Bachrach G, Banai M, Fishman Y, Bercovier H. Delayed-type hypersensitivity activity of the Brucella L7/L12 ribosomal protein depends on posttranslational modification. Infect Immun. 1997;65:267–71. doi: 10.1128/iai.65.1.267-271.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Kazak E, Oliveira SC, Goral G, Akalin H, Yilmaz E, Heper Y, et al. Brucella abortus L7/L12 recombinant protein induces strong Th1 response in acute brucellosis patients. Iran J Immunol. 2010;7:132–41. doi: 10.22034/iji.2010.17050. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Golshani M, Rafati S, Dashti A, Gholami E, Siadat SD, Oloomi M, et al. Vaccination with recombinant L7/L12-truncated Omp31 protein induces protection against Brucella infection in BALB/c mice. Mol Immunol. 2015;65:287–92. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Bachrach G, Banai M, Bardenstein S, Hoida G, Genizi A, Bercovier H. Brucella ribosomal protein L7/L12 is a major component in the antigenicity of brucellin INRA for delayed-type hypersensitivity in Brucella-sensitized guinea pigs. Infect Immun. 1994;62:5361–6. doi: 10.1128/iai.62.12.5361-5366.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Golshani M, Vaeznia N, Sahmani M, Bouzari S. In silico analysis of Brucella abortus Omp2b and in vitro expression of SOmp2b. Clin Exp Vaccine Res. 2016;5:75–82. doi: 10.7774/cevr.2016.5.1.75. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Golshani M, Rafati S, Nejati-Moheimani M, Pourabdi S, Arsang A, Bouzari S. Protein/Protein, DNA/DNA and DNA/Protein based vaccination strategies using truncated Omp2b against Brucella infection in BALB/c Mice. Int J Med Microbiol. 2017 doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.03.004. pii: S1438-422130020-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Golshani M, Rafati S, Nejati-Moheimani M, Ghasemian M, Bouzari S. Comparison of potential protection conferred by three immunization strategies (protein/protein, DNA/DNA, and DNA/protein) against Brucella infection using Omp2b in BALB/c Mice. Vet Microbiol. 2016;197:47–52. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Luo DY, Li P, Xing L, Zhao GY, Shi W, Zhang SL, et al. DNA vaccine encoding L7/L12-P39 of Brucella abortus induces protective immunity in BALB/c mice. Chin Med J (Engl) 2006;119:331–4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Díaz AG, Clausse M, Paolicchi FA, Fiorentino MA, Ghersi G, Zylberman V, et al. Immune response and serum bactericidal activity against Brucella ovis elicited using a short immunization schedule with the polymeric antigen BLSOmp31 in rams. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2013;154:36–41. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.04.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Zhang Y. I-TASSER server for protein 3D structure prediction. BMC Bioinformatics. 2008;9:40. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-40. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Wiederstein M, Sippl MJ. ProSA-web: Interactive web service for the recognition of errors in three-dimensional structures of proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35:W407–10. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkm290. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Lovell SC, Davis IW, Arendall WB, 3rd, de Bakker PI, Word JM, Prisant MG, et al. Structure validation by Calpha geometry: Phi, psi and Cbeta deviation. Proteins. 2003;50:437–50. doi: 10.1002/prot.10286. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Gasteiger E, Hoogland C, Gattiker A, Duvaud S, Wilkins MR, Appel RD, et al. Protein identification and analysis tools on the ExPASy server. In: Walker JM, editor. The Proteomics Protocols Handbook. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Inc; 2005. pp. 571–607. [Google Scholar]
- 30.Sen TZ, Jernigan RL, Garnier J, Kloczkowski A. GOR V server for protein secondary structure prediction. Bioinformatics. 2005;21:2787–8. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti408. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Wang P, Sidney J, Kim Y, Sette A, Lund O, Nielsen M, et al. Peptide binding predictions for HLA DR, DP and DQ molecules. BMC Bioinformatics. 2010;11:568. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-11-568. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.El-Manzalawy Y, Dobbs D, Honavar V. Predicting linear B-cell epitopes using string kernels. J Mol Recognit. 2008;21:243–55. doi: 10.1002/jmr.893. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Ponomarenko J, Bui HH, Li W, Fusseder N, Bourne PE, Sette A, et al. ElliPro: A new structure-based tool for the prediction of antibody epitopes. BMC Bioinformatics. 2008;9:514. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-514. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Saha S, Raghava GP. AlgPred: Prediction of allergenic proteins and mapping of IgE epitopes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34:W202–9. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkl343. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Golshani M, Rafati S, Jahanian-Najafabadi A, Nejati-Moheimani M, Siadat SD, Shahcheraghi F, et al. In silico design, cloning and high level expression of L7/L12-TOmp31 fusion protein of Brucella antigens. Res Pharm Sci. 2015;10:436–45. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Zhao Z, Li M, Luo D, Xing L, Wu S, Duan Y, et al. Protection of mice from Brucella infection by immunization with attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing a L7/L12 and BLS fusion antigen of Brucella. Vaccine. 2009;27:5214–9. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.075. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Yang X, Skyberg JA, Cao L, Clapp B, Thornburg T, Pascual DW. Progress in Brucella vaccine development. Front Biol (Beijing) 2013;8:60–77. doi: 10.1007/s11515-012-1196-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 38.Avila-Calderón ED, Lopez-Merino A, Sriranganathan N, Boyle SM, Contreras-Rodríguez A. A history of the development of Brucella vaccines. Biomed Res Int 2013. 2013:743509. doi: 10.1155/2013/743509. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 39.Zarrini G, Zargham S, Tabatabaei Yazdi M, Behzadiyan Nejad Q, Muhammad Hassan Z. Cloning and overexpression of rplL gene of Brucella abortus in Escherichia coli. Pak J Biol Sci. 2006;9:1128–31. [Google Scholar]
- 40.Oliveira SC, Splitter GA. Immunization of mice with recombinant L7/L12 ribosomal protein confers protection against Brucella abortus infection. Vaccine. 1996;14:959–62. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(96)00018-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 41.Kurar E, Splitter GA. Nucleic acid vaccination of Brucella abortus ribosomal L7/L12 gene elicits immune response. Vaccine. 1997;15:1851–7. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00140-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 42.Titball RW. Vaccines against intracellular bacterial pathogens. Drug Discov Today. 2008;13:596–600. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.04.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 43.Novagen user protocol TB055 Rev. C 0611JN, pET system manual. 11th Edition. Germany: EMD Chemicals Inc., an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt; 2011. p. 4. [Google Scholar]