Relationship between cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and rheumatoid arthritis severity

Abstract

Background

Serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a non-collagen glycoprotein produced by the cartilage, synovium, tendon, and meniscus. Recent studies showed that COMP is a reliable factor for monitoring cartilage damage.

Objective

To determine the relationship between serum COMP concentration and the severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

This cross-sectional study lasted from 2013 to 2015 at the Rheumatology Clinic of Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. The study population consisted of eligible patients who presented to our clinic during the study period. Four groups (150 subjects) were included as early RA (50 patients), late RA (50 patients), grades II and III OA (osteoarthritis) (25 cases, 17 grade II and 8 grade III joint destruction), and healthy controls (25 individuals). These were included consecutively. Serum COMP level was assessed by sandwich ELISA technique. In addition, ESR, hs-CRP, serum RF, and anti-CCP were assayed. X-rays of the knees (in OA) and hands (in RA) were examined for the degree of joint damage/erosion using the Short Erosion Scale (SES) in RA and Kellgren-Lawrence grading in OA. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare mean COMP level among the groups and ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) analysis to determine the diagnostic accuracy of COMP in diagnosis of late RA were used by SPSS software (ver. 20.0).

Results

Mean (±SD) serum COMP levels were 18 (±10.6) U/L in early RA, 19.3 (±9.6) U/L in late RA, 10.9 (±4.5) U/L in OA, and 4.2 (±3.8) in controls; p<0.001. Serum COMP level was higher in RA and OA groups when compared to control group. Mean (±SD) SES score was 13.5 (±7.5) in early RA and 16.4 (±9.7) in late RA (p=0.093). There was a significant positive correlation between COMP level and disease severity in early RA (r=0.677, p<0.001) as well as in late RA (r=0.753, p<0.001). Serum COMP level at a concentration of 15.25 U/L had a sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 70% to discriminate late RA from early RA (area under curve= 69% (95% CI: 58% to 79%; p=0.001).

Conclusion

COMP had positive significant correlation with early and late RA severity. This serum biomarker can be a useful and easy tool for monitoring of RA patients either at early or late stages of the disease.

1. Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most frequent autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease which involves about 1% of the white race population, and may lead to joint impairment and disability (1). Its hallmark is a peripheral symmetric polyarthritis. Systemic manifestations such as skin, eye, pulmonary and cardiovascular involvement, peripheral neuropathy, vasculitis and blood indexes abnormalities can occur during the disease progression (2, 3). RA severity is associated with joint destruction and disability (4). Various studies have been conducted to find the role of different biomarkers in disease progression, and abundant efforts have been performed for predicting the evolution of the condition by special biomarkers (5). Rheumatoid factor (RF) was first described in 1940 and since that time, most pathophysiologic studies in RA patients have focused on this anti-body (5). The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) described the clinical and laboratory criteria for RA (3). However, RF as one of the diagnostic criteria, is not specific enough. So, in recent decades, other antibodies have been identified in RA patients in an effort for better clarification of RA (6). For instance, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) has been described in RA patients. Plus, it has been proposed that anti-CCP is more accurate than other markers as a diagnostic and prognostic index. Anti-CCP might be implicated in the pathophysiology of disease and associated with disease performance and joint erosions but it is not specific (7). Recent studies have been focused on new markers of joint destruction to identify RA patients who are at the risk of developing progressive joint damage. Modern biomarkers in serum and synovial fluid might be helpful in monitoring the course of RA (8). Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is an original molecular marker of cartilage (9). COMP is a non-collagen glycoprotein produced by the cartilage, synovium, tendon, and meniscus. Molecular studies showed that COMP can activate the complement system, interact with other proteins to maintain cartilage integrity and regulate chondrocyte function and cell death (10). Recent studies showed that COMP is a reliable factor for monitoring cartilage damage and follow up, and determining therapeutic response (11). There is evidence about the correlation between COMP level and radiologic manifestations of RA (12). This biomarker strongly correlates with joint cartilage degradation (13, 14). However, the results of all studies are not consistent. For instance, in a study on 238 RA patients who were followed for 10 years, serum COMP was not found to have significant association with radiographic progression of joint damage (15). In addition, some studies have indicated that COMP, in fact, decreases in advanced stages of RA (12). A former report noted that mean serum COMP was significantly higher in established RA (23.9 micg/mL) than in early stage RA (15.1 micg/mL) (16). Here, we decided to compare serum COMP level between RA patients and OA as well as healthy controls. In addition, we intended to explore the diagnostic accuracy of this biomarker in differentiating early stages of RA from more advanced later-stage RA to find out whether serum COMP can be used reliably to diagnose late-stage RA defined by radiographic findings of cartilage damage.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Study design and setting

This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2013 to 2015 at the Rheumatology Clinic and Rheumatic Diseases Research Center of Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Four groups were included consisting early RA, late RA, OA, and normal controls.

2.2. Study population

The study population consisted of eligible patients who presented to our clinic during the study period for follow-up of their condition. RA was diagnosed according to the guidelines of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative (17) and categorized as early-stage or late-stage RA. Early-stage RA was defined as pure RA, involvement of at least three joints, and disease duration of less than one year. Late-stage RA (more advanced and established RA) was described as pure RA with at least five affected joints and disease duration of more than one year. Diagnosis of OA was made considering the ACR criteria (18). Healthy controls consisted of patients who presented to our clinic during the study period complaining of nonspecific musculoskeletal symptoms, for whom the diagnoses of OA and RA had been excluded. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, renal failure, hepatic failure, heart failure, and malignancies, overlap syndromes or collagen vascular diseases, smoking, alcohol use, immune deficiency, coagulopathies and articular trauma or intervention such as joint injection or manipulations.

2.3. Sampling

The sampling method was of consecutive method. Considering the main objective of the study which was comparison of serum COMP level between early- and late-stage RA, considering alpha= 5% and power of 80%, and a similar study (19) the sample size was calculated as 25 subjects in each group. In order to minimize random error, the sample in each group was raised to 50 subjects. Similarly, 25 subjects were included for each of OA and control groups.

2.4. Biomarkers

Laboratory tests were conducted on 5 cc blood samples obtained from the brachial vein. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured by Western and immunonephelometric methods, respectively. These two markers are non-specific inflammatory biomarkers. CRP is an acute phase reactant that measures body response to acute inflammation. ESR measures the plasma viscosity by evaluating the tendency of red blood cells to aggregate (20). Serum COMP level (normal range= 0.3 to 20 U/L) was assessed by sandwich ELISA method (Anamor, Sweden) and anti-CCP antibody was determined by ELISA technique. Anti-CCP is a biomarker with a specificity of 95% to diagnose RA, and is one of the widely tested markers in making the diagnosis of RA (21).

2.5. Radiologic studies

OA patients underwent anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral radiographies of the knees. For RA patients, AP radiographic examinations of hands were performed. All radiographies were evaluated by a radiologist to determine joint damage severity. The short erosion scale (SES) was used to determine RA severity. The SES considers 12 joints: three from the four regions of the wrist (medial-proximal, medial-distal, lateral proximal), second, third and fifth metacarpophalangeal joint. Each joint was evaluated and graded as described previously (22). In OA group, the severity of joint damage was scored using the Kellgren-Lawrence grading (23). The radiologist was blinded to the laboratory examination results.

2.6. Statistical analyses

Descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean, and its standard deviation (SD) were used to express data. In order to compare mean (SD) value of the laboratory biomarkers among the four groups, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Post-hoc test for ANOVA (Scheffe and Tukey tests) was performed for multiple comparisons. Next, in order to determine the relationship between severity of joint involvement (i.e., SES score in RA patients and OA severity score) and the assayed biomarkers, the Pearson’s correlation test was used. Finally, ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) analysis was performed to calculate the accuracy (area under curve), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and positive likelihood ratio (LR) of serum COMP in the discrimination of late RA vs. early RA. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The analyses were done by IBM© SPSS© Statistics version 22 (IBM© Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

2.7. Ethics

The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.MUMS.REC.1393.104). The study objectives were explained to the patients, and written informed consent was obtained upon enrollment into the study. The study design was in conformity with the Declaration of Helsinki.

3. Results

In this study, 150 individuals were included. Mean (SD) age in OA, early-stage OA, late-stage RA, and control groups were 43.8 (±8.3), 43.6 (±7.6), 44.1 (±6.7), and 47.4 (±5.1) years, respectively (p=0.064). Male/female ratio was not significantly different between the groups (p=0.614). Table 1 compares mean values of the assayed biomarkers among the studied groups. As observed, serum COMP level was significantly different between the groups (p< 0.001). Post-hoc test showed that mean serum COMP concentration was significantly higher in late-stage RA compared to early-stage RA (p=0.002; mean difference= 6.04), OA group (p<0.001; mean difference= 8.58), and control group (p<0.001; mean difference= 15.25). No such significant difference existed between early-stage RA and OA group (p=0.62, mean difference= 2.54). ESR level was significantly different between the groups. The Tukey post-hoc test showed that ESR was higher in early RA (p=0.041) and late RA (p<0.001) in comparison with normal controls. But this difference was not significant between OA patients and normal controls (p= 0.970). The serum hs-CRP level significantly differed between the groups. The Tukey test showed that serum hs-CRP was higher in patients with early RA (p<0.001) and late RA (p<0.001) in comparison with healthy controls. But this difference was not significant between OA patients and healthy controls (p=0.449). The Tukey test showed that RF was higher in patient with early RA (p<0.001) and late RA (p<0.001) in comparison with normal controls. But this difference was not significant between OA patients and normal controls (p=0.978). The Tukey test showed that anti-CCP was higher in patients with early RA (p<0.001) and late RA (p<0.001) in comparison with normal controls (p=0.998). But this difference was not significant between OA patients and controls. Anti-CCP level did not significantly differ between early and late RA patients (p=0.109). Table 2 presents the correlation between RA and OA severity scores and the biomarkers. Strong positive correlations were found between serum COMP level and early RA (r=0.753, p<0.001) as well as late RA (r=0.677, p<0.001). ROC analysis showed that serum COMP level at a concentration of 15.25 U/L had a sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 70% to discriminate late RA from early RA (area under curve= 69% (95% CI: 58% to 79%; p=0.001); Table 3 and Figure 1.

Table 1.

Comparison of mean (SD) values of the assayed biomarkers among the four studied groups

Variables	Early RA	Late RA	OA	Control	p-valuea
COMP, U/L	18 (±10.6)	19.3 (±9.6)	10.9 (±4.5)	4.2 (±3.8)	< 0.001
ESR, mm/h	23 (±2.8)	24.9 (±2.2)	13.6 (±5.2)	12.8 (±2.3)	< 0.001
RF, U/mL	71 (±7.9)	72 (±5.4)	7.1 (±1.8)	6.2 (±1.6)	< 0.001
hs-CRP, mg/L	1.8 (±0.2)	2.2 (±0.3)	0.92 (±0.43)	0.4 (±0.3)	< 0.001
anti-CCP, U/mL	129 (±92)	98 (±86)	3.6 (±2.4)	3 (±2.4)	< 0.001

Abbreviations: RA= rheumatoid arthritis; OA= osteoarthritis; ESR= erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Anti-CCP= anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide; COMP= Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein,

^aAnalysis of variance (ANOVA)

Table 2.

Correlation between the rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis radiologic severity scores with the assayed biomarkers

Severity scores	Correlation coefficient and significance	COMP	RF	ESR	hs-CRP	Anti-CCP
OA severity score	R	0.621	−0.061	0.417	0.042	0.042
	p-value	< 0.001	0.774	0.038	0.484	0.883
Early RA SES score	R	0.753	0.585	0.330	−0.086	0.775
	p-value	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.021	0.557	< 0.001
Late RA SES score	R	0.677	0.672	0.295	0.331	0.794
	p-value	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.036	< 0.001	< 0.001

Abbreviation: RA= rheumatoid arthritis; OA= osteoarthritis; ESR= erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Anti-CCP= anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide; COMP= Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein

Table 3.

Cut-off point and diagnostic accuracy of serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in the diagnosis of late rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Optimal cut-off point (Youden index)	Sensitivity	Specificity	PPV	NPV	Positive LR
15.25 U/L	68%	72%	70%	69%	2.42

PPV= positive predictive value; NPV= negative predictive value; LR= likelihood ratio

Figure 1.

ROC analysis for serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) to for diagnosis of late rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with area under curve of 69% (p=0.001)

4. Discussion

RA can be presented as a mild and non-destructive disease to a severe and rapidly destructive joint disease. Various new proposed biomarkers are used to choose the best treatment strategy and predict RA prognosis (22, 24, 25). These biomarkers could be applied in clinical practice and research settings to manage therapeutic response and joint destruction and turnover progression. Based on the obtained results, serum COMP level was significantly higher among RA patients compared to OA and control subjects. In the subset of RA patients, COMP not only was higher in those with more advanced disease, but also had an acceptable sensitivity and specificity to diagnose RA patients with late-stage disease. Production of COMP is associated with duration of erosive joint damage in RA. Although there is evidence about the role of COMP in activating complement system which contributes to disease progression, the main impact of COMP in RA course is still unclear (10). COMP is released due to catabolic reaction and high turnover of cartilage matrix in RA (11). In later-stage RA, repair mechanisms cannot compensate joint destruction (26–29). (27) In agreement with our results, a recent study including RA and healthy controls, reported higher mean serum COMP level in RA group (31.4 ng/mL) in comparison to control group (19.64 ng/mL) (13). Here, we determined joint damage using validated radiographic scoring systems. However, in the mentioned study (13), knee cartilage thickness using ultrasound was used to assess joint damage which showed an inverse relationship with serum COMP level. A former study showed, comparable to our results, that serum COMP was higher in established RA (23.9 micg/mL) than in early-stage RA 15.1 micg/mL). This study also evaluated synovial COMP level which showed similar results to serum COMP level (16). Our study revealed that there is a good positive correlation between this biomarker and joint destruction in late RA. In addition, serum COMP had an acceptable sensitivity and specificity at concentration of 15.2 U/L in diagnosing late-stage RA. Serum COMP is also helpful in diagnosis of early-stage RA. A previous study revealed that COMP had a specificity of 96% for diagnosing early RA defined as RA lasted less than 3 months when compared to healthy controls; however its sensitivity was only 44% (30). Considering this evidence, serum COMP appears a specific test for RA. However, our results suggest that serum COMP not only can be used for diagnosis of RA, but also, its higher concentration suggests more advanced joint cartilage damage. Therefore, in addition to some other clinical (such as Disease Activity Score-28) and radiologic scores that are currently used widely to monitor disease progression, serum COMP can also be measured to monitor patients. Measuring biological markers to determine cartilage formation and breakdown imbalance is an established practice in following patients to determine disease progression and therapeutic response, and even multi-biomarker disease activity (MBDA) has been proposed which was found to be concordant with MRI findings of joint damage (8). An Andersson et al. study revealed that a high level of COMP at diagnosis time is associated with cartilage and joint destruction over the next five years in RA patients (11). This emphasizes the prognostic value that COMP has in the course of RA progression. Here, as the study was of a cross-sectional nature, we did not follow the patients to find out how serum COMP level can predict RA aggravation and its correlation with radiographic scoring worsening. Algergawy et al. defined COMP as prognostic and diagnostic marker in RA and showed that patients with established RA are more likely to have higher levels of COMP (27). On the other hand, anti-TNF and other biologic therapies (such as adalimumab and etanercept) could reduce COMP release from tissues and prevent further joint damage in RA patients (31, 32). In addition to radiographic scoring systems used extensively, DAS-28 is also a practical clinical tool to define RA severity. The significant correlation of serum COMP with DAS-28 has also been shown (13, 27). It has been studied and verified that as RA severity worsens (whether in early-stage (11) or late-stage RA), serum COMP level rises. The current results are compatible with this fact, as serum COMP level was much higher in later-stage RA compared to early-stage RA. However, we moved one step further to determine whether COMP can discriminate early-stage vs. late-stage RA. The ROC analyses showed that COMP, with good sensitivity and specificity, can be used for this purpose. This shows that COMP did not only reflect the cartilage involvement, but also it was associated with disease severity and joint cartilage damage. Using this biomarker in diagnosis, predicting joint cartilage damage and prognosis in RA patients can bring together a therapeutic guide to identify who might respond dramatically to a specific therapy and decrease drug related side effects and costs.

5. Study limitations

We faced some limitations in this study. First, the nature of the study as a cross-sectional one did not allow us to follow the patients to observe the prognostic value of COMP. Also, we were not able to assay cytokines such as interleukins that may have association with both RA severity and COMP concentration.

6. Conclusions

The results of this study showed that serum COMP level has an acceptable sensitivity and specificity to diagnose RA patients with later and more advanced stage disease compared to patients with early-stage and less advanced RA. This biomarker can be used in clinical practice to determine joint damage severity in RA patients. We recommend further studies to use other imaging studies such as ultrasound to determine correlation between COMP and synovial thickness, and also to follow the patients over time to determine prognostic value of serum COMP level in RA patients.